War On Terror Research Articles

Repress/redress: what the "war on terror" can teach us about fighting misinformation

Repress/redress: what the "war on terror" can teach us about fighting misinformation

War after War: State Allegory in an Age of Security

What is the nature and cultural function of literature in a “War on Terror”? Some commentators have struggled to answer this question because they expect such a literature to emphasize combat or they fail to appreciate the allegorical nature of the most incisive fictions of the War on Terror. “State allegory” played an essential role in underwriting the Bush administration’s “War on Terror.” In the years after September 11, 2001, it also played an increasingly important role in the critique of US policy. Before 9/11, a popular form of melodrama laid the ground for the rise of the US Homeland Security State by dramatizing the purported efficacy of emergency measures and allegorizing citizens as wards of a massive and clandestine security state. After the intelligence failures of the US War in Iraq, however, this type of melodrama expressed growing skepticism about US policy by allegorizing a growing American public discomfort with the work of the security state. Literary fiction also developed sophisticated critiques of American policy through fabulous, psychologically rich, and sometimes surreal allegories. This paper surveys this history of state allegory before turning to an extended example: Colson Whitehead’s 2011 novel Zone One. Whitehead’s novel powerfully illustrates the role of speculative allegory in critiquing the new US paradigm for state security.

A Structural Explanation of State Fragility: Theorizing the Causal Pathways

Any global structure comprises of ideational and material elements. To put the idea into practice, members of the global community formulate rules and regulations and marshal resources to build capacities and institutions that can affect states and societies. Although the effects of the global structures on the state fragility are increasingly being recognized, the pathways through which they can affect the states contributing to its fragility or strengthening its resilience have been rarely examined. This paper aims at filling the void in the literature by offering a structural explanation of state fragility. The post 9/11 structure of the Global War on Terrorism (GWoT) has been taken as a proxy to theorize the pathways. It argues that the ideational and material factors of the GWoT operate through: (i) the cognitive pathway shaping the states’ thinking, interpreting and reasoning process (ii) the regulatory pathway creating demand for policy coordination, cooperation and compatible legal and procedural instruments for counter terrorism (CT) and their compliance (iii) the capability pathway shaping the states’ coercive capability, institutions and CT alliance building. The theorized pathways are illustrated through schematic diagrams showing how they can impact the states’ legitimacy and capacity dimensions contributing to the increase or decrease of the state fragility to facilitate their tracing in individual case studies. Finally, the paper makes comparative analysis of the cognitive, regulatory and capability pathways highlighting their relationship and relative significance.

Future Impact of the ASEAN-Russia Law Declaration to the International Terrorism: Can We Combat Terrorist Without War?

Terrorism is defined as coordinated attacks aimed at arousing feelings of terror againsta group of people. In contrast to war, acts of terrorism are not subject to the rules ofwar such as the time of execution that is always sudden and the target of casualtiesthat are random and often are civilians. Terrorism is increasingly becoming a scourgefor modern civilization. The nature of the actions, actors, strategic goals, motivations,expected and achieved results, Terrorism targets and methods are now increasinglywidespread and varied. So it is increasingly clear that terror is not a form of ordinarydestructive violence, but it is a crime against human peace and security. In order toprevent and combat Terrorism, since long before the occurrence of events classified asa form of Terrorism occurred in the world, international and regional communities andvarious countries have attempted criminal policies accompanied by systematic andcomprehensive criminalization of categorized acts as Terrorism. Under the provisionsof the 12 convention includes the main protocol rules adopted by the United Nations.These international agreements principally regulate norms including the responsibilityof the state in addressing the problem of terrorism with all countries including the ASEANregion and the Russian Federation declaring to fight terrorism. Russia itself as one of thetwo world superpowers which is seen as having a strong military is considered strategicfor ASEAN to establish cooperation in the field of security and defense in the fight againstterrorism. Through collaboration agreement and ratification of terrorism regulations in their respective countries, both the ASEAN region and the Russian Federation areexpected to prevent further terrorism in their respective regions.

COVID-19: an opportunity to review existing grounded theories in event studies

The outbreak of COVID-19 has negatively impacted the event industry, while offering it opportunities to reinvent itself. Reviewing some of Getz (2012) futurist thoughts, is part of this reinvention process. This study concludes that: (a) Future Proposition 2 is accurate (b) Future Propositions 1 and 7 need precisions, and as a result has been reformulated as follow: New Future Proposition 1: Planned, live events, both personal and societal in scale and meaning, will always be a prominent feature of civilization, in all societies and cultures. However, in time of pandemics or other crisis, live events might be perturbed, before a staggered return to normal under certain conditions, and strict controls. New Future Proposition 7: As travel and tourism collapse, possibly because of the cascading effects of global warming, another energy crisis, war terrorism or global pandemics, events will also collapse temporarily, but will remain important globally because they meet fundamental human needs. On top of Getz (2012) future thoughts, this study suggests additional Future Propositions.

The Role of T/I in Wars and Conflicts: The Example of the War on Terror and Counterterrorism

Abstract: Through the analysis of both the difficulties associated with their job and the circumstances in which they operate, this paper shows the relevance of the role performed by war translators and interpreters (T/I) within multilingual conflicts. Aiming to bring the working conditions of such professionals to the spotlight, this article deals with different topics, ranging from translation history to a proposal of specific training designed for war T/I or the issue of deontology and work ethics.Resumen: A través de un análisis tanto de las circunstancias en las que operan como de las dificultades asociadas a su trabajo, en este artículo se expone la importancia de la función que desarrollan los traductores e intérpretes (T/I) de guerra en los conflictos multilingües. Con el objetivo de visibilizar la realidad laboral de dichos profesionales, se abordarán varios temas. En primer lugar, se realiza un recorrido a través de la historia de la traducción. Posteriormente, trataremos la cuestión de la deontología y ética laboral y finalizaremos con una propuesta de formación específica para los T/I de guerra.

The heavy burden of democracy: Where is salvation? Democracy between perspective and prohibited

This report seeks to discuss the threats to liberal democracy and explore how to devise a new path towards democratic transition and the challenges faced: civil war, sectarian and religious conflicts, ethnic and national tensions, international terrorism and regional wars, and societal violence. The impact on democratic transformation, especially the sense of threat, whether literal or theoretical, led to the tendency of demagogic towards a populist outlook in pluralistic societies, generating reactions across other societies suffering from external alienation and internal tyranny. The world is currently faced with the decline of the core values of the concept of democracy at the global level which has led us to the following questions: the principle of the rule of law, peaceful trading of power, human rights, the principles of equality and sovereignty. The populists attempt to exploit the ideas of the stereotypical, especially on hatred of the other, and the xenophobia against foreigners when faced with the wave of asylum and migration seekers, diminishing freedoms and citizenship rights, coupled with the rejection of economic globalization, to the implementation of a protectionist policy. Victories such as Brexit or Donald Trump’s in the United States have brought forward scenes of fear and hatred of ‘the other’, encouraging intolerance and extremism. This led to a rise in policies against foreigners, migration, terrorism, Islam and protectionist economics. This report will look at a future beyond traditional democracy, discovering what the next stage in democracy will be, in terms of the survival of society, raising problematic questions: Is democracy, by virtue of their dynamics, able to respond to the changing realities, and whether it can renew itself and overcome some of its issues to invent new methods and literature?

Islamophobia dan Tindakan terhadap Minoritas Muslim oleh Pemerintah dan Kelompok 969 di Myanmar Tahun 2012-2016

ABSTRACT Islamophobia has become a global phenomenon since 9/11. It is not only happened in the West but spread around the world following the War on Terror policy. This article explains the influences of Islamophobia upon the rise of Buddhist Nationalism in Myanmar with its insecurity towards Moslem minorities within the country. As a rational response against Islamophobia, a number Buddhist extremists, such as 969, execute violent attacks towards Moslem minorities especially Moslem Rohingya. Patron-client relationship between the Government and Buddhist community make the violence even worse. In the end, Islamophobia and the rise of Buddhist Nationalism in Myanmar cause a prejudice, violence, discrimination, and exclusion towards all Muslim Minorities within the country. Keywords: islamophobia, the rise of Buddhist nationalism, patron-client, prejudice, exclusion, discrimination, violence, Myanmar, moslem minorities

Term Paper on The Nature of Cyber Crime and Cyber Threats: A Criminological Review

Cybercrime is one of the fastest-growing criminal activities in contemporary age. The first recorded cybercrime happened in France in the year 1820. It was not as sophisticated as cybercrime we know in our world today, but, still, that was a crime. Cybercrime has evolved globally as the online platform is progressing. While progress is made in the battle against cybercrime there still remains a wide gap in the consistency of laws across international borders. The main objectives of this study are to explore the nature of cybercrime in developing countries, find out the cyber threats for terrorist activities and explain cybercrime and threats from criminological aspects. This is a descriptive study which is based on secondary data. This study is based on previous researches & studies. this paper discusses the nature of cybercrime in developing countries. It could allow developed countries to understand better the national and international effects of that cyber threats, to determine the conditions of current regional and international agreements, and to help countries create a sound legal framework. And then we notice the impact of cyber threats all over the world. At last, we discuss cybercrime from criminological point of view. Cybercrime is not limited to two neighboring countries and cross-border conflicts; an attempt could be conducted from another world. It is fearful to see cyber wars as the easiest way to carry out sabotaging rather than wars such as cold war, chemical and biological wars, terrorist wars or jihadist attacks. The international legal framework aims by the International Criminal Court to keep offenders accountable for their actions. The government has by far the biggest burden and obstacle in raising knowledge of cybercrime among the people.

Entangled Incidents: Nigeria in the Global War on Terror (1994–2009)

This article reviews the early history of Boko Haram (1994–2009) in the light of the trans-local entanglement of Nigerian political and religious actors in the global paradigm of the War on Terror (WoT). Empirically, the article shows evidence of Nigeria's early involvement in a counterterrorism strategy based on the surveillance of actors (who gradually morphed into Boko Haram) believed to be connected to international terrorist networks. Such a strategy was mainly designed to sever such alleged international ties. Methodologically, the article draws on the idea that terrorism and counterterrorism are two structures that take shape in parallel ways in any given context and suggests that Nigeria's counterterrorism strategies need to become part of the historical narrative on Boko Haram. Theoretically, it argues that the early history of Boko Haram was shaped by a specifically Nigerian configuration of WoT politics. It submits that two incidents that occurred in 2003 and 2009 should be viewed as WoT preemptive strikes rather than as insurgencies. Finally, it argues that such WoT policies have contributed to transform a small, embryonic group of militants animated by a global agenda into an all-out, local insurgency against Nigerian institutions and civil society.

Paravictorianism: Mary Shelley and Viral Sovereignty

This article revisits the 2006 diplomatic standoff between Indonesia and the World Health Organization over wild-type (or naturally occurring) viral flu samples in the context of the ongoing War on Terror, the COVID-19 pandemic, and a Romance whose imagination seems to have predicted, improbably, the conceptual conjoining of the two: Mary Shelley's late, reviled apocalypse fantasy, The Last Man (1826) Raza Kolb explores the political and conceptual stakes of global health commentators' readiness to exploit the deep-seated terror of a Muslim planet, sketched out in Romantic shades by Shelley during the Greek Revolution of the 1820s, and reappearing in the invocation of Viral Sovereignty as a global threat that public health officials compared to terrorism In her essay, Raza Kolb argues for the ongoing necessity of postcolonial methods of reading in nineteenth-century studies, and calls on Victorian studies to reckon more robustly and generously with other nineteenth-centuryists

Russia and China in Africa: competitors or partners?

How realistic and feasible is Sino-Russian in Africa? This issue was the subject of the first ever video conference of the leading researchers of Institute for African Studies with Minister Plenipotentiary Su Fanqiu and other employees of the Chinese Embassy in Moscow According to the Minister, China is ready to cooperate with Russia on the African continent, primarily in the political sphere, since the political influence of the Russian Federation in Africa is very impressive Beijing is ready to cooperate with Moscow in the fight against terrorism on the African continent, as well as in military-technical and information spheres The Minister proposed to intensify contacts between Chinese scientists and the Institute of Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences, including the young researchers At the same time, the Chinese speakers said nothing about Sino-Russian cooperation in Africa in the economic sphere This suggests that China does not perceive Russia neither as a possible economic ally or as a competitor in Africa It will not be easy for Russia to regain its former influence in Africa, but in order not to completely lose the economic and political opportunities offered by emerging Africa, it is necessary to concentrate upon and to actively develop the African vector of our foreign policy Director of the Institute for Africa Studies Рrof I Abramova informed Mr Su Fanqiu about the initial stage of preparation for the new Summit, which is expected to bring about palpable practical achievements in each direction of the Russian-African interaction I Abramova postulates that the main tasks for the next 2-3 years will be to boost the turnover of the Russia-Africa trade, to increase the number of economic operators on the African direction, including small and medium businesses, the development of cooperation in the humanitarian sphere, science, education and health, the interaction in the information space and, most importantly, developing financial instruments to support Russian business in Africa Статья посвящена первой в истории Института Африки РАН совместной видеоконференции с сотрудниками посольства КНР в Москве по вопросам российско-африканских и китайско-африканских отношений и возможностям сотрудничества РФ и КНР на Африканском континенте в посткоронавирусном мире По мнению китайской стороны, наиболее перспективным направлением взаимодействия может стать сотрудничество двух стран в политической сфере с использованием всех международных площадок, в то же время в сфере экономики, за исключением военно-технической отрасли, Китай пока не воспринимает Россию как серьезного конкурента и партнера

