Territory Of Poland Research Articles

Climate, environment and stratigraphy of the last Pleistocene glacial stage in Poland

The aim of the paper is to present general characteristics of the climate in Poland during the Vistulian (Weichselian), expressed by changes of its continentality during warm and cold intervals. This last glacial stage in Poland is commonly subdivided into Early Vistulian (MIS 5d-a), Lower Plenivistulian (MIS 4), Interplenivistulian (MIS 3), and Upper Plenivistulian and Late Vistulian (MIS 2). Main climatic features of this glacial stage could be reconstructed, based on compilation from published data concerning characteristics of glacial, fluvial and aeolian sedimentary environments, geomorphology, analysis of indicator plant species, Coleoptera, and geographical distribution of periglacial structures. These data were indicative especially for evaluation of mean temperature of the warmest and the coldest months but could be also helpful in determination of drier intervals and some aspects of general atmospheric circulation. Paleoclimatic characteristics of the last glacial stage from the territory of Poland were put into the European context. During the Early Vistulian in eastern Poland, higher continentality was characteristic for interstadials (Amersfoort, Brörup and Odderade), and was considerably lower during the intervening colder stadials (Herning, a cooling between Amersfoort and Brörup, Rederstall). Among the interstadials, the most continental climate occurred during Brörup (similar continentality as at present), considerably less during Amersfoort and the least during Odderade. A decreasing trend of continentality for the cold stadials of the Early Weichselian eastwards in Europe could result from a remarkably less dynamic Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic when the ocean was covered with vast sea ice during winters, whereas the adjoining continent was occupied by permafrost, and the atmospheric circulation was presumably driven also by the Scandinavian ice sheet.

Continental Atlas of Poland for Automobilists – the first road atlas in the independent Poland

Abstract The 90th anniversary of the appearance of Atlas Polski Continental dla automobilistów (Continental Atlas of Poland for Automobilists) published by Continental Caoutchouc Compagnie Ltd Warsaw is nearing. The Atlas was the first publication of its kind after Poland had regained its independence in 1918. After mentioning the earlier 19th and the beginning of 20th century road maps, mainly from the region known as the Kingdom of Poland being at the time under the rule of the Russian Empire, the author of the article discusses the Continental road atlas. The date of publishing the Continental road atlas is not known, therefore in the article the author makes an attempt at establishing it on the basis of the map’s contents: railroad lines, settlement network and administrative borders. Unfortunately, the study does not allow one to unequivocally state the date of publication due to numerous shortcomings in the map’s contents. Nevertheless, the date may be estimated as the beginning of the year 1926. The atlas consists of 20 single-sided map sheets (foldouts) at the scale of 1:1,000,000, which cover the whole territory of Poland as well as some parts of neighboring countries, and a general map showing the division into sheets. The maps’ main contents consists of five categories of roads marked in red. Their background is composed of railroad lines, towns and villages in seven size classes according to the number of inhabitants, water network, some peaks and passes as well as mountain range names. Explanations of map symbols in the legend are given in five languages: Polish, Russian, German, French, English. The atlas very clearly shows the differences in the density and quality of roads between the regions of the Prussian and Austrian partitions and the road infrastructure-wise neglected Russian partition, especially its eastern part. Apart from mileage information for roads, the maps do not contain additional information specifically for motorists. They do not even show petrol stations or auto repair shops. What is really worth praise is the sole idea of creating such an automobile atlas and publishing it in 10,000 copies, a copy for every other Polish driver at the time! The fact speaks for the publisher’s, Continental Caoutchouc Compagnie’s, perspective. Despite numerous shortcomings discussed in the article, the Continental Atlas of Poland for Automobilists remains an unique work, which gave a beginning to a new kind of maps in Poland.

Mesoscale Convective Systems Monitoring on the Basis of MSG Data – Case Studies

Abstract Analysis described in the paper were made in the frame of the PROZA (Operational decisionmaking based on atmospheric conditions, http://projekt-proza.pl/) project co-financed by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund. One of its tasks was to develop an operational forecast system, which is going to support different economies branches like forestry or fruit farming by reducing the risk of economic decisions with taking into consideration weather conditions. The main purpose of the paper is to describe the method of the MCSs (Mesoscale Convective Systems) tracking on the basis of the MSG (Meteosat Second Generation) data. Until now several tests were performed. The Meteosat satellite images in selected spectral channels collected for Central Europe Region for May 2010 were used to detect and track cloud systems recognized as MCSs in Poland. The ISIS tracking method was applied here. First the cloud objects are defined using the temperature threshold and next the selected cells are tracked using principle of overlapping position on consecutive images. The main benefit of using a temperature threshold to define cells is its efficiency. During the tracking process the algorithm links the cells of the image at time t to the one of the following image at time t+dt that correspond to the same cloud system. Selected cases present phenomena, which appeared at the territory of Poland. They were compared to the weather radar data and UKMO UM (United Kingdom MetOffice Unified Model) forecasts. The paper presents analysis of exemplary MCSs in the context of near realtime prediction system development and proves that developed tool can be helpful in MCSs monitoring.

Spa Services In Hotel Facilities In The Lublin Province The Importance Of Hotel Facilities In The Provision Of Spa Services In The Lublin Province

Abstract Introduction. Apart from basic services, the modern hotel industry provides a number of additional services, including those having to do with wellness. This article attempts to provide a general description of spa services in selected hotel facilities in the Lublin Province in Poland. Material and methods. Data on the size of the accommodation base, its diversity, and its occupancy by tourists were obtained from the official statistical publications of the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS). The paper presents the results of research on quantitative and structural transformations of mass accommodation facilities in the years 2000-2013. Particular attention was paid to spa hotels. Information on their profile and offer of balneological and wellness treatments was collected by means of a diagnostic survey in the form of an interview (primary source) and the exploration of websites (secondary source). Results and conclusions. According to the data provided by the Central Statistical Office, in 2013 there were a total of 285 mass accommodation facilities in the Lublin Province (accounting for 2.9% of all facilities in Poland), which constitutes 8.0% of the territory of Poland and is inhabited by 5.6% of the country's population. The facilities were able to receive approximately 18,700 guests (2.7% of the total accommodation capacity of Poland). Every fourