Tetragonula Laeviceps Research Articles

Pollination by Three Species of Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) Increase Seed Set of Mustard (Brassica rapa L.: Brassicaceae)

Pollination and fertilization are critical factors in horticultural cultivation to increase seed production. In this study, we measured the visiting activity and pollination of three species of stingless bees, i.e., Tetragonula laeviceps, Lepidotrigona terminata, and Heterotrigona itama in mustard (Brassica rapa). Visiting activity of stingless bees were observed in mustard plants caged by an insect screen. The observations were done visually per hour, starting from 07:00 until 16:00, using the focal sampling method. The visiting activities observed were flower handling time, foraging rate, and total visit per plant. We also measured the pollen load of each stingless bee species. Results showed the highest foraging rate occurred in H. itama (28.38 flowers/5 minutes), followed by T. laeviceps (27.88 flowers/5 minutes), and L. terminata (27.85 flowers/5 minutes), respectively. The longest flower handling time was found in H. itama (40.15 seconds), followed by T. laeviceps (35.25 seconds), and H. terminata (34.84 seconds). Whereas, the highest total visiting time occurred in H. itama (40.10 minutes), followed by T. laeviceps (37.47 minutes), and L. terminata (36.76 minutes). Heterotrigona itama has a highest pollen load (36,650 pollen grains), followed by L. terminata (26,940 pollen grains), and T. laeviceps (9,700 pollen grains), respectively. Pollination by the stingless bees increase 27-40% the number of pods per plant, 32-72% the number of seeds per pod, 32-54% of seed weight per pod, and 18-36% of seed germination of mustard.

Estimated economic value of pollination by Tetragonula laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) on tomato and chili

Abstract. Mubin N, Kusmita AO, Rohmah A, Nurmansyah A. 2022. Estimated economic value of pollination by Tetragonula laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) on tomato and chili. Biodiversitas 23: 2544-2552. Insects have various roles, one of which is as pollinators. Horticultural crops such as tomatoes and chilies need the help of pollinating insects to increase productivity. The stingless bee, Tetragonula laeviceps, is one of the potential pollinating agents. This study aimed to determine the effect of pollination by T. laeviceps on crop production and estimated pollinating insect’ economic value. The study was conducted using a field experiment with 3 pollination treatments included pollination with the help of T. laeviceps (open pollination / OP), pollination by wind (WP), and self-pollination (SP). The estimated economic value of pollination was calculated using a bio-economic approach based on the level of dependence of the plant on pollination. The results showed that open pollination (OP) treatment by T. laeviceps increased fruit set and seed set by 2-3 times that of wind pollination and 4-5 times that of self-pollination. The open pollination treatment significantly affected on the diameter and weight of tomato fruit compared to the WP and SP treatments but not on chili. Meanwhile, open pollination can increase the length of chili fruit. OP, WP, and SP treatments had no significant effect on tomatoes and chilies’ weight loss, damage level, and hardness level. Based on tomato and chili production, the economic value of T. laeviceps was 44 times (tomato) and 20 times (chili) from self-pollination and 65 times (tomato) and 11 times (chili) from wind pollination.

Biomonitoring via DNA metabarcoding and light microscopy of bee pollen in rainforest transformation landscapes of Sumatra

BackgroundIntense conversion of tropical forests into agricultural systems contributes to habitat loss and the decline of ecosystem functions. Plant-pollinator interactions buffer the process of forest fragmentation, ensuring gene flow across isolated patches of forests by pollen transfer. In this study, we identified the composition of pollen grains stored in pot-pollen of stingless bees, Tetragonula laeviceps, via dual-locus DNA metabarcoding (ITS2 and rbcL) and light microscopy, and compared the taxonomic coverage of pollen sampled in distinct land-use systems categorized in four levels of management intensity (forest, shrub, rubber, and oil palm) for landscape characterization.ResultsPlant composition differed significantly between DNA metabarcoding and light microscopy. The overlap in the plant families identified via light microscopy and DNA metabarcoding techniques was low and ranged from 22.6 to 27.8%. Taxonomic assignments showed a dominance of pollen from bee-pollinated plants, including oil-bearing crops such as the introduced species Elaeis guineensis (Arecaceae) as one of the predominant taxa in the pollen samples across all four land-use types. Native plant families Moraceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Cannabaceae appeared in high proportion in the analyzed pollen material. One-way ANOVA (p > 0.05), PERMANOVA (R² values range from 0.14003 to 0.17684, for all tests p-value > 0.5), and NMDS (stress values ranging from 0.1515 to 0.1859) indicated a lack of differentiation between the species composition and diversity of pollen type in the four distinct land-use types, supporting the influx of pollen from adjacent areas.ConclusionsStingless bees collected pollen from a variety of agricultural crops, weeds, and wild plants. Plant composition detected at the family level from the pollen samples likely reflects the plant composition at the landscape level rather than the plot level. In our study, the plant diversity in pollen from colonies installed in land-use systems with distinct levels of forest transformation was highly homogeneous, reflecting a large influx of pollen transported by stingless bees through distinct land-use types. Dual-locus approach applied in metabarcoding studies and visual pollen identification showed great differences in the detection of the plant community, therefore a combination of both methods is recommended for performing biodiversity assessments via pollen identification.

