Legibility Of Text Research Articles

Effects of Glass Transmittance, Font Brightness and Font Size on Text Legibility in LCD Home Appliance Interface

This study experimentally investigated the impacts of major design variables of a liquid crystal display (LCD) home appliance control interface on interface text legibility. The home appliance of interest was a washing machine. The experimental setup simulated a real-world washing machine usage condition challenging in terms of visual information processing. Independent variables were surface glass transmittance (25%, 50%, and 75%), font brightness (60%, 75%, and 100% at 25, 44, and 90 cd/m²), and font height (3, 5, and 7 mm). Response time (RT) and proportion of errors (PE) were employed as the dependent measures. Regression analysis was conducted to analyze data. The results showed that: (a) an increase in the font height resulted in decreases in RT and PE, and (b) increasing glass transmittance and font brightness reduced RT and PE for the 3 and 5 mm font heights. The study findings would inform the design of home appliance control interfaces.

The impact of multidirectional text typography on text readability in word clouds

Word clouds are an essential tool for text visualization, and the readability of word clouds significantly affects the reading comprehension of users. Consequently, this study investigates the influence of text typography direction and font size in word clouds on their readability. Besides, The study assesses how text typography affects the readability of information presented in word clouds through a combination of objective reading performance metrics and subjective evaluations. Objective reading performance is measured through a word search task, whereas subjective evaluations include three metrics: readability, fatigue, as well as aesthetic appeal, assessed employing a 9-level Likert scale questionnaire. Participating in all three experiments were 120 individuals and the independent variables were the direction and number of text typography directions and font size. The study determined that word clouds with horizontal typography exhibit remarkably higher reading search accuracy, readability scores, and fatigue scores in comparison to word clouds with vertical and diagonal typography. Furthermore, more text directions included in word clouds result in a significant decrease in reading search accuracy, reading ease scores, and fatigue scores. Additionally, the font size notably influences the legibility of text displayed in word clouds, and yet there is no substantial interaction effect between font size and direction on the readability of word clouds. Accordingly, the study draws the following conclusions. In the first place, the readability of word clouds with horizontal typography text is considerably higher than that of word clouds with vertical and diagonal typography text. Second, an increase in text typography directions results in a substantial decrease in readability. Third, font size seriously influences the readability of text, with larger font sizes contributing to higher readability on the word cloud. Fourth, the text typography direction and the number of text typography directions included lacking a substantial influence on the aesthetic appeal of word clouds. This research can be adopted to optimize the layout design of word clouds. Besides, the findings of this study have wide applications in multi-directional text typography scenarios, including graphic design, human–computer interaction, and information visualization.

Research on the evaluation method of English textbook readability based on the TextCNN model and its application in teaching design.

English is a world language, and the ability to use English plays an important role in the improvement of college students' comprehensive quality and career development. However, quite a lot of Chinese college students feel that English learning is difficult; it is difficult to understand the learning materials, and they cannot effectively improve their English ability. This study uses a convolutional neural network to evaluate the readability of English reading materials. It provides students with English reading materials of suitable difficulty based on their English reading ability so as to improve the effect of English learning. Aiming at the high dispersion of students' English reading level, a text readability evaluation model for English reading textbooks based on deep learning is designed. First, the legibility dataset is constructed based on college English textbooks; second, the TextCNN text legibility evaluation model is constructed; finally, the model training is completed through parameter adjustment and optimization, and the evaluation accuracy rate on the self-built dataset reaches 90%. We use the text readability method based on TextCNN model to conduct experimental teaching, and divided the two groups into comparative experiments. The experimental results showed that the reading level and reading interest of students in the experimental group were significantly improved, which proved that the text readability evaluation method based on deep learning was scientific and effective. In addition, we will further expand the capacity of the English legibility dataset and invite more university classes and students to participate in comparative experiments to improve the generality of the model.

Effective Document Image Rectification via a Deep Learning Framework

This paper proposes an efficient method for rectifying distorted document images via deep learning, ultimately improving the legibility of graphics and text in documents. The framework comprises two interconnected UNets, working in tandem to predict a 3D coordinate map and a forward map for the input distorted document image, respectively. At the beginning of the process, a page mask is predicted and used as input to both U-Nets to help improve the performance of their tasks. In the last step, the predicted forward map is transformed into a corresponding backward map, which is utilized to rectify the distorted image. The experimental results not only reveal that the predicted page masks and 3D coordinate maps significantly enhance the accuracy of predicting forward maps for subsequent rectification but also demonstrate satisfactory results both globally and locally.

Towards Removal of Shadows Caused due to Object Interferences in Smartphone Captured Document Images using Multiple Mask Generation Technique

Shadows cause a reduction of text legibility and contrast of the overall document, leading to poor recognition rates by Optical Character Recognition (OCR). Shadows were cast during photo capturing because of object interferences due to projection angle from illumination sources and are challenging to handle by OCR. This work proposes an automated technique to detect the shadows caused by object interferences and eliminate them from document images. The proposed algorithm generates two reference masks of shadow and non-shadow regions using a global thresholding method to detect and remove shadow. Initially, the document image is pre-processed, followed by mask generation for shadow and non-shadow regions, and finally, a global thresholding strategy that removes the shadow using an image mapping technique. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a dataset of real-world smartphone-captured document images of about 300 is considered. The datasets encompass Mobile Dataset 3 and Mobile Dataset 4 from DIBCO datasets. Experiments are conducted to quantify the efficiency of the proposed approach using performance measures such as recognition rate by OCR, presentation score, legibility score, skew, and overall document quality score. From the results, the proposed approach collectively produces an average recognition rate of 87.15% and 81.50% towards word-level recognition of Mobile Datasets 3 and 4. The text quality of the document image post shadow removal procedure achieves a higher performance score with an average presentation score of 0.35, legibility score of 0.78, skew as 73.45 degrees from the horizontal axis, and overall document quality score above six towards datasets considered. Based on qualitative analysis, comparative analysis proves that the proposed is simple yet more proficient than existing methods.

Research on the legibility of Chinese display character sizes in virtual environments

Whether in the real world or VEs (virtual environments), text reading is one of the fundamental ways for individuals to acquire information. In VEs relying on head-mounted displays, users often encounter difficulties in reading text, particularly when it involves languages with higher complexity, such as Chinese. In light of this, this paper focuses on Chinese display character sizes in VEs and explores the factors and size thresholds that affect text legibility. Using parameter adjustment, two ergonomic experiments were designed to investigate the minimum legibility and preference thresholds of Chinese character sizes in VEs. The minimum legibility reading experiment employed two different-resolution virtual reality devices, including five levels of Chinese character complexity and four text rendering distances. The comfort reading experiment involved four levels of Chinese character complexity and three text rendering distances. The experimental results validate the impact of hardware resolution and Chinese character complexity on the minimum legibility and size preference of Chinese text. Based on these findings, the minimum legibility and preference size thresholds in VEs were determined for Chinese characters. These research outcomes can be applied to the setting of Chinese display characters in VEs.

An effective method for measuring text legibility in XR devices reveals clear differences between three devices

Reading is a crucial aspect of the extended reality (XR) experience across various professional and recreational contexts. Legibility, which is defined as the ease with which a character can be recognized, is an essential determinant of readability. As legibility on a specific device cannot be deduced from technical specifications alone, an efficient perceptual method for measuring legibility is needed to measure the legibility of text presented in XR. In this study, we present a method for comparing the legibility limits of XR devices, where single letter legibility is measured with fast and precise psychophysical methods. We applied the method to compare the legibility in three commercial XR headsets (Varjo VR-2, HTC Vive Pro Eye, Oculus Quest 2) in experiments with human observers. Our results show that the single letter legibility methods presented here provide an effect size approximately ten times higher compared to the widely used method of reading speed. This allows for the use of fewer observers and the detection of smaller differences, making it a more efficient and effective approach for comparing the legibility limits of XR devices.

The effect of serifs and stroke contrast on low vision reading

PurposePatients with low vision are generally recommended to use the same fonts as individuals with normal vision. However, we are yet to fully understand whether stroke width and serifs (small ornamentations at stroke endings) can increase readability. This study's purpose was to characterize the interaction between two factors (end-of-stroke and stroke width) in a well-defined and homogenous group of patients with low vision. MethodsFont legibility was assessed by measuring word identification performance of 19 patients with low vision (autosomal dominant optic atrophy [ADOA] with a best-corrected average visual acuity 20/110) and a two-interval, forced-choice task was implemented. Word stimuli were presented with four different fonts designed to isolate the stylistic features of serif and stroke width. ResultsFont-size threshold and sensitivity data revealed that using a single measure (i.e., font-size threshold) is insufficient for detecting significant effects but triangulation is possible when combined with signal detection theory. Specifically, low stroke contrast (smaller variation in stroke width) yielded significantly lower thresholds and higher sensitivity when a font contained serifs (331 points; d’ = 1.47) relative to no serifs (345 points; d’ = 1.15), E(μsans, low − μserif, low) = −14 points, 95 % Cr. I. = [−24, −5], P(δ > 0) = 0.99 and E(μserif, low − μsans, low) = 0.32, 95 % Cr. I. = [0.16, 0.49], P(δ > 0) = 0.99. ConclusionIn people with low visual acuity caused by ADOA, the combination of serifs and a uniform stroke width resulted in better text legibility than other combinations of uniform/variable stroke widths and presence/absence of serifs.

