Textbook Descriptions Research Articles

Nurses and Creative Writing: An Interview with Nurse Author Jeanne Bryner

Nurses and Creative Writing: An Interview with Nurse Author Jeanne Bryner

역사교과서 서술 변화의 요인과 교재화

역사교과서 서술 변화의 요인과 교재화

PENGEMBANGAN BUKU PENGAYAAN TEKS DESKRIPTIF PERISTIWA BUDAYA BERBASIS KONTEKSTUAL BAGI SISWA KELAS VII DI KABUPATEN KENDAL

The objectives of this study were (1) to describe the needs analysis of students, teachers, and the community for textbooks enriching contextual cultural events desciption texts for class VII students, (2) to compile a prototype textbook enrichment description of contextual-based cultural events for students of class VII, and (3) describe the results of expert tests from the prototype enrichment text book description of contextual-based cultural events for students of class VII. This study used research and development (R & D) method with the stages of research carried out, which include, (1) potential and problems, (2) data collection, (3) product design, (4) product validation, and (5) product revisions. The data contained in this study are learning process data and the availability of enrichment books in schools, needs analysis, cultural events from the speakers, and data from validation tests. The subjects of this study were teachers, students, the community and resource persons, as well as material and media experts. Data collection techniques carried out by observation, interviews, questionnaires, and expert test assessment sheets. Analysis of the data used in this study is qualitative descriptive. The research produced was a descriptive text enrichment book on Javanese-language cultural events containing eight cultural events in Kendal District. The enrichment books produced have been validated by material experts and media experts. The results of the validation test are enrichment text descriptions of cultural events that are appropriate and suitable to be used as enrichment books and Javanese language learning media for seventh grade students in Kendal Regency.
 Keywords: Enrichment Books, Cultural Event, Contextual.

The History and Current State of Elementary School Childrens’ Textbook Descriptions Regarding the Management after Breeding an Alien Species in Living Environmental Studies: Focused on Crayfish

The History and Current State of Elementary School Childrens’ Textbook Descriptions Regarding the Management after Breeding an Alien Species in Living Environmental Studies: Focused on Crayfish

Case report on effect of Virechana and Chatuhprasritik Basti in Necrozoospermia

Context: The urge for fatherhood can be biologically as strong as the urge for motherhood. Male infertility is directly related to impairment in the quality of semen. Complete asthenozoospermia (loss of motility) and necrozoospermia (nonviable sperms) are potential causes of male infertility. Necrozoospermia or necrospermia accounts for 0.2% to 0.5% of male infertility. In Ayurveda, these could be considered Kshina Shukra, one of the “Shukradushti” (~vitiation of sperm) where Shukra Dhatu (~reproductive tissue) is of poor quality. Methodology: A 36-year-old patient presented with complaints of having no children in the last 7 years of active married life. Based on laboratory examination, his diagnosis was confirmed as necrozoospermia. The study intervention included, Virechana Karma (~therapeutic purgation) as per the classical textbook guidelines, followed by Chatuhprasrtik Basti (~therapeutic enema) for 16 days. Results: At the end of therapy, semen analysis showed marked improvement in sperm count, increase in sperm motility and normal forms. The positive changes in semen analysis after Virechana Karma match the textbook descriptions of the benefits of Virechana Karma for Shukradushti. Conclusion: Classical Virechana followed by Chatuhprasritik Basti may be effective in improving the seminal characteristics in Necrozoospermia. The present findings with no adverse effects indicate the promising scope of traditional medicine in male infertility disorders.