Patterns of Tetragonula Laeviceps (Smith) colony activity in KHDTK Gunung Bromo UNS

Due to climate change, many impacts occur on the sustainability of organisms, including the trigona bee. The occurrence of climate change not only affects decreasing honey production but also reduces the number of colonies. Presume that it can change the activity pattern of the trigona bee. This study aims to determine the pattern of activity demonstrated by Tetragonula laeviceps (Smith) colony in KHDTK Gunung Bromo UNS. This research was conducted in July 2021 at KHDTK Gunung Bromo UNS. The observation involved 128 colony boxes placed into four cages, namely cages A, B, C, and D. Observations on the activity of trigona bees starting from 06.00 WIB to 18.00 WIB, assuming trigona bee activity begins in the morning and end the activity outside the hive after sunset. The results showed that of the cages A, B, C, and D, the worker bees tend to be active in the morning (6-10 am) to collect nectars and resin. Before noon (10 to 12 noon), bee activities were decreasing. The activity of the worker bees increased between 12 to 2 pm and decreased again after that time slot. The food source most favored by trigona bees: Pinus merkusii (rp), Artocarpus heterophyllus (r), Spathiphyllum wallisii (np), and Xanthostemon chrysanthus (np). Resin extractions are very needed for bees as batumen materials, and this is due to natural enemies (lizards, ants, vespa wasps, and spiders) that appear around the cage.

Type and size of pollen collected by Tetragonula laeviceps at various altitudes

Abstract. Abbas M, Sukarsa. 2022. Type and size of pollen collected by Tetragonula laeviceps at various altitudes. Biodiversitas 23: 1567-1575. Pollen’s type and size are affected by altitude. No study about pollen types and sizes collected Tetragonula laeviceps at various altitudes in Banyumas District, Central Java, Indonesia. This study was aimed to analyze pollen types and sizes collected at various altitudes in Banyumas District. The pollen samples were collected using a random sampling technique at each altitude, namely 46.7 m asl, 317 m asl, and 912 m asl. The pollen samples were collected from flowers around and inside the nest, then prepared using acetolysis. The parameters include pollen morphology, pollen’s polar (P) diameter, and the pollen's equatorial (E) diameter. The morphological characteristics and pollen diameter were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance. Pollens’ type was not affected by altitudes. However, pollen’s diameter was significantly different among altitudes, with the largest pollen size was observed at the highest altitude and the smallest were observed at the lowest altitude. The data are vital for meliponid culture at various altitudes.

Stingless Bees Pollination Increases Fruit Formation of Strawberry (Fragaria x annanassa Duch) and Melon (Cucumis melo L.).

Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) are distributed in tropical and subtropical areas in the world. Stingless bees are potential pollinator to increase yield of various crops species. We measured the pollination effectiveness of stingless bees, i.e., Tetragonula laeviceps in strawberry (Fragaria x annanassa) and Heterotrigona itama in melon (Cucumis melo) in the greenhouse. Pollination effectiveness of stingless bees were measured based on their visiting activities, i.e., foraging rate and flower handling time using focal sampling method. Measurements of fruit set consist of the number of fruits per plant, the number of normal and abnormal fruits, and the size and weight of fruits. Results showed that visiting activity of T. laeviceps in strawberry flowers ranged 2.33–2.73 flowers/3 min, while H. itama in melon flowers ranged 1.77–7.12 flower/3 min. Peak activities of H. itama in melon (7.12 flowers/3 min) occurred at 9.00 a.m. to 10.00 a.m., while T. laeviceps in strawberry (2.73 flowers/3 min) occurred at 11.00 a.m. to 12.00 p.m. Pollination by T. laeviceps increased 78.9% of fruit formation and reduced 16.7% of abnormal fruits of strawberry. In melon, ratio between female and male flowers was 0.03. The number of fruits produced in melon with T. itama (6.1 fruits/plant) was higher than in open field (2.6 fruits/plant) and control plants (no pollination) (0.2 fruits/plant). Pollination by H. itama increased fruit formation of melon.

Stingless bees from meliponiculture in South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Purwanto H, Soesilohadi RCH, Trianto M. 2022. Stingless bees from meliponiculture in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1254-1266. Kalimantan Island has many species of stingless bees that are widespread throughout the province. However, their morphology, morphometry, and nest structure characteristics have not been documented comprehensively. This paper described the morphological characters, morphometric measurements, nest entrance, and brood cell characteristics of stingless bees from meliponiculture in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ten stingless bee species were identified based on their morphological features: Tetragonula laeviceps (Smith, 1857), T. fuscobalteata (Cameron, 1908), T. drescheri (Schwarz, 1939), T. melanocephala (Gribodo, 1893), T. biroi (Friese, 1898), Homotrigona apicalis (Smith, 1857), H. canifrons (Smith, 1857), Heterotrigona itama (Cockerell, 1918), Geniotrigona thoracica (Smith, 1857), and Lepidotrigona terminata (Smith, 1878). Principal component analysis was performed to identify the grouping characters and thus determine their diagnostic characters. Furthermore, the shape, diameter, length, ornamentation, and color of the nest entrance and the arrangement, cells, and color of brood cells were observed. This study is the first to report high variations in the type of entrance opening and arrangement of brood cells for stingless bee species, which are abundant in South Kalimantan.

Diversity, abundance, and distribution patterns of stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract. Trianto M, Purwanto H. 2021. Diversity, abundance, and distribution patterns of stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 695-702. Stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) are eusocial insects with high economic value in terms of their honey and propolis yield. The bees are widely distributed in tropical regions, including Indonesia. This study aimed to estimate the diversity, abundance, and distribution pattern of stingless bees in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. The following seven species of stingless bees have been identified in previous research: Tetragonula laeviceps, T. iridipennis, T. biroi, T. sapiens, T. sarawakensis, Heterotrigona itama, and Lepidotrigona terminata. The current work determined the scores of diversity (H’: 0.98), abundance (N: 14.0 ind/m2), and distribution pattern (id: 0.51) of stingless bees in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The results were analyzed and then subjected to principal component analysis to determine the dominant characteristics on the basis of the environmental parameters that influence the presence of stingless bees in three habitat types in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. Results revealed that temperature is one such environmental parameter affecting the presence of stingless bees in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Beekeeping and Managed Bee Diversity in Indonesia: Perspective and Preference of Beekeepers

There is a high diversity of bees in the tropics, including honey bees and stingless bees, which are the main sources for honey and other ecosystem services. In Indonesia, beekeeping practices have been developed for centuries, and they have been part of many cultural practices in many traditional communities. The objective of this research was to study the beekeeping status and managed bee diversity in Indonesia and to investigate beekeepers’ perspectives on the factors and obstacles related to beekeeping. Direct interview and online interview were conducted to gain data on bees and beekeepers. In total, 272 beekeepers were interviewed across 25 provinces. Samplings of honey bees and stingless bees were also done during direct interviews for further identification and, when possible, pollen identification. All data and specimens were then sent to IPB Bogor for compilation and identification. We recorded 22 species of bees, including 3 species of honey bees and 19 species of stingless bees, that are reared by Indonesian beekeepers, with Apis cerana and Tetragonula laeviceps as the most common species. Our research also found that the majority of beekeepers fall into the category of the younger generation (30–39 years old) with educational background mostly from senior high school. Based on the beekeepers’ perspectives, there are several obstacles to beekeeping, especially the occurrence of death of bee foragers attributed to climate, food source, and pesticides. In conclusion, there is a need to develop a strategy for beekeeping and bee conservation in Indonesia, especially for adaptation and mitigation from environmental changes with a particular focus on climate and land-use change.