The Effect of Color Combinations on the Efficiency of Text Recognition in Digital Devices

The color combination of the text background in digital reading can significantly impact reading efficiency, and prolonged digital reading can affect the efficiency of text recognition. Text background color combinations designed for the display characteristics of digital devices can make users’ reading more efficient. This study investigated the effects of five factors - hue, saturation, brightness, text color and background texture - on text recognition efficiency and text legibility in digital reading, using eye-tracking technology and the E-prime psychology experimental operating platform. Pupil diameter was recorded using eye-tracking technology, and correctness and response time were recorded on the E-prime psychological operating platform, with subjective assessment of text legibility on a Likert scale. The results showed that the green-black combination had better legibility and higher recognition efficiency among light background and dark text combinations. And the peach-light grey combination performed the worst. As for the dark background and light text combinations, the green-white combination showed better legibility and recognition efficiency. Meanwhile, the background texture did not significantly affect reading efficiency in the experiment. This study investigated the factors influencing digital reading interfaces regarding recognition efficiency and legibility, which provided a reference for the design of digital reading interactive interfaces and had practical implications for reducing recognition efficiency decline due to prolonged reading.

Readability Analysis of Local Wisdom Non-Fiction Texts in Android-Based Interactive Multimedia for Elementary School Students With Fry Graph Formulas

The purpose of this study was to analyze the legibility of non-fiction texts containing Kediri Raya local wisdom in Android-based interactive multimedia intended for 4th grade elementary school students with the readability formula of the Fry Graph. The method in this research is descriptive quantitative. The objects of this research are ten non-fiction texts containing local wisdom in Kediri Raya. The research instrument uses documentation with data collected in the form of non-fiction texts of local wisdom of Kediri Raya in Android-based interactive multimedia. Analysis of the data in this study using the Fry Graph formula as a guide for analyzing the level of readability in non-fiction texts. The results showed that the readability level of ten non-fiction texts containing Kediri Raya local wisdom in Android-based interactive multimedia had the feasibility and suitability of the readability level for 4th grade elementary school students, because the readability levels of these ten nonfiction texts were in areas 2, 3, 4 and 6 which means the non-fiction text of Kediri Raya's local wisdom in interactive multimedia based on Android is suitable and appropriate for grades 2, 3, 4 and 6 of elementary school.

68‐4: A Text Legibility Improvement Method for OLED Devices

Lots of technologies have been proposed to improve the visibility of text on displays. In particular, Microsoft's ClearType [1][21 technology which is well‐known to improve the horizontal resolution by controlling the grayscale of R, G, and B sub‐pixels individually. Though this technology is a standard especially in Windows OS, it is widely known to be the best way to improve the font quality regardless of OS type. However, based upon our review and experiment, this technology is effective to RGB stripe type structures such as LCDs but its effectiveness is quite low in S‐Stripe type structures such as OLEDs. In this paper, we conduct a research and propose the best way that can improve the legibility of text processed with ClearType based upon our subjective evaluation in OLEDs.

Contrast demand on the blackboard in typical secondary school classrooms of China: Effects of daylight reflections on text legibility

A survey of visual problems in typical secondary school classrooms of China showed that poor legibility on the blackboard caused by reflections is the most reported issue that disturbs visual tasks in class. Studying the correlations between variables and the legibility of chalk writings on the blackboard, accessing the borderline threshold of contrast and revealing the effects of other variables are the priority assignments to address the problem. Based on the findings from the questionnaire survey and on-site contrast measurement, an experiment of legibility assessment was settled in a mockup classroom scenario, in where the subjective rating study about disturbance level of reflections and clarity level of texts on blackboard was carried out. 210 trials were conducted during the 10-month test, more than 3,300 sets of data were collected totally. Category rating results show that 63% of all ratings could sort as disturbed. Four variables including luminance contrast between white and black portions of the board, vertical eye illuminance (EV), etc. are analyzed against the ratings of clarity level. It can be concluded from this study that: 1- Disturbance level of daylight reflections has a linear correlation with the legibility level of the texts on the blackboard. 2- The seat far from glazing and in the front row is the most disturbing position in a typical secondary classroom. 3- The dominant factor of legibility is luminance contrast, and the borderline threshold of good legibility is 1.30. 4- No evidence shows EV has a strong correlation with legibility level of then contents on a blackboard.

Modelling the refractive and imaging impact of multi-zone lenses utilised for myopia control in children's eyes.

