Textbook Descriptions Research Articles

Descriptions in Geographical Textbooks of Japanese Senior High School on Indian Agriculture; with Special Reference to Cotton Cultivation in Deccan Plateau

Descriptions in Geographical Textbooks of Japanese Senior High School on Indian Agriculture; with Special Reference to Cotton Cultivation in Deccan Plateau

Riding the Wheel of Consciousness

Jeff Warren thought textbook descriptions of consciousness missed a lot of the first-person fun, insightful stuff, so he set out on his own voyage of exploration

TBP homologues in embryo transcription: who does what?

One of the crucial events in eukaryotic gene regulation is the assembly of general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) into a pre‐initiation complex (PIC) at promoter regions. The textbook description of mRNA synthesis initiation requires the recruitment and binding of the TATA‐binding protein (TBP)—a component of the TFIID complex—to the TATA box (Butler & Kadonaga, 2002). Several studies are now changing this idea by showing that TBP‐independent Pol II transcription can occur (Paulson et al , 2002; Wieczorek et al , 1998), and that other types of TBP‐related factors (TRFs) can mediate Pol II transcription of development regulator genes in vertebrate embryos in the absence of TBP (Martianov et al , 2002; Muller et al , 2001; Veenstra et al , 2000). In addition to TBP, two other TRFs have been characterized in vertebrates and were suggested to function in Pol II transcription initiation: TBP‐like factor (TLF, also called TRF2, TLP or TBPL1) and TBP2 (also called TRF3 or TBPL2; Bartfai et al , 2004; Dantonel et al , 1999; Jallow et al , 2004; Persengiev et al , 2003, and references therein). Given the diversity of TBP‐related proteins (Fig 1), several important questions arise. Is there any functional specialization for TBP and TBP‐related factors in vivo ? Do the requirements of these factors for transcriptional activation vary according to the groups of genes involved in specific cellular processes? One direct way to address these questions is to investigate the role of these factors during early development, as distinct groups of ‘developmental’ genes can then be analysed. Furthermore, the embryo switches from a genomic ‘transcription off’ to a ‘transcription on’ state, which in Xenopus and zebrafish occurs during the midblastula transition (MBT). Figure 1. Schematic representation and domain comparison of TATA‐binding protein‐related factors. TBP from zebrafish ( Danio rerio ; dr) and …

A Critical Discussion on the Textbook Descriptions of the Unit of Regional Development in Geography Subject Matter in High School Curriculum

A Critical Discussion on the Textbook Descriptions of the Unit of Regional Development in Geography Subject Matter in High School Curriculum

Relative Stranger – A Life After Death by Mary Loudon

Edinburgh : Canongate , 2006 , 335pp. , £16.99 (hbk); £6.99 (pbk). This book is about Mary Loudon's search for her dead sister Catherine and a piecing together of Catherine's life. Catherine was diagnosed with schizophrenia. She cut herself off from her loving and caring family for the last eleven years of her life, and she died from cancer at the age of 47 without her family knowing. I was keen to read this book as Mary, a personal friend, had sent me a draft of the first few chapters and had spoken to me about some of her ideas for the book when I had shown her round Barrow Psychiatric Hospital, where her sister had at times been admitted. Mary is the youngest of five children; Catherine was the middle child and eldest sister, and thirteen years older than Mary. Mary does not write about her other brothers and sisters; they are respectfully kept out of it. I was hoping I might learn more about the nature of psychotic illness and its relationship to family functioning. I was initially disappointed in this hope: Mary's coverage of ‘Schizophrenia’ is in some ways classically textbook and drawn largely from a book called Schizophrenia – The Facts. It is when Mary moves away from this textbook description that the book opens right up and earns a permanent place on the bookshelf beside those other rare books that describe the experience of psychosis from the perspective of the sufferer or those close to them. There is a problem here that Mary touches on. Psychotic illness is frequently a process which insidiously renders its object incapable of sustained rational verbal communication; thus published personal accounts of madness are written by those that ‘came back’, and we know little about the experience of those who remain diminished by madness. In the chapter ‘Words and pictures’ Mary describes this deterioration in relation to Catherine's letters and artwork, which went from a childhood masterpiece (with adult attributes) painted on her bedroom door to adult primary colour drawings that looked as though they had been copied out of a book. Mary attributes this deterioration to Catherine's illness – I did wonder whether some of it might relate to the side effects of the anti-psychotic medication she took for her illness. Reading this book as a psychiatrist, a family therapist and a youngest child, I was deeply moved in all sorts of ways. A big part of me was ‘wanting to make things better’, or to suggest ways in which things might have been done differently. On the other hand something was telling me to ‘keep my mouth shut’ and listen to what Mary had to say. In fact there was a profound lesson about the nature of psychotic illness and family functioning; this was ‘less is more’. Mary writes early in the book: I never visited her because she didn't want me to. I never arrived unsolicited at her flat although many times I thought about it. When I considered heading to Bristol armed with groceries I always ended up deciding, correctly, that I had absolutely no right to do so. So I wrote. This was the approach of the whole family. Catherine moved from the family home in Oxfordshire and ended up in Bristol in a council flat where she made a life for herself, arguably a good life: she did not harm anyone and she helped some people. I believe it was the deep love of her family that enabled this to happen; they responded to her wish, not exactly to be left alone, but to stay at a distance that she felt was safe. I would like to tell you to buy this book, but I can't because it is written by a friend. What I can say is that it is well written – at times I laughed out loud; at other times I nearly cried.

Applying corpus-based findings to form-focused instruction: The case of reported speech

Arguing that the introduction of corpus linguistics in teaching materials and the language classroom should be informed by theories and principles of SLA, this paper presents a case study illustrating how corpus-based findings on reported speech can be integrated into a form-focused model of instruction. After overviewing previous work which compares ESL grammar textbooks descriptions and real language use, and promotes the use of corpus-based findings to inform L2 textbook descriptions, we outline the results of a survey of the presentation of reported speech in current popular textbooks. The survey findings are contrasted with the patterns of use found in two corpus-based cross-register studies of reported speech, showing how textbooks neglect important information on the use of this structure in real language. The frequency patterns of use that emerged in the corpus studies are then used to identify 10 principles that should inform the design of L2 materials and classroom instruction of reported speech. In the second part of the paper we illustrate how corpus-based findings can be fruitfully implemented in a form-focused model of instruction through the use of structure-based tasks and selected principles of focus-on-form.

Examination of Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome in Children Using Traditional Chinese Medical Pattern Differentiation

Background: Cyclic vomiting syndrome is a unique pediatric disorder associated with characteristic episodes of recurrent explosive bouts of vomiting, alternating with periods of normal health. A Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) textbook description of nausea and vomiting in cyclic vomiting syndrome was lacking. Objective: To evaluate the TCM pattern presentation of children with cyclic vomiting syndrome. Design, Setting, and Patients: Prospective pilot observational study of 24 pediatric patients with cyclic vomiting syndrome evaluated at a university-affiliated, tertiary care pediatric teaching hospital in Chicago. Main Outcome Measures: TCM texts in the English language were evaluated to determine the likely patterns for nausea and vomiting. The symptoms associated with cyclic vomiting syndrome in these patients could not be explained using the TCM patterns described by standard textbooks. Further literature review was undertaken to establish 2 main patterns that explain the severity of cyclic vomitin...

The Natural History of Pityriasis Rosea in Black American Children: How Correct Is the "Classic" Description?

To delineate the natural history of pityriasis rosea in black children and to compare our findings with those of the American, European, and African literature on pityriasis rosea. Textbook and journal article descriptions of pityriasis rosea usually offer information about the presentation and clinical course of this condition in white patients. Prospective observational study. The general pediatric clinic, adolescent clinic, and emergency department of Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, from June 2003 through May 2005. We followed up 50 black children with pityriasis rosea from the time of diagnosis through follow-up visits at 1, 2, and 4 weeks. Detailed observations were made and digital photographs taken at each visit. Duration of illness and pigmentary sequelae. Similarities with the medical literature were found regarding season of onset and prevalence of pruritus and of a herald patch. Our patients had more frequent facial involvement (30%) and more scalp lesions (8%) than usually described in white populations. One third had papular lesions. The disease resolved in nearly one half of patients within 2 weeks. Residual hyperpigmentation was seen in 48% of patients. Hypopigmentation developed in 29% of patients with purely papular or papulovesicular lesions. Pityriasis rosea in black children differs in several ways from textbook descriptions. Physicians may use this information to better counsel patients about the course and potential sequelae of this condition.

Searching under Cups for Clues about Memory: An Online Demonstration

An online demonstration, designed to enhance comprehension of Sternberg's (1966) short-term memory scanning task, involved rapidly searching under virtual cups for a ball. We randomly assigned students to 1 of 3 groups, all of whom read the same textbook description of Sternberg's work: A demonstration group used 3 search methods to look for balls under cups (analogous to searching items in memory), a graphing control group used 3 methods to click on buttons (both groups had equivalent practice examining reaction time graphs), and there was a text-only control. The demonstration group outperformed the controls on an online quiz.

The Impact of Payroll Tax Reductions on Employment and Wages: A Natural Experiment using Firm Level Data

Past evidence on the incidence of payroll tax subsidies on employment and wages for disadvantaged workers has been quite mixed. Therefore, this paper makes use of a unique panel of firm level data and a natural experiment to analyze the incidence of wage subsidies on full-time manual workers and pre-tax wages. Using a number of straightforward evaluation estimators we find that employment subsidies increased full-time manual employment and pre-tax wages. Moreover, we find that employment subsidies have increased employment but not wages by more in low-wage exporting industries. This is line with a textbook description of labor markets where it is predicted that the incidence of employment subsidies on employment and wages is larger the more elastic is product and therefore labor demand and where the employment effect is larger and the wage effect is smaller the more elastic is labor supply because of a binding minimum wage.

Histology of the Human Carotid Sheath Revisited

Using semiserial sections, we histologically observed the carotid sheath and adjacent structures in 8 sides of 5 cadavers. For description, we classified the carotid sheath into 2 parts or laminae: 1) a laminar "adventitia" enclosing each of the cervical great vessels; and 2) a "common sheath" outside the adventitia. Arterial and venous adventitial structures sometimes fused and provided a definite septum between the artery and vein. Contrasting with previous descriptions, the common sheath did not fuse with superficial or prethracheal lamina of the cervical fasciae, but often fused with visceral fascia to provide a thick plate. The common sheath as well as the prevertebral lamina of the cervical fasciae sometimes became interrupted or unclear, but the adventitia was consistently complete circular. The alar fascia was usually considered as one layer of the multilaminar structure behind the cervical viscera, but it was difficult to identify as a single proper lamina. The carotid sheath was thus not a dissection artifact, but a definite histological structure. However, interindividual and/or site-dependent variations were evident in thicknesses of the adventitia and common sheath. Consequently, the author proposed a model of the fascial arrangement around cervical great vessels that unexpectedly differs from most descriptions in textbooks.

DNA and the classical way: Identification of medically important molds in the 21st century

The advent of the 21st century has seen significant advances in the methods and practices used for identification of medically important molds in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Historically, molds have been identified by using observations of colonial and microscopic morphology, along with tables, keys and textbook descriptions. This approach still has value for the identification of many fungal organisms, but requires expertise and can be problematic in determining a species identification that is timely and useful in the management of high-risk patients. For the increasing number of isolates that are uncommon, atypical, or unusual, DNA-based identification methods are being increasingly employed in many clinical laboratories. These methods include the commercially available GenProbe assay, methods based on the polymerase chain reaction such as single-step PCR, RAPD-PCR, rep-PCR, nested PCR, PCR-RFLP, PCR-EIA, and more recent microarray-based, Luminex technology-based, and real-time PCR-based methods. Great variation in assay complexity, targets, and detection methods can be found, and many of these methods have not been widely used or rigorously validated. The increasing availability of DNA sequencing chemistry has made comparative DNA sequence analysis an attractive alternative tool for fungal identification. DNA sequencing methodology can be purchased commercially or developed in-house; such methods display varying degrees of usefulness depending on the breadth and reliability of the databases used for comparison. The future success of sequencing-based approaches will depend on the choice of DNA target, the reliability of the result, and the availability of a validated sequence database for query and comparison. Future studies will be required to determine sequence homology breakpoints and to assess the accuracy of molecular-based species identification in various groups of medically important filamentous fungi. At this time, a polyphasic approach to identification that combines morphologic and molecular methods will ensure the greatest success in the management of patients with fungal infections.

Anatomy of the Thoracic Wall, Axilla and Breast

*** SUMMARY: For adequate treatment of patients with breast cancer, mastologists should have a complete understanding of the anatomy of the thoracic wall, axilla and breast. However, the classical anatomical descriptions in textbooks make it difficult to gain full mastery of this subject, because the books usually deal with its elements separately. In an endeavor to resolve this difficulty, the present authors have conducted an extensive review, to describe the muscles, blood vessels and nerves of the thoracic wall and in the axilla that are of interest to mastologists. The axilla was described in detail, with emphasis on its limits, walls and contents, and highlighting the lymph nodes in this region. Finally, the anatomy of the breast and its topography, innervation, vascularization and lymph drainage were described, making correlations between the anatomy and the lymph node group classification routinely used by mastologists.

Inverted files for text search engines

The technology underlying text search engines has advanced dramatically in the past decade. The development of a family of new index representations has led to a wide range of innovations in index storage, index construction, and query evaluation. While some of these developments have been consolidated in textbooks, many specific techniques are not widely known or the textbook descriptions are out of date. In this tutorial, we introduce the key techniques in the area, describing both a core implementation and how the core can be enhanced through a range of extensions. We conclude with a comprehensive bibliography of text indexing literature.

Diagnosing Meningococcal Disease

Infectious Diseases/Senior Members| May 01 2006 Diagnosing Meningococcal Disease AAP Grand Rounds (2006) 15 (5): 56–57. https://doi.org/10.1542/gr.15-5-56 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Diagnosing Meningococcal Disease. AAP Grand Rounds May 2006; 15 (5): 56–57. https://doi.org/10.1542/gr.15-5-56 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All PublicationsAll JournalsAAP Grand RoundsPediatricsHospital PediatricsPediatrics In ReviewNeoReviewsAAP NewsAll AAP Sites Search Advanced Search Topics: meningococcal infections Source: Thompson MJ, Ninis N, Perera R, et al. Clinical recognition of meningococcal disease in children and adolescents. Lancet. 2006;367:397–403. Meningococcal disease occurs worldwide; in developed countries during endemic periods, the mortality can be as great as 10%.1,–5 A practitioner’s experience with meningococcal disease is often quite limited. The potential for extremely rapid progression to a severe or fatal outcome requires that physicians recognize the signs and symptoms of meningococcal disease as early in the clinical course as possible. Most pediatricians rely on textbook descriptions of classic features that usually occur relatively late in the course of meningococcal disease – purpura, meningismus, and shock – to signal the need to consider meningococcal disease when evaluating a child who is ill. This study from the University of Oxford, United Kingdom, is a retrospective review designed to assess the sequence, development, and timing... You do not currently have access to this content.

A Novel Computer-Assisted Algorithmic Method for Differential Diagnosis of Dermatological Diseases

To deal with human surface locations electronically, it is essential to establish a designation method to code the sites. For the development of site designation methods and databases, dermatological textbooks, atlantes and clinical photographs were collected and reviewed. The sites were systematically named, numbered, and mapped on human models. The whole human surface was divided into 484 segments, and then assembled into 15 groups and 29 subgroups. After establishing the site designation method, we constructed a database of the sites of occurrence of dermatological diseases, and a database of age, sex, signs and symptoms. More than 700 diseases were analyzed and coded into the database. To gather information on the site of a particular disease, not only textbooks, and atlantes of dermatology, but also photographs obtained during clinical practices were reviewed, as clinical photos of patients can be more delicate than the descriptions in textbooks. The prototype of a computer assisted dermatological diagnosing system was made using site a designation method and the databases. This interactive computer program worked relatively well as a helpful guide or dermatological diagnosing tool. Further diseases are being added to the databases.