Leaving the Tub: The Nature and Dynamics of Hypercongestion in a Bathtub Model with a Restricted Downstream Exit

Hypercongestion is the situation where a certain traffic flow occurs at a combination of low speed and high density, while a more favorable combination of these could produce the same flow. The macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) allows for such hypercongestion, but does not explicitly describe the dynamic process leading up to hypercongestion. Earlier studies of hypercongestion on single links have, however, confirmed that such dynamic processes are important to consider. The bathtub model is one class of model that can be used to investigate how hypercongestion can arise in urban areas, when drivers can choose their departure times. This paper investigates equilibrium outcomes and user costs under the realistic assumption that there is finite capacity to exit the bathtub, without which it would be hard to explain why hypercongestion would not dissolve through shockwaves originating from the bathtub exit. We find that when the exit capacity of the bathtub is lower than the attempted equilibrium exit flow from the bathtub, no additional inefficiencies arise due to hypercongestion in the bathtub, as the travel time losses incurred in the bathtub translate into exactly offsetting reductions in travel time losses in exit queues and the capacity of the full system is not affected. In contrast, when the exit capacity is higher than the equilibrium exit flows from the bathtub in the central part of the peak period, hypercongestion in the bathtub produces the additional inefficiencies known from the conventional textbook description. Our results thus show that the observation of hypercongested speeds does not necessarily mean that there is an efficiency loss from capacity drop at the level of the full system.

D. Graham J. Shipley, The Early Hellenistic Peloponnese: Politics, Economies, and Networks 338-197 BC. pp. xxxii+355, 1 ill., 9 maps, 7 tables. 2018. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 2018978-0-521-87369-7, hardback $120.

The ‘decline’ of the polis in the late Classical and early Hellenistic periods numbers among the stock elements of historical narratives of ancient Greece. In the conventional rendition baked into old textbook descriptions of Greek civilization, the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War marked the end of a golden age as city-states devolved into a downward cycle of power play, hegemonic contest, and warfare that ended only with the conquests of Philip II and Alexander. The polis thereafter lost its autonomy, political directive, and ideological essence. As one popular textbook of western civilization put it recently: ‘With the advent of Macedonian control, once-independent poleis became subject cities whose proud political traditions were no longer relevant.’ This picture of decline, decay, and irrelevance remains common today despite a range of recent scholarship reappraising the early Hellenistic period in Greece.

Using Chorems in Graphical Modeling: The Case of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

In geographical research, the use of “chorems” has been presented as a meaningful graphical modeling method of geographical spaces (Brunet, 1980). This method summarizes the specific characters and overall design of one given space whatever its configuration, its extent and its characteristics by using simplified graphical shapes, figures, colors, signs, arrows and textures instead of drawing real maps. The graphical modeling by “chorems” reveals useful to express the profound inner space structures, patterns and relationships of the various areas and different phenomena composing spaces. In this research, one goal is to try to review the set of rules and guidelines to easily realize series of “chorems” that apply to one space. Another goal is to implement, discuss and evaluate a case application of “chorems” on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The third goal is to measure to what extent this method may be useful to portray and understand spatial inner structures of KSA and how far. Despite some progress and attempts conducted to render automatic the chorems creation or extraction (Laurini & Serigne, 2001), the author uses the traditional step by step method. The idea behind is to try to discuss each step to make understanding of the whole process easier, especially for Arab readers and Saudi planners. The examples studied are derived from the geography of KSA at the national level. The thematic data are about its main natural and human components and resources, the spatial mobility of its human components and their evolution over time. Compared to the traditional maps used in planning or geographical textbook description of one space, the chorems focus on its main spatial figures and reveal very useful. First, they may help common readers to understand the main characteristics and features of one given space; second, planners and deciders may consider the focal nodes, axes, and areas of one space for featuring its development. Although some limits of the chorematic method, the research findings conclude that “chorems” are figures that may yield useful ideas and guidelines for understanding and featuring the development of one country with regards to its spatial planning policy, i.e., in the case of KSA, to support the future vision of the Kingdom’s 2030.

Macroeconomics in the Time of the Corona

For developed market economies, the corona crisis is a new type of crisis, but this crisis has parallels to economies at other times, and to crises at other places. We discuss some mechanisms from the traditional macro literature, and from the literature on macroeconomics for developing countries, which contains economic mechanisms that overnight have also become more relevant to developed market economies. Phenomena such as bottlenecks, rationing, forced savings, production constrained by access to inputs, liquidity constraints, sector heterogeneity, and costs running despite production being shut down, are all permanent phenomena in developing countries. During the corona crisis, however, they have also emerged as key mechanisms in developed market economies. We discuss some of these well developed, but partially forgotten mechanisms, by extending simple textbook descriptions, and we provide some examples of how the effects of fiscal and monetary policy are modified in a time of crisis.

Mathematical problem solving in textbooks from twelve countries

ABSTRACT A selection of secondary school mathematics textbooks from twelve countries on five continents was analysed to better understand the support they might be in teaching and learning mathematical problem solving. Over 5700 tasks were compared to the information provided earlier in each textbook to determine whether each task could be solved by mimicking available templates or whether a solution had to be constructed without guidance from the textbook. There were similarities between the twelve textbooks in the sense that most tasks could be solved using a template as guidance. A significantly lower proportion of the tasks required a solution to be constructed. This was especially striking in the initial sets of tasks. Textbook descriptions indicating problem solving did not guarantee that a task solution had to be constructed without the support of an available template.

The axillary vein and its tributaries are not in the mirror image of the axillary artery and its branches.

IntroductionThe axillary and cephalic veins are used for various clinical purposes but their anatomy is not fully understood. Increased knowledge and information about them as well as superficial veins in the upper arm would be useful.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to contribute to the literature regarding the anatomy of the venous drainage of the upper extremity.MethodsThe veins of forty upper extremities from twenty one adult cadavers were injected and their axillary regions dissected. The course and pattern of drainage of the venous tributaries in the axillary region were identified and recorded.ResultsThe basilic, brachial, subscapular, lateral thoracic and superior thoracic veins drained mainly into the axillary vein, in common with most textbook descriptions. However, the thoracoacromial veins were observed to drain into the cephalic vein in 70.0% of upper limbs. In addition, a venous channel connecting the distal part and proximal part of the axilla was found along the posterolateral wall of the axilla in 77.5% of the upper limbs. In 95.0% of upper limbs, we discovered a superficial vein which ran from the axillary base and drained directly into the axillary vein.ConclusionThe veins from the inferomedial part of the axilla drain into the axillary vein, whereas the veins from the superolateral part of the axilla drain into the cephalic vein. The venous drainage of the axilla is variable and in common with venous drainage elsewhere, does not necessarily follow the pattern of the arterial supply.

The Genealogy of Dementia Praecox I: Signs and Symptoms of Delusional Psychoses From 1880 to 1900.

We can trace, with high congruence, the clinical syndromes of depression and mania as described over the 20th century in psychiatric textbooks back to 1880 and to the earliest writing of Kraepelin published in 1883. However, this is not the case for Kraepelin's 2 delusional syndromes central to his overall nosology: Dementia Paranoides (later paranoid schizophrenia) and Paranoia. A detailed examination of 28 textbook descriptions of delusional psychoses from 1880 to 1900 reveals a diverse and partially overlapping set of syndromes with an admixture of symptoms and signs that would later be considered indicative of Dementia Paranoides and Paranoia. A similar pattern in seen in Kraepelin's own description of "Primäre Verrücktheit" from the first edition of his textbook (1883). No clear prototypes emerged in these textbooks or in Kraepelin's early writings for the 2 distinct delusional syndromes that would later evolve in his mature writings. Rather, the nosologic approach taken in these writings was symptom based and assumed that a viable diagnostic category could be constituted by including all delusional patients once those suffering from organic or mood disorders were excluded. While Kraepelin used the historical syndromes of mania and depression, with no appreciable change, as building blocks for his category of manic-depressive insanity, his nosologic system for the psychotic disorders-the syndromes of Dementia Praecox and Paranoia-was more innovative and without clear precedent in the prior psychiatric literature.