PurposeTo develop an optical model of a child's eye to reveal the impact of target distance and accommodative behaviour on retinal image quality when fitted with multi‐zone lenses.MethodsPupil size, aberration levels and accommodative lag were adjusted for models viewing stimuli at 400, 100, 33 and 20 cm. Distributions of defocus across the pupil and simulated retinal images were obtained. An equivalent 16‐point letter was imaged at near viewing distances, while a 0.00 logMAR (6/6) letter was imaged at 400 cm. Multi‐zone lenses included those clinically utilised for myopia control (e.g., dual‐focus, multi‐segmented and aspherical optics).ResultsViewing distance adjustments to model spherical aberration (SA) and pupil radius resulted in a model eye with wider defocus distributions at closer viewing distances, especially at 20 cm. The increasing negative SA at near reduced the effective add power of dual‐focus lenses, reducing the amount of myopic defocus introduced by the centre‐distance, 2‐zone design. The negative SA at near largely compensated for the high positive SA introduced by the aspheric lens, removing most myopic defocus when viewing at near. A 0.50 D accommodative lag had little impact on the legibility of typical text (16‐point) at the closer viewing distances.ConclusionsAll four multi‐zone lenses successfully generated myopic defocus at greater viewing distances, but two failed to introduce significant amounts of myopic defocus at the nearest viewing distance due to the combined effects of pupil miosis and negative SA. Typical 16‐point type is easily legible at near even in presence of the multi‐zone optics of lenses utilised for myopia control and accommodative lag.

Automated Enhancement of Faded Palm Leaf Manuscripts to Restore Text Legibility

Automated Enhancement of Faded Palm Leaf Manuscripts to Restore Text Legibility

Use and analysis of UV varnish printed braille information on commercial packaging products

This paper investigates the possibility of reproducing Braille by UV ink-jet printing on self-adhesive labels, previously printed by flexo printing technology. The aim was to determine whether it is possible to reproduce Braille, the degree of quality of created Braille dots (cells), the legibility of Braille text, and how many layers of varnish are necessary for quality reproduction. The Braille letter was applied to the previously printed label (design) using 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 layers of varnish. It has been found that it is possible to reproduce a quality and legible Braille. With the increase in the number of layers, the assessment of legibility and quality of reproduction by the respondents also increased. Samples reproduced with 12 layers of varnish received a very good grade of legibility and good grade for quality of Braille. Samples reproduced with 8 and 10 layers received bad grades for legibility, and even worse for quality, while samples with a higher number of layers of varnish, 14 and 16, received even better grades. The threshold for quality reproduction would therefore be the use of 12 layers of varnish, where a good ratio of workmanship and economy is obtained.

The Influence of Signaling on the Disfluency Effect in Multimedia Learning

Do students learn better with texts that are slightly harder-to-read (i.e., disfluent)? Previous research has yielded conflicting findings. The present study identified the boundary condition that determines when disfluent texts benefit learning. We used eye-tracking to examine the joint influence of text legibility (fluent vs. disfluent) and signaling (signaling vs. non-signaling) on multimedia learning. The results revealed that both disfluent text and signaling led to better transfer test performance, and there was also an interaction between them. Specifically, the disfluent text led to better learning outcomes with or without signaling; however, in the fluent text condition, only signaling facilitated learning. Eye movement analyses indicated that signaling guided learners to pay more attention to important content in the learning materials. The current results suggest that signaling can enhance individuals’ perceived fluency or familiarity to the material and guide the attention during multimedia learning, and the positive impact of disfluency on multimedia learning seems to be more stable and ubiquitous. We discuss these under the framework of disfluency effect and attention-guiding effect.

Evaluation of Text Legibility in Alternative Imaging Approaches to Microfiche Digitization

Microfiche was a common format used in microforms reproductions of documents, extensively used for archival storage before the move to digital formats. While contemporary documents are still available for digitization, others from older historical periods are no longer physically accessible for various reasons. In some cases, their microfiche copies are available, making microfiche digitization a must. However, a microfiche reader is not always available and, even then, it is a machine made for the purpose of reading and not for data collection. In this work, the performance two imaging devices are evaluated as alternatives to the traditional microfiche reader, by means of optical character recognition (OCR). Results show that this alternative surpasses the performance of a microfiche reader in terms of text legibility.

On the Full- and Half-Sheet Inserts of Andreas Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica (1543 and 1555)

On the Full- and Half-Sheet Inserts of Andreas Vesalius’s <i>De humani corporis fabrica</i> (1543 and 1555)

Errors in translations of korean poems into russian on the example of the collection of poems by Yun Dong-ju “sky, wind, star and poetry”

The purpose of this work is to identify errors and types of translation, readability, and aesthetic elements in the Korean literary work of the collection of poems by Yun Dong-ju, which is translated into Russian. To analyze the result of the study, errors on the accuracy of the translation were first checked, based on the correct interpretation of the original text by comparing the original with the translation. Further, students of Kazan Federal University studied the errors of text legibility in the reading process. In conclusion, the content of aesthetic elements as literary works, such as Russian grammar and poetic elements were analyzed. It is necessary to determine the priority of language skills in the initial and final version of the translation for optimal translation, as well as a deep understanding of the author and his work.

Do Braille Cells Influence Legibility of Texts for the Sighted?

Do Braille Cells Influence Legibility of Texts for the Sighted?