Alternative Analyzers for the Measurement of Gaseous Compounds During Type-Approval of Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Abstract

Emissions standards describe the fuels, the procedures, and, among others, the analyzers to be used for the measurement of the different compounds during the type-approval of heavy-duty engines and vehicles. Traditionally, NOx, CO, hydrocarbons, and CO2 were the gaseous compounds measured within the Euro standard, with the later addition of CH4 and NH3. Euro 7, introduced in early 2024, expanded those compounds, requiring the measurement of N2O and HCHO. With an increasing number of molecules that need to be measured and introducing carbonless fuels, such as hydrogen, that present different requirements compared to carbon-based fuels, the test procedure needs to be updated. The performances of three laboratory-grade instruments and three portable emissions measurement systems based on Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) or quantum cascade laser infrared (QCL-IR) technologies were investigated while measuring from the tailpipe of a Diesel engine and a compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicle. All instruments presented good agreement when emissions of NOx, CO, CH4, NH3, N2O, HCHO, and CO2 were compared using: Z-score, F-test and two tail t-test of student. Water concentration measured by the four FTIRs was also in good agreement. Moreover, the dry emissions of CO2 and CO measured by the laboratory non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) and corrected using water were a few percentages different from those obtained using the regulated carbon-based approach. The results indicate that all the investigated systems are suitable for the measurement of the investigated gaseous compounds, including CO2 and H2O.