Why direct counter‐terrorism measures only may fail: An analysis of direct and preventive counter‐terrorism measures

AbstractWe present a two‐agent, asymmetric‐information game model featuring a terror organization (Org) and a defending state (State). The Org chooses an aggregate terror input. The State chooses the levels of preemptive measures and redress of grievances of the Org's population, respectively as direct and preventive counter‐terrorism measures. Defining how the war on terror (WoT) may be “lost” or “won,” we prove that it is impossible to win the WoT with preemptive measures only, if the marginal cost of these measures is increasing. The optimal response of the State to an increase in terrorism is to increase preemption and grant more grievance redress.

War on Terrorism in Pakistan: Challenges and Strategic Steps

The incident of 9/11 is said to be a watershed event in the history of international relations. After this ferocious incident Pakistan was forced to join the Global War on Terrorism in September 2001 and since then it has faced a lot of challenges. After joining this war, the security situation has become worse within few years, and military forces had to start several operations to fight and eliminate the menace of terrorism. The War on Terror (WOT) has greatly affected the economic growth, political and social situation of the country. This paper discusses the reasons behind the terrorism, the ways it has affected the national security, education and economy, and the steps for its elimination. The general conclusion made by the author is that Pakistan like other countries cannot cure this menace alone by the use of force. The government should adopt a complex and wide strategy focusing in priority on the factors that are responsible for igniting terrorism, and by solving the problems being faced by the poor masses of the country.

Using museum pelt collections to generate pollen prints from high-risk regions: A new palynological forensic strategy for geolocation

The use of pollen as a forensic tool for geolocation is a well-established practice worldwide in cases ranging from the provenance of drugs and other illicit materials to tracking the travel of individuals in criminal investigations. Here we propose a novel approach to generation of pollen databases that uses pollen vacuumed from mammal pelts collected historically from international areas that are now deemed too high risk to visit. We present the results of a study we conducted using mammal pelts collected from Mexico. This new investigative technique is important because, although it would seem that the ubiquitous and geo-specific nature of pollen would make pollen analysis among the most promising forensic tools for law enforcement and intelligence agencies, it is not the case. The process is notoriously slow because pollen identification is a tedious task requiring trained specialists (palynologists) who are few in number worldwide, and the reference materials necessary for geolocation usually are rare or absent, especially from regions of the world that are no longer safe to visit because of war or threat of terrorism. Current forensic palynological work is carried out by a few highly trained palynologists who require accurate databases of pollen distribution, especially from sensitive areas, to do their jobs accurately and efficiently. Our project shows the suitability of using the untapped museum pelt resources to support homeland security programs. This first palynological study using museum pelts yielded 133 different pollen and spore types, including 8 moss or fern families, 12 gymnosperm genera and 112 angiosperm species. We show that the palynological print from each region is statistically different with some important clustering, demonstrating the potential to use this technique for geolocation.

