Emission Standards Research Articles

A novel control strategy for DDF/PPCI combustion mode in a diesel micro-pilot ignited dual-fuel engine

The target of this paper is to study two combustion control strategies, partial premixed compression ignition (PPCI) and dual fuel combustion (DDF), to solve the problems of low efficiency and high emissions of micro-ignition dual fuel engines. Firstly, the effects of different control parameters on engine performance and emissions in two combustion modes were studied. Then, the encoder-decoder convolutional neural network-gated recurrent unit (ED CNN-GRU) is used for the first time to establish a predictive regression model between the operating parameters and performance of the diesel micro-ignition dual-fuel engine. Finally, NSGA III is used to drive ED CNN-GRU to perform multi-objective optimization of engine performance. The results show that under 75 % load, the predicted results of the model and test results show that the corresponding THC emissions in the PPCI combustion mode are 50.65 % and 53.18 % lower than those in the DDF combustion mode, the corresponding CO emissions in the PPCI combustion mode are 69.05 % and 70.26 % lower than those in the DDF combustion mode respectively. The prediction results of the model and the test results meet the Tier III emission regulations, and the emission is minimized while taking into account the economy. Under the propulsion characteristics, PPCI combustion mode is selected for 0–75 % load, and DDF combustion mode is selected for more than 75 % load. The control strategy of micro ignition dual fuel engine can effectively promote the development of micro ignition dual fuel engine in the field of marine engine.

Waste-To-Energy: Sustainable Triboelectric Stimulating System Constructed by Bone Gelatin Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Crop Growth.

The misuse of synthetic chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers harms the environment and human health. Abandoning them risks global food shortages. Urgent eco-friendly alternatives are needed for food production without excessive synthetic chemicals. To respond to this challenge, an innovative approach uses POSS polymer (PA)to modify waste bone gelatin (BG), constructinginga biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator (PAG-TENG) tailored for the triboelectric stimulating system for seed germination (PTSS). Amide groups of PA improve the electron supplying capacity of BG and 3D cage structure captures and transfers charges of BG, thereby improving the output performance of PAG-TENG. The spatial electrostatic field formed by PAG-TENG promotes seed germination when subjected to pressure changes in the environment. Hence output performance of PAG-TENG is improved from 52.34V and 40.25 nA to 247.15V and 482.12 nA, the sensitivity is 14.4957 V*kPa-1. It maintains initial stable performance after the 6000 cycles of testing. Besides, the prepared PAG-TENG has good toughness, translucency, and degradability. Treated by the high voltage electrostatic field of PTSS, peas' germination rate remarkably increased by ≈27%. This work realizes the high-value utilization of waste resource BG, and provides a novel direction for the development of intelligent agriculture.

Assessment of the Physicochemical Properties of Ultrafine Particles (UFP) from Vehicular Emissions in a Commercial Parking Garage: Potential Health Implications.

Vehicular emissions are a major culprit in the rise of urban air pollution. The particulate matter (PM) emitted from vehicular sources includes primarily ultrafine particles (UFPs) with aerodynamic diameters less than 0.1 µm (PM0.1) and is linked to adverse respiratory and cardiovascular health effects. Despite this knowledge, few exposure assessment studies exist that detail the physicochemical properties of PM in parking garages. In this study, airborne PM emitted by vehicles in a parking garage of a hospital in New Jersey was sampled, during winter and summer seasons, and physicochemically characterized. The results indicate that the mass concentrations of the UFPs in the garage were 2.51 µg/m3 and 3.59 µg/m3, respectively. These UFPs contained a large percentage of elemental carbon and toxic elements. They also contained polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), having deleterious health effects. An inhalation particle modeling revealed that 23.61% of these UFPs are deposited in the pulmonary region of the lung, translating to a dose of 10.67 µg for winter and 15.25 µg for summer, over a typical 40 h work week. These high deposited levels of UFPs and their complex chemistry levels further warrant the need for toxicological assessment of UFPs related to vehicular emissions.

Numerical one-dimensional investigation on GDI engine using LPG,water-ethanol-gasoline micro-emulsion fuel and Hydrogen, for net zero carbon emissions

The current issue of pollution has prompted researchers to reconsider emission control measures, leading many countries to focus on the development of Euro VII Emission Regulations. The present study aims to contribute to this goal by exploring ways to reduce emissions while improving performance. To achieve this, one-dimensional numerical simulations were conducted using AVL Boost software to predict the emission characteristics and performance of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine fuelled with LPG, water-gasoline emulsion, and hydrogen in dual fuel mode. Specifically, the study compares the performance of 100 % LPG and 100 % hydrogen with that of a water-based gasoline emulsion fuel consisting of 90 % gasoline, 8 % ethanol, and 2 % water (H2O 2 %). The geometrical properties of the GDI engine were kept consistent with those of the test rig. The results obtained from the numerical simulations demonstrate that the use of 100 % hydrogen and 100 % LPG significantly enhances the overall performance of the engine. Notably, hydrogen fuel exhibits a 50 % increase in brake power compared to the water–ethanol-gasoline emulsion fuel. Furthermore, 100 % LPG fuel generates 33 % more power than the emulsion fuel. Additionally, Hydrogen demonstrates a 30 % reduction in fuel consumption compared to micro emulsion fuel, while LPG exhibits a 15 % decrease in fuel usage compared to micro emulsion fuel. The study also examines the emission characteristics of the alternative fuels. Once again, 100 % hydrogen fuel proves to be the most efficient, producing zero carbon-based emissions. In comparison, 100 % LPG fuel emits 20 % less carbon monoxide and 15 % less hydrocarbon than the emulsion-based fuel.

Causes of Ambient Air Pollution in South Asia and Effects on South Asians’ Cardiovascular Health

For years, South Asia has been considered a global hotspot for air pollution. The extreme air pollution in South Asia, which stems from various sources, has been proven harmful to many South Asians' health. In major cities, even simply stepping foot outside can trigger a cough, but over time, inhaling the harmful air pollutants in South Asia's air can result in the development of a host of cardiovascular diseases, most of which stem from atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque on the arteries wall. Numerous researchers have conducted various studies connecting atherosclerosis to ambient air pollution, proving that the air quality is, in fact, harmful and should be taken action upon. This literature review synthesizes information on the sources that contribute to particulate matter in South Asia and the effect major air pollutants have on South Asians' cardiovascular health. This analysis focuses on major air pollutants' contribution to atherosclerosis progression and discusses conditions that stem from the disease, centering hypertension and coronary artery disease. This review synthesizes predominantly peer-reviewed studies which have been published between the years 2000 and 2024. The key findings suggest that particulate matter stemming from vehicular emissions, burning biomass and solid fuels, industrial and agricultural activities, and soil dust contribute to the unhealthy levels of particulate matter in South Asian countries. Studies also suggest that meteorological factors exacerbate particulate matter concentrations; however, research has shown inconsistent findings. Particulate matter, along with various other pollutants, leads to atherosclerosis progression and, subsequently, other cardiovascular conditions, including coronary artery disease and hypertension. The methodologies in conducting this review involved database searches, library catalog searches, and reference list reviews. This review presents findings on the contribution of particulate matter in South Asian countries and its impacts on South Asian health; however, it also presents the need for further research on meteorological exacerbation of existing pollutants, atherosclerosis progression, coronary artery disease, and hypertension in South Asians in relation to particulate matter exposure.

Blurred vision: The ophthalmological effect of smog in Pakistan

This article discusses the growing burden of smog in Pakistan, tracing its origins to vehicular emissions, industrial pollutants, and agricultural practices. It highlights current national initiatives and advocates for enhanced government interventions to mitigate smog's adverse effects on ocular health. It also emphasizes the need for collective action to safeguard ocular health amid rising smog pollution in Pakistan.

Mixing-controlled compression ignition of ethanol using exhaust rebreathe at a low-load operating condition—Single cylinder experiments in a heavy-duty diesel engine

As pollutant emissions regulations in the heavy-duty sector become further stringent, the energy requirements in this sector continue to increase. Due to the high-power density and operating period requirements within this sector, full electrification is challenging. A viable solution to meet the stringent requirements for criteria pollutant and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is the use of low carbon renewable fuels. Low carbon renewable fuels are desirable due to their lower carbon content per unit energy compared to conventional fossil diesel fuel. However, implementing some low carbon renewable fuels in the heavy-duty sector poses challenges due to their low reactivity and the prevalent mixing-controlled compression ignition (MCCI) combustion strategy. Because of this, ignition assistance is needed to ignite low reactive renewable fuels in MCCI. This work investigates the use of a variable valve actuation (VVA) strategy, exhaust rebreathe, as an ignition assistance method to ignite pure fuel grade ethanol (E98) in MCCI. Exhaust rebreathe utilizes the hot combustion products from the previous cycle by reinducing the exhaust back into the cylinder during the intake stroke from a secondary exhaust valve event. The reinduction of exhaust into the cylinder increases the in-cylinder bulk gas temperature aiding in the ignitability of the low reactive fuel. The exhaust rebreathe strategy as an ignition assistance method is investigated in this work by conducting single cylinder engine experiments on a heavy-duty diesel engine fueled with E98. Exhaust pressure is varied for the exhaust rebreathe strategy to achieve combustion characteristics with E98 similar to diesel at a low-load, high engine speed operating condition. Additionally, an elevated intake air temperature strategy is implemented to compare to the exhaust rebreathe strategy as another form of ignition assistance with the objective to induce heat in-cylinder prior to combustion without the presence of diluent. Furthermore, zero-dimensional (0D) constant pressure chemical kinetic simulations are conducted to evaluate the most reactive conditions for ethanol to achieve ignition delay times similar to n-heptane. The experimental results demonstrate that at a high speed, low load condition—the elevated intake air temperature strategy with ethanol requires 120°C intake temperature to yield an ignition delay similar to diesel. When accounting for the energy required to heat the intake air, the brake thermal efficiency is 40% lower than the diesel baseline. On the contrary, the exhaust rebreathe strategy with an exhaust pressure of 1.5 bar-a, is able to achieve the same ignition delay with an MCCI combustion process but maintain a brake thermal efficiency within 5% of the baseline diesel engine.

Towards Cleaner Cities: Estimating Vehicle-Induced PM2.5 with Hybrid EBM-CMA-ES Modeling.

In developing countries, vehicle emissions are a major source of atmospheric pollution, worsened by aging vehicle fleets and less stringent emissions regulations. This results in elevated levels of particulate matter, contributing to the degradation of urban air quality and increasing concerns over the broader effects of atmospheric emissions on human health. This study proposes a Hybrid Explainable Boosting Machine (EBM) framework, optimized using the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES), to predict vehicle-related PM2.5 concentrations and analyze contributing factors. Air quality data were collected from Open-Seneca sensors installed along the Nairobi Expressway, alongside meteorological and traffic data. The CMA-ES-tuned EBM model achieved a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 2.033 and an R2 of 0.843, outperforming other models. A key strength of the EBM is its interpretability, revealing that the location was the most critical factor influencing PM2.5 concentrations, followed by humidity and temperature. Elevated PM2.5 levels were observed near the Westlands roundabout, and medium to high humidity correlated with higher PM2.5 levels. Furthermore, the interaction between humidity and traffic volume played a significant role in determining PM2.5 concentrations. By combining CMA-ES for hyperparameter optimization and EBM for prediction and interpretation, this study provides both high predictive accuracy and valuable insights into the environmental drivers of urban air pollution, providing practical guidance for air quality management.

Potassium-Based Solid Sorbents for CO2 Adsorption: Key Role of Interconnected Pores.

Industrial CO2 emissions contribute to pollution and greenhouse effects, highlighting the importance of carbon capture. Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) is an effective CO2 absorbent, yet its liquid-phase absorption faces issues like diffusion resistance and corrosion risks. In this work, the solid adsorbents were developed with K2CO3 immobilized on the selected porous supports. Al2O3 had an optimum CO2 adsorption capacity of 0.82 mmol g-1. After further optimization of its pore structure, the self-prepared support Al2O3-2, which has an average pore diameter of 11.89 nm and a pore volume of 0.59 cm3 g-1, achieved a maximum CO2 adsorption capacity of 1.12 mmol g-1 following K2CO3 impregnation. Additionally, the relationship between support structure and CO2 adsorption efficiency was also analyzed. The connectivity of the pores and the large pore diameter of the support may play a key role in enhancing CO2 adsorption performance. During 10 cycles of testing, the K2CO3-based adsorbents demonstrated consistent high CO2 adsorption capacity with negligible degradation.