State Will and Policization of History Textbooks:Chinese Middle School History Textbook's Description of Modern History in 2018

State Will and Policization of History Textbooks:Chinese Middle School History Textbook's Description of Modern History in 2018

Learning of Scriptures and Books of Philosophers and Humanities and Classic Education in Middle School -Focusing on the Setting of Human Values and Textbook Descriptions-

Learning of Scriptures and Books of Philosophers and Humanities and Classic Education in Middle School -Focusing on the Setting of Human Values and Textbook Descriptions-

The development of the human notochord.

The notochord is a major regulator of embryonic patterning in vertebrates and abnormal notochordal development is associated with a variety of birth defects in man. Proper knowledge of the development of the human notochord, therefore, is important to understand the pathogenesis of these birth defects. Textbook descriptions vary significantly and seem to be derived from both human and animal data whereas the lack of references hampers verification of the presented data. Therefore, a verifiable and comprehensive description of the development of the human notochord is needed. Our analysis and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of 27 sectioned human embryos ranging from Carnegie Stage 8 to 15 (17–41 days of development), resulted in a comprehensive and verifiable new model of notochordal development. Subsequent to gastrulation, a transient group of cells briefly persists as the notochordal process which is incorporated into the endodermal roof of the gut while its dorsal side attaches to the developing neural tube. Then, the notochordal process embeds entirely into the endoderm, forming the epithelial notochordal plate, which remains intimately associated with the neural tube. Subsequently, the notochordal cells detach from the endoderm to form the definitive notochord, allowing the paired dorsal aortae to fuse between the notochord and the gut. We show that the formation of the notochordal process and plate proceeds in cranio-caudal direction. Moreover, in contrast to descriptions in the modern textbooks, we report that the formation of the definitive notochord in humans starts in the middle of the embryo, and proceeds in both cranial and caudal directions.

The Inaccuracy of Surface Landmarks for the Anterior Approach to the Cervical Spine in Southern Chinese Patients.

Study DesignObservational study.PurposeTo assess the correlational accuracy between the traditional anatomic landmarks of the neck and their corresponding vertebral levels in Southern Chinese patients.Overview of LiteratureRecent studies have demonstrated discrepancies between traditional anatomic landmarks of the neck and their corresponding cervical vertebra.MethodsThe center of the body of the hyoid bone, the upper limit of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage, and the lower limit of the cricoid cartilage were selected as representative surface landmarks for this investigation. The corresponding vertebral levels in 78 patients were assessed using computed tomography.ResultsIn both male and female patients, almost none of the anatomical landmarks demonstrated greater than 50% correlation with any vertebral level. The most commonly corresponding vertebra of the hyoid bone, the lamina of the thyroid cartilage, and the cricoid cartilage were the C4 (47.5%), C5 (35.9%), and C7 (42.3%), respectively, which were all different from the classic descriptions in textbooks. The vertebral levels corresponding with the thyroid and cricoid cartilage were significantly different between genders.ConclusionsThe surface landmarks of the neck were not accurate enough to be used as the sole determinant of vertebral levels or incision sites. Intra-operative fluoroscopy is necessary to accurately locate each of the cervical vertebral levels.

역사교육에서 고대사 영역의 내용 체계와 계열성 검토 : 2011 교육과정과 2013 검정교과서를 중심으로

This paper reviewed the sequence of each school level by looking into not only the learning contents system of the Korean ancient history area curriculum but also the descriptions in the textbooks. Since the textbooks currently used in schools are based on the 2011 national history curriculum, comparison and analysis of the contents system relating to Korean ancient history in the curriculum, the guidelines on the contents, and the descriptions in the state-approved textbooks were performed.BR As for the ancient history area, it was difficult to find any differentiation between content elements of History taught in middle schools and of Korean history taught in high schools. And it was frequently found that each school level had the same guidelines on the contents of the textbook, meaning the descriptions in the textbooks of the school levels were the same in contents, while it was found that there was a difference in guidelines on the contents between school levels but the difference was not reflected in the descriptions in the textbooks. It was also found that there was a big difference between the scope of the contents of the state-approved textbooks and the level of the contents of the textbooks. The most important is that sequence should be realized in the descriptions in the textbooks.