Attractiveness and toxicity of two insecticides to Tetragonula laeviceps (Apidae: Meliponinae)

Stingless bee, Tetragonula laeviceps, plays a primary role in ecosystem services as a pollinator for coffee, cocoa, and pepper. Attacks of insect pests cause low production of several plantation plants. Farmers commonly use synthetic insecticides to control insect pests. However, improper use of insecticides often adversely affects the ecosystem and human health, including pollinators. In Indonesia, research on the side effects of insecticides on non-target insects such as flower visitor insects (pollinators) is minimal. This study aimed to evaluate the attractiveness and toxicity of two insecticides to T. laeviceps. Stingless bees were obtained from beekeepers at Banten. Y-tube olfactometer test was used to determine the attractiveness of bees to insecticides, and a topical test was used to determine the mortality effect of insecticide on bees. The insecticides used were insecticide A (a.i. alpha-cypermethrin) and insecticide B (a.i. spinetoram) at 100 ppm and 60 ppm, respectively. The results showed that bees were more attracted to insecticide B by 73.3% than insecticide A (26.7%). Insecticide B caused 100% bee mortality after 48 hours after treatment (HAT), while Insecticide A caused 0% bee mortality after 48 HAT. The results indicate that insecticide B attracted stingless bees and has a high mortality level.

Comparison of common green bottle flies (Lucilia sericata Meigen) and stingless bees (Tetragonula laeviceps Smith) as pollinating agents for imported true shallot (Allium cepa L.) seed production

Comparison of common green bottle flies (Lucilia sericata Meigen) and stingless bees (Tetragonula laeviceps Smith) as pollinating agents for imported true shallot (Allium cepa L.) seed production

The effects of introduction of the Sulawesi Endemic Stingless Bee Tetragonula cf. biroi from Sulawesi to Java on foraging behavior, natural enemies, and their productivity

Abstract. Suhri AGMI, Soesilohadi RCH, Agus A, Kahono S. 2021. The effects of introduction of the Sulawesi Endemic Stingless Bee Tetragonula cf. biroi from Sulawesi to Java on foraging behavior, natural enemies, and their productivity. Biodiversitas 22: 5624-5632. The existence of species in an environment has gone through a long adaptation process to the natural environment. This study aims to determine the behavior of bees, pollen types, natural enemies, and products of the Sulawesi endemic bee Tetragonula cf. biroi in its natural habitat and after being introduced to Java. This research was conducted in North Luwu and Bone District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, as the native habitat. Purworejo, Magelang, and Bantul District in Java as an introduction site. The observation of foraging behavior was recorded by scan sampling method; pollen identification using the acetolysis method. Natural enemies were observed directly and through interviews with beekeepers. The results showed significant differences in the number of T. cf. biroi that returned to the nest between native and introduced habitats (p value < 0.05). Pollen collected by T. cf. biroi in Sulawesi were more varied in type. The woody plants and tall trees dominate the types of pollen they collect in Sulawesi. The pollen collected in Java was dominated by ornamental plants, intentionally grown as feed. The attack of Small hive beetle and black soldier flies larvae caused the colony of T. cf. biroi to die and not produce honey optimally. Another problem is the T. cf. biroi nest is taken over by the local bee Tetragonula laeviceps.

Characteristics of apiculture and meliponiculture in Banten Province, Indonesia: profile of beekeepers, bee and pollen diversity

There have been reports of global bees declining in the past years. However, the information on bees declining in Indonesia is lacking. Apiculture and meliponiculture have been practiced in Indonesia for centuries. This study aimed to obtain data of beekeepers and the recent beekeeping situation, including stingless bee species and their plant resources in Banten Province. Interviews were carried out on beekeepers in Pandeglang and Lebak Regencies. Bees from interviewed beekeepers were collected and identified. Pollens attached to the bees were also identified at the family level. Apiculture and meliponiculture in Banten were entirely practiced by men in their productive ages (<5-year experience). Beekeepers placed the beehive around the house to keep an efficient observation and ensure the sufficiency of nutrition for the bees. Based on information collected from the beekeepers, pests and climate were to have affected the population of bees and production of honey. Bee that favored the most by beekeepers was Tetragonula laeviceps. Based on the pollen identification, Arecaceae, Poaceae, and Fabaceae were the most visited plant families by all bee species. Managed bees shared similar nutrition (nectar and pollen) resources. In addition, the beekeeping in Banten tends to increase in recent 5 years.