Analyzing the Effect of Carbon Emission Regulations and Policy Tools in China on Reducing Emissions

In China, whilst various policies have been implemented to mitigate carbon emissions in different periods, a lack of appropriate research and a narrow research perspective have manifested as the principal problems in past studies. In this study, China’s carbon emission policies were analyzed using dual-dimensional content analysis, the key characteristics are identified, and solutions are proposed to address the existing challenges. Content analysis was used for estimating the policy objectives; as a result, the findings of this study indicate that China’s carbon emission regulations can be divided into three distinct phases: the budding stage (2007–2013), the initial development period (2014–2018), and the rapid development period (2019–present). During this regulatory evolution, a significant concentration of authority was observed within specific sectors, particularly in the National Energy Administration and the National Development and Reform Commission; meanwhile, the level of cross-sectoral collaboration has remained insufficient. The primary regulatory instruments consist of notifications and advisory opinions, with a noticeable lack of enforceable, high-level legislation, highlighting the need for greater regulatory attention. Furthermore, China’s approach to the reduction in carbon emissions predominantly relies on mandatory command-and-control policy tools, with the key objectives focusing on quantitative control and management, sectoral emission regulations, and adjustments to the energy structure.

Using STPA for hazard identification and comparison of hybrid power and propulsion systems at an early design stage

The decarbonization of the shipping industry is a hot topic and new emission reduction goals, regulations, and initiatives all over the world underline its importance. These goals apply to the ocean going fleet, as well as coastal shipping and fisheries. Both academia and industry, work on the development and testing of new technologies to reach emission reduction targets. Besides technical feasibility and economic viability, the safety of new power and propulsion systems must be considered in this process. In this paper, the Systems Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) method is used for hazard identification and comparison of two alternative hybrid power and propulsion systems for a small-scall fishing vessel. The assessment method allows for identifying focus areas for hazard reduction in a systematic manner. System safety requirements derived from the assessment can be considered when designing power and propulsion systems. Based on the results, a discussion of the method and the usefulness of the results is given. The main findings are that the assessment provides valuable insights into the hazards introduced by new power and propulsion systems in a qualitative manner. For a quantification of the risk, further work and an extension of the assessment are needed. The STPA results show that especially the control of the power sources and their interactions internally and externally with the consumer side are crucial. Therefore, special attention should be given to the design of the automated control system, feedback system, and user interaction with the system.

Dual trigger versus human chorionic gonadotropin trigger for blastocyst quality and cumulative live birth.

To evaluate the difference in the number of euploid blastocysts and cumulative live birth rate (LBR) between dual and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) triggers in poor and normal ovarian responders undergoing preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) cycles. This retrospective cohort study was enrolled from July 2018 to December 2021 and followed up until June 2024 at a single reproductive medical center. Overall, 1040 in vitro fertilization (IVF)-PGT and 784 frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles were assessed. Dual (triptorelin acetate 0.2 mg and recombinant hCG [rhCG] 250 µg) or hCG (rhCG 250 µg) trigger was used for oocyte maturation in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol and PGT cycles. We assessed the embryo outcomes and FET cumulative pregnancy outcomes. The number of oocytes retrieved (10.17 ± 5.22 vs 10.27 ± 5.14, P = 0.789), MII oocytes (8.24 ± 4.26 vs 8.28 ± 4.05, P = 0.888), blastocysts (2.16 ± 1.50 vs 2.12 ± 1.49, P = 0.729), euploid blastocysts (1.06 ± 1.14 vs 1.09 ± 1.23, P = 0.726), and the rate of cumulative LBR (24.9% vs 24.9%, P = 1.000) in the dual trigger group were comparable with those in the hCG group. The trigger method was not correlated with higher LBR based on logistic regression analysis (odds ratio[OR] = 1.040 [0.778-1.392], P = 0.790). For poor and normal ovarian responders, the dual trigger, compared with the hCG trigger, did not improve the PGT embryo outcomes and FET cumulative pregnancy outcomes.

Dynamic Response Control Strategy for Parallel Hybrid Ships Based on PMP-HMPC

With increasingly stringent emission regulations, various clean fuel engines, electric propulsion systems, and renewable energy sources have been demonstratively applied in marine power systems. The development of control strategies that can effectively and efficiently coordinate the operation of multiple energy sources has become a key research focus. This study uses a modular modeling method to establish a system simulation model for a parallel hybrid ship with a natural gas engine (NGE) as the prime mover, and designs an energy management control strategy that can run in real time. The strategy is based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) for power allocation, and is supplemented by a hybrid model predictive control (HMPC) method for speed-tracking control of the power system. Finally, the designed strategy is evaluated. Through simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimental validation, results compared with the Rule-based strategy indicate that under the given conditions, the SOC final value deviation from the initial value is reduced from 11.5% (in the reference strategy) to 0.39%. The system speed error integral is significantly lower at 39.06, compared to 2264.67 in the reference strategy. While gas consumption increased slightly by 2.4%, emissions were reduced by 3.2%.

Phytoremediation potential of potted plant species against vehicular emissions

Urbanization and industrialization are exponentially deteriorating air quality, ecosystems, and human health. Phytoremediation is cost cost-effective, sustainable, and nature-based solution against air pollution. This study is designed to evaluate four species, Chlorophytum comosum, Rhapis excelsa, Spathiphyllum wallisii, and Ficus benjamina for their phytoremediation potential. The experimental setup consisted of a sealed chamber to place potted plants and equipment, it was also connected to the vehicular exhaust pipe. The Air Pollution Tolerance Index was highest for F. benjamina (12.19) and lowest for Rhapis excels (8.58). C. comosum has the highest VOC removal efficiency (90%, 0.172 ppm h−1). NOx remediation was highest by F. benjamina with 0.057 ppm h−1 (77%) removal efficiency. SOx and CO were remediated more efficiently by C. comosum, as 89%, (0.18 ppm h−1) and 80% (0.23 ppm h−1), respectively. R. excelsa reduced a higher concentration of NH3 (77%, 0.06 ppm h−1) compared to other species. R. excelsa and S. wallisii may serve as bio-indicator species. These findings provide a sustainable, natural, economical, and eco-friendly way to mitigate air pollution. F. benjamina and C. comosum are suitable species for urban landscapes, green spaces, urban plantations, and green walls to curb air pollutants due to traffic and industries.

Legal dissemination protections in community-based participatory health equity research.

There are legal protections for nurse researchers at public universities who employ community-based participatory research (CBPR) in research about social or health inequities. Dissemination of CBPR research data by researchers or participants may divulge unjust laws and create an imperative for university involvement. What are United States-based legal dissemination protections for CBPR health equity nurse researchers? Three case examples employing CBPR are examined: 1) a mixed methods study with participants reporting illegal discrimination in a municipal initiative about capacity building in community-based organizations serving children; 2) a visual methods study exposing potential clean air law violations in environmental justice research; and 3) a study examining workload violations and illegal discrimination among hotel workers. The cases involved participants from protected social class backgrounds. The research is described with respect to: background, funding, research purpose, and research team; research participants' power and legal vulnerability; dissemination of relevant research information balancing vulnerability and power; research dissemination issues; potential legal issues involved; and laws researchers may use. IRB approval was obtained for the studies. Using a social justice ethical framework, studies highlight actual or potential legal aspects of data dissemination in the context of gathering data about injustice. Legal protections for research data dissemination, whistleblower protection, research advancement protection, anti-harassment protection, false claims, defamation, and visual data liabilities are described. Knowledge of legal research data dissemination protections is an essential competency for nurse researchers invested in uplifting social justice.

Source apportionment of ultrafine particles in urban Europe

There is a body of evidence that ultrafine particles (UFP, those with diameters ≤ 100 nm) might have significant impacts on health. Accordingly, identifying sources of UFP is essential to develop abatement policies. This study focuses on urban Europe, and aims at identifying sources and quantifying their contributions to particle number size distribution (PNSD) using receptor modelling (Positive Matrix Factorization, PMF), and evaluating long-term trends of these source contributions using the non-parametric Theil-Sen’s method. Datasets evaluated include 14 urban background (UB), 5 traffic (TR), 4 suburban background (SUB), and 1 regional background (RB) sites, covering 18 European and 1 USA cities, over the period, when available, from 2009 to 2019. Ten factors were identified (4 road traffic factors, photonucleation, urban background, domestic heating, 2 regional factors and long-distance transport), with road traffic being the primary contributor at all UB and TR sites (56–95 %), and photonucleation being also significant in many cities. The trends analyses showed a notable decrease in traffic-related UFP ambient concentrations, with statistically significant decreasing trends for the total traffic-related factors of −5.40 and −2.15 % yr−1 for the TR and UB sites, respectively. This abatement is most probably due to the implementation of European emissions standards, particularly after the introduction of diesel particle filters (DPFs) in 2011. However, DPFs do not retain nucleated particles generated during the dilution of diesel exhaust semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Trends in photonucleation were more diverse, influenced by a reduction in the condensation sink potential facilitating new particle formation (NPF) or by a decrease in the emissions of UFP precursors. The decrease of primary PM emissions and precursors of UFP also contributed to the reduction of urban and regional background sources.