Book Review: The 9/11 Generation: Youth, Rights, and Solidarity in the War on Terror by Sunaina Marr Maira

Book Review: <i>The 9/11 Generation: Youth, Rights, and Solidarity in the War on Terror</i> by Sunaina Marr Maira

Secrecy's subjects: Special operators in the US shadow war

AbstractThis article sets out a framework for studying the power of secrecy in security discourses. To date, the interplay between secrecy and security has been explored within security studies most often through a framing of secrecy and security as a ‘balancing’ act, where secrecy and revelation are binary opposites, and excesses of either produce insecurity. Increasingly, however, the co-constitutive relationship between secrecy and security is the subject of scholarly explorations. Drawing on ‘secrecy studies’, using the US ‘shadow war’ as an empirical case study, and conducting a close reading of a set of key memoirs associated with the rising practice of ‘manhunting’ in the Global War on Terrorism (GWoT), this article makes the case that to understand the complex workings of power within a security discourse, the political work of secrecy as a multilayered composition of practices (geospatial, technical, cultural, and spectacular) needs to be analysed. In particular, these layers result in the production and centring of several secrecy subjects that help to reproduce the logic of the GWoT and the hierarchies of gender, race, and sex within and beyond special operator communities (‘insider’, ‘stealthy’, ‘quiet’, and ‘alluring’ subjects) as essential to the security discourse of the US ‘shadow war’.

Features of the Fight against Terrorism in the Philippines

Features of the Fight against Terrorism in the Philippines

Historical Causes of Militancy and Its Impacts on Educational Institutions in the World

The study was carried out since May, 2019.The major objective was that to find out historical causes of militancy and its impacts on education in the world. Total 40 studies were downloaded from the net and was reviewed again and again and analyzed the situation about the historical causes of militancy and its impacts on education in the world. The study indicates that It is the historical game of the world which are used for gaining the power over the world. All the world developed and under developing countries are involved in this game. Similarly the poor community and illiterate people are deceived by this game and give money for gaining their objectives and purpose. In this game schools, hospitals , road and bridges are destroyed while sometime people are killed for pressurized the government for weakening the economy of the country. Since 1979 the Russia attacked on Afghanistan and this time US allied forces defeated to Russia and this time Asama Bin ladin was the part of US allied forces while latter on in 9/11 he was wanted to USA in this case. Such type accidents were also observed in Iraq, Turkey, Sirilanka, Bangladesh, India, Labia, Egpt. Sham, Pakistan, Malishiya and Syria etc. The militants also there attacked on the administration machinery and want that to downfall the system of the country. The record shows that million people were killed and number of school, colleges and hospitals were destroyed by bomb blasting and number of students was dropped out due to terror from the schools and colleges. Review of related literature shows that militancy is causing aggression in society in terms of cause and interest. In every society the militants are the production of socio-economical imbalanced systems. It also explores that poverty prevailed in society is mainly causing militancy. Thus militancy is not only affecting economy (in terms of spending money on war of terror) but can also have impacts on the physical shape of the society. Insecurity in educational sectors increases illiteracy (dropout rate). While terrorist attacks are directly creating fear and psychological diseases like anxiety etc. among both the parents and students and even in teachers as well. Especially those students whose institutions are once targeted or still under influence of terrorism are avoiding education and they are suffering directly and facing bad consequences in future. The militancy raised due to poverty and illiteracy in the world which further used by some leader for gaining the power. They activate the poor illiterate community which has no knowledge about the game while they are deceived and unite them against the government which latter on became militants which have weapons which are used against the government and destroyed to schools and colleges and make the environment unfavorable and create terror in the world for pressurizing the government. On the basis of problems the study recommended that to generate employment for reduction of poverty and established school and colleges for the improvement of their skill to find job easily anywhere in the world for pushing their economy. All countries of the world boundary walls should be constructed for protection of for foreign militant attack. Strict rules and regulation by government should be imposed. Passport and Identity Card system should be developed in the country for arresting the militants who goes against the country. Keywords: -Historical Review, Causes, Militancy, Impact, Education, World DOI : 10.7176/JAAS/58-04 Publication date :September 30 th 2019

Representing torture in Zero Dark Thirty (2012): Popular culture as a site of norm contestation

The global war on terror (GWOT) is undoubtedly the most recent case where a government authorized ‘enhanced interrogation techniques’, a euphemism for torture. In addition to shocking stories and photographs from Guantánamo, Abu Ghraib and CIA black site prisons, popular culture assists in the production of torture’s public image and indicates a site of norm contestation. Therefore, the aim of this article is threefold. First, the author shows that Zero Dark Thirty (2012, dir. Kathryn Bigelow) is constitutive for the public image of torture and its meaning-in-use. Second, she argues that the film’s representation of torture works as a popular site of contesting the anti-torture norm. Finally, she reflects on the continuum between popular culture and the politics of torture.