Cross-Pollination Produces Arabica Coffee Beans with Higher Caffeine and Lower Fatty Acid

Studies showed that cross-pollination also affect fruits and green bean coffee quantity and quality yet study on this subject in Indonesia rarely found. This study focused on assessing the pollination effect of fruit quality and beans in terms of size, weight, physical defect, and content of caffeine and fatty acid. During this study, Tetragonula laeviceps, indigenous stingless bees, were applied as a pollination agent to be compared to open pollination. The result showed that open pollination produced bigger beans (16.73ab±1.57 X 14.66a±1.48 mm) with higher caffeine (18.22%) and lower fatty acid (41,86%), while application of T. laeviceps produced slightly heavier beans (0.22 gram). Besides producing higher caffeine and lower fatty acid, cross-pollination services mainly required wild pollinators, although T. laeviceps could act as a potential replacement or for the inundation of this service.

Honey sugars profile of stingless bee Tetragonula laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae)

Abstract. Agus A, Agussalim, Sahlan M, Sabir A. 2021. Honey sugars profile of stingless bee Tetragonula laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae). Biodiversitas 22: 5205-5210. Honey was a functional food to improve human health, but irresponsible people used this circumstance to make fake honey. This study aimed to evaluate the profile of the sugar of stingless bee honey [Tetragonula laeviceps (Smith, 1857)] from different geographical origins in Indonesia. Honey, three samples were directly collected from three other sources for meliponiculture of T. laeviceps in Indonesia: Sleman, Klaten, and Gunungkidul. The honey sugars profile was analyzed: glucose, fructose, sucrose, reducing sugar, the sum of fructose and glucose, glucose to moisture ratio, fructose to glucose ratio, and honey pH. Glucose and fructose were analyzed by HPLC, sucrose by Luff Schoorl, reducing the sugar by Layne-Enyon, and pH by a pH meter. The current findings revealed that the geographical origins had a highly significant effect on glucose, fructose, the sum of fructose and glucose, glucose to moisture ratio, fructose to glucose ratio, and honey pH (P&lt;0.01) and significant effect on reducing sugar (P&lt;0.05), but not on sucrose content. Thus, it can be concluded that the origins were affecting the honey sugars profile and honey from Sleman has the highest sugars content, followed by honey from Klaten and the lower was honey from Gunungkidul.

Species diversity, morphometrics, and nesting biology of Chinese stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini)

Stingless bees (Meliponini) form a large monophyletic group with a pantropical distribution. Southern China is on the northern border of this distribution in Asia, and previous studies have recorded a single species in Taiwan and twelve species in Yunnan. In this study, by extensive sampling from both natural nests and the nests of bee keepers in Yunnan, we identified seven stingless bee species from four genera. Species with distinctive characters that were recorded in Xishuangbanna previously but not found during this study may be rare in this region, including Homotrigona lutea and Geniotrigona thoracica. A new key, information on nesting biology, and a snapshot of the current status of meliponiculture in Yunnan are provided. Morphological characters of males of Tetragonula laeviceps, Tetragonilla collina, and Lisotrigona carpenteri are shown, including their genitalia characters. Results of multivariate morphometrics based on twelve characters support the taxonomic classification. For further studies, wider sampling, including tropical and subtropical regions of Fujian, Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Tibet, Hainan, and Taiwan, is needed to assess the full diversity of Chinese stingless bees.

Cytotoxicity effect of honey, bee pollen, and propolis from seven stingless bees in some cancer cell lines.

Our effort to find new material for anti cancer from natural resources leads us to focus on stingless bee products such as honey, bee pollen, and propolis. The products were from seven stingless bees named Homotrigona fimbriata, Heterotrigona itama, Heterotrigona bakeri, Tetragonula sarawakensis, Tetragonula testaceitarsis, Tetragonula fuscobalteata, Tetragonula laeviceps. The stingless bee products were evaluated for their cytotoxicity effect on MCF-7, HeLa and Caco-2 cancer cell lines. This is the first time to be reported that the honey, ethanol extracts of bee pollen and propolis of H. fimbriata displayed more potent cytotoxicity than other stingless bee products. By chromatography and biological activity-guided fractionation, ethanol extract of propolis from H. fimbriata was fractionated and isolated its active compound named mangiferonic acid. Mangiferonic acid showed a cytotoxicity effect with IC50 values 96.76 µM in MCF-7, >110.04 µM in HeLa, and > 110.04 µM in Caco-2, respectively. These results exhibited the potential of ethanol extracts from propolis of H. fimbriata to be further developed for drug and experiments to verify the function are essential.

Distribution and Morphometrical Variations of Stingless Bees (Apidae: Meliponini) In Urban and Forest Areas of Penang Island, Malaysia

Stingless bees from four different places in Penang, northern peninsular Malaysia includingUniversiti Sains Malaysia campus(USM), Botanical Garden, Balik Pulau and Teluk Bahang weresampled randomly and identified. A total of six species of stingless bee were successfully recorded; Heterotrigona itama, Lepidotrigona terminata, Tetrigona apicalis, Tetragonula iridipennis, Tetragonula laeviceps, and Tetragonula pagdeni. Heterotrigona itama is the most abundance species in both urban and forest area. Their hive can be found in all study areas. The results showed that Balik Pulau (forest) had the most diverse stingless bee species (5 species) compared to other selected sites. Morphometrical studies comprising fifteen characters of H.itama were measured. There were significant difference for H. itama body length and appendages between samples collected from urban and forest areas. H.itama in forest areas have larger body size compared to those in the urban area. Overall, stingless bees in urban areas was less diverse compared to forest area

Identifikasi Tumbuhan Penghasil Polen dari Madu Lebah Tanpa Sengat di Belitung

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Stingless bees forage to the flower for nectar and at the same time, pollen also trapped in the body hairs of the bees. Mostly pollen was concentrated into the pollen basket and transferred to the pollen and honey pot in the stingless bee nest. Pollen is male gametophytes of seed plants which have various of shapes, sizes, and ornamentations. This palynology study was aimed to identify the plants of pollen source that were found in honey of stingless bee Heterotrigona itama and Tetragonula laeviceps in Belitung and to analyze characteristics of the pollen. Pollen was extracted from honey and conducted the acetolysis and identification of the pollen in honey. We found 11 and 19 plant species as pollen soirce in the honey of H. itama and T. laeviceps, respectively. Pollen from Macaranga tanarius (23.72%) and Cocos nucifera (22.53%) were the two most dominant species on the H. itama honey. Pollen from Ageratum conyzoides (16.36%) are most often found in T. laeviceps honey. The most common pollen in honey of H. itama and T. laeviceps were from Arecaceae with a total of three species. Pollen from plants with tree habitus is most commonly found in honey of both species of stingless bees.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

The physicochemical composition of honey from Indonesian stingless bee (Tetragonula laeviceps)

Abstract. Agussalim, Umami N, Nurliyani, Agus A. 2021. The physicochemical composition of honey from Indonesian stingless bee (Tetragonula laeviceps). Biodiversitas 22: 3257-3263. The demand of honey has recently increased significantly, but this situation is widely used by irresponsible humans who made a fake honey. This present study aims to evaluate the quality based on the physicochemical composition of honey from Indonesian stingless bee Tetragonula laeviceps. Honey was obtained from three geographical origins in Indonesia, i.e. Sleman, Gunungkidul, and Lombok. The physicochemical composition of honey was analyzed such as moisture, ash, protein, pH, glucose/moisture ratio, and electrical conductivity, and amino acids. The results showed that the geographical origins had a highly significant effect (P&lt;0.01) on moisture, pH, and significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on ash, electrical conductivity, protein, and glucose/moisture ratio. Honey from Indonesian stingless bee T. laeviceps was found 17 amino acids were arginine, histidine, lysine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, valine, threonine, tyrosine, proline, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, alanine, glycine, and cysteine. The dominant amino acids of honey from Sleman were glutamic acid, histidine, lysine, and arginine. Honey from Lombok were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, and histidine. Furthermore, honey from Gunungkidul were lysine, arginine, histidine, and phenylalanine. Honey from Sleman and Lombok have the best quality than honey from Gunungkidul based on the chemical composition and amino acids profile.