Subject cataloging process of Slovenian and American catalogers

PurposeAn empirical study has shown that the real process of subject cataloging does not correspond entirely to theoretical descriptions in textbooks and international standards. The purpose of this is paper is to address the issue of whether it be possible for catalogers who have not received formal training to perform subject cataloging in a different way to their trained colleagues.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative study was conducted in 2001 among five Slovenian public library catalogers. The resulting model is compared to previous findings.FindingsFirst, all catalogers attempted to determine what the book was about. While the American catalogers tried to understand the topic and the author's intent, the Slovenian catalogers appeared to focus on the topic only. Slovenian and American academic library catalogers did not demonstrate any anticipation of possible uses that users might have of the book, while this was important for American public library catalogers. All catalogers used existing records to build new ones and/or to search for subject headings. The verification of subject representation with the indexing language was the last step in the subject cataloging process of American catalogers, often skipped by Slovenian catalogers.Research limitations/implicationsThe small and convenient sample limits the findings.Practical implicationsComparison of subject cataloging processes of Slovenian and American catalogers, two different groups, is important because they both contribute to OCLC's WorldCat database. If the cataloging community is building a universal catalog and approaches to subject description are different, then the resulting subject representations might also be different.Originality/valueThis is one of the very few empirical studies of subject cataloging and indexing.

Editorial

The challenges and uncertainties of working in the developing field of Acute Medicine have been a regular theme for editorial comment in this journal since I took the helm in 2002. Almost four years on, with sub-specialty status confirmed, over 200 consultants and many SpRs enrolled in higher specialist training programmes throughout the UK, Acute Medicine finds itself in a much stronger position than any could have predicted at that time. Enthusiasm for the field is clear from the numbers of applicants for training programmes at SpR level, as well as the dramatic rise in attendances at acute medicine meetings across the country in the last year. However, on-going challenges remain. Eighteen months from now, Modernising Medical Careers will send shockwaves throughout hospital medicine. The exact nature of the change to our training programmes remains unclear, and will probably have changed again between my writing this and its publication. However it is essential that Acute Medicine is ready for whatever comes our way. We must work closely with our colleagues in Emergency Medicine and Critical Care to develop common stem training schemes which allow doctors to choose the area of ‘front door’ medicine which suits them best. Where possible we should seek to encourage dual accreditation in two or more of these areas. But most of all we need to maintain the momentum which has carried us so far in such a short space of time, and which has the potential to make Acute Medicine one of the largest hospital specialties. This edition’s review articles cover a varied mix of common and less common conditions on the acute medical ‘take’. Most medical admission units will be faced with at least one patient presenting with a seizure in each 24 hour period. Dr Kinton emphasises the importance of a good history in the management of this problem, but also provides some useful tips to help distinguish seizures from other causes of blackout. Distinction from syncope can be a particular challenge, not least because of the differing implications for driving, the loss of which can have devastating consequences. Acute ischaemic stroke is another common problem, the management of which is comprehensively reviewed by David Jarrett and Hemang Dave. As well as summarising some of the major trial data for thrombolytic and antiplatelet therapy, this review includes some advice on some of the common clinical challenges which don’t usually feature in text book descriptions of this condition. Less common, but no less important, Acute liver failure must be distinguished from decompensated chronic liver disease – the former often requiring discussion with a regional liver unit. Phil Berry has included a useful checklist to have to hand before making this phone call. Headache, palpitations and sweating is a common problem on the post-take ward round – particularly amongst the junior staff completing a night shift. Fortunately most junior doctors do not have a phaeochromocytoma – in common with every patient for whom I have ever requested 24 hour urinary catecholamine measurement. Having read Dr Solomon’s thorough review of the acute management of this condition I will now feel equipped to manage this condition when I finally get a positive result back from the laboratory! Apologies that this edition has been a little delayed – I hope you consider it to have been worth waiting for….

Clinical Decision Making and Oral Motor Treatments

Clinical Decision Making and Oral Motor Treatments

Enhanced Concentration of Polarizable Anions at the Liquid Water Surface: SHG Spectroscopy and MD Simulations of Sodium Thiocyanide

Contrasting current textbook descriptions, a consistent picture of substantial concentration enhancement of highly polarizable anions at the surface of aqueous electrolyte solutions is emerging. Such enhancement may have important implications for chemistry occurring on aqueous aerosols and ocean surfaces. Here we present a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the liquid/air interface of aqueous sodium thiocyanate [corrected] at varying salt concentrations. Normalized second harmonic generation intensities fitted to Langmuir isotherms yield a Gibbs free energy of adsorption of -1.80 kcal/mol. These results are in accord with molecular dynamics simulations in slab geometry, which predict an appreciable surface enhancement of SCN-.