On-road measurement of post-catalyst ammonia emissions from gasoline and hybrid vehicles using quantum cascade laser detector

Ammonia emissions from gasoline vehicles have been confirmed an essential precursor of urban secondary aerosols. To more comprehensively understand the formation mechanisms and better control vehicle-related ammonia, this paper measured the on-road ammonia emissions from six conventional and four hybrid vehicles using a state-of-the-art Quantum Cascade Laser analyzer on urban, rural, and highway routes. The test vehicles emitted 0.01–4.27 mg/km of ammonia emissions, with a fleet average of 1.04 mg/km. Compared to the previous laboratory tests, the results of this study were low because of the high emission standards of the vehicles and the near-zero emissions during rural driving. Most test vehicles showed high ammonia emissions during engine warm-up, while some vehicles also had ammonia peaks during dynamic highway driving. On average, hybrid vehicles emitted 60.7% less ammonia emissions than the conventional candidates. It is confirmed that ammonia was formed when incomplete oxidation products presented on a warm catalyst. Engine warm-up, dynamic highway driving, particulate filter regeneration, and hybrid engine re-starting could be important sources. It is hypothesized that the ammonia formed on the upstream catalyst could be consumed by the downstream catalyst at moderate catalyst temperature, resulting in the near-zero ammonia emissions during rural driving.

Alternative Analyzers for the Measurement of Gaseous Compounds During Type-Approval of Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Emissions standards describe the fuels, the procedures, and, among others, the analyzers to be used for the measurement of the different compounds during the type-approval of heavy-duty engines and vehicles. Traditionally, NOx, CO, hydrocarbons, and CO2 were the gaseous compounds measured within the Euro standard, with the later addition of CH4 and NH3. Euro 7, introduced in early 2024, expanded those compounds, requiring the measurement of N2O and HCHO. With an increasing number of molecules that need to be measured and introducing carbonless fuels, such as hydrogen, that present different requirements compared to carbon-based fuels, the test procedure needs to be updated. The performances of three laboratory-grade instruments and three portable emissions measurement systems based on Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) or quantum cascade laser infrared (QCL-IR) technologies were investigated while measuring from the tailpipe of a Diesel engine and a compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicle. All instruments presented good agreement when emissions of NOx, CO, CH4, NH3, N2O, HCHO, and CO2 were compared using: Z-score, F-test and two tail t-test of student. Water concentration measured by the four FTIRs was also in good agreement. Moreover, the dry emissions of CO2 and CO measured by the laboratory non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) and corrected using water were a few percentages different from those obtained using the regulated carbon-based approach. The results indicate that all the investigated systems are suitable for the measurement of the investigated gaseous compounds, including CO2 and H2O.

Model-Based Two-Stage SCR Urea Injection Strategy for Diesel Engine to Meet Low NOX Emission Regulation

Model-Based Two-Stage SCR Urea Injection Strategy for Diesel Engine to Meet Low NOX Emission Regulation

Energy Consumption Optimization for an Electric Delivery Vehicle

For nearly two centuries, electric drives have been used in transportation. Nevertheless, they were not always favored by designers. The century-long dominance of heat engines led to the disregard of numerous challenges associated with the operation of electric drive systems. One of these issues is the optimization of energy consumption by an electric vehicle. This publication proposes an electronic Energy Consumption Optimizer (ECO) that predictively uses information about the shape of the route and speed limits on its individual sections to control the motor speed and gear changes in the gearbox. This work presents the structure of the optimizer system and the developed control algorithms. Additionally, electric motor excitation control was used, which may have contributed to reducing the power and weight of the electric drive motor. Simulation studies carried out using WLTP test cycles and cycles from real road routes showed the potential to decrease energy consumption for vehicle movement by approximately 10%.