교과서 내용 서술 체계의 현황 및 개선 방향 : 조선 전·후기 서술을 사례로

교과서 내용 서술 체계의 현황 및 개선 방향 : 조선 전·후기 서술을 사례로

Occlusal Morphology of the Mandibular First and Second Premolars in Iranian Adolescents

In dental textbooks, the mandibular premolar occlusal morphology has been described as having a predominantly “U-shaped” central groove on the first premolar and a “Y-shaped” central groove on the second premolar. In this study, we examined students (n = 400) of Isfahan high schools (Iran) and first and second premolars were examined bilaterally. Morphological features of the crown, number, height and position of cusps, central grooves shape and sex of the teethwere recorded. For the mandibular first premolars, 21.5% of students exhibited H-shape grooves bilaterally; 70.0% had bilateral U-shape grooves; and 8.5% were mixed. For the mandibular second premolars, 73.0% exhibited 2-cusp forms bilaterally; 15.8% had 3-cusp forms bilaterally; and 11.3% were mixed. In the 2-cusp forms, the predominant occlusal pattern was U-shaped (44.0%). In this Iranian sample, the predominant occlusal pattern was U-shaped in both the first premolar and second premolar, which contrasts with conventional textbook descriptions.

Observed patterns of cervical radiculopathy: how often do they differ from a standard, “Netter diagram” distribution?

BACKGROUND CONTEXTTraditionally, cervical radiculopathy is thought to present with symptoms and signs in a standard, textbook, reproducible pattern as seen in a “Netter diagram.” To date, no study has directly examined cervical radicular patterns attributable to single level pathology in patients undergoing ACDF. PURPOSEThe purpose of this study is to examine cervical radiculopathy patterns in a surgical population and determine how often patients present with the standard textbook (ie, Netter diagram) versus nonstandard patterns. STUDY DESIGN/SETTINGA retrospective study. PATIENT SAMPLEPatients who had single-level radiculopathy with at least 75% improvement of preoperative symptoms following ACDF were included. OUTCOME MEASURESEpidemiologic variables were collected including age, sex, weight, body mass index, laterality of symptoms, duration of symptoms prior to operative intervention, and the presence of diabetes mellitus. The observed pattern of radiculopathy at presentation, including associated neck, shoulder, upper arm, forearm, and hand pain and/or numbness, was determined from chart review and patient-derived pain diagrams. METHODSWe identified all patients with single level cervical radiculopathy operated on between March 2011 and March 2016 by six surgeons. The observed pattern of radiculopathy was compared to a standard textbook pattern of radiculopathy that strictly adheres to a dermatomal map Fisher exact test was used to analyze categorical data and Student t test was used for continuous variables. A one-way ANOVA was used to determine differences in the observed versus expected radicular pattern. A logistic regression model assessed the effect of demographic variables on presentation with a nonstandard radicular pattern. RESULTSOverall, 239 cervical levels were identified. The observed pattern of pain and numbness followed the standard pattern in only 54% (129 of 239; p=.35). When a nonstandard radicular pattern was present, it differed by 1.68 dermatomal levels from the standard (p<.0001). Neck pain on the radiculopathy side was the most prevalent symptom; it was found in 81% (193 of 239) of patients and did not differ by cervical level (p=.72). In a logistic regression model, none of the demographic variables of interest were found to significantly impact the likelihood of presenting with a nonstandard radicular pattern. CONCLUSIONSObserved patterns of cervical radiculopathy only followed the standard pattern in 54% of patients and did not differ by the cervical level involved. Cervical radiculopathy often presents with a nonstandard pattern. Surgeons should think broadly when identifying causative levels because they frequently may not adhere to textbook descriptions in actual clinical practice. We observed III level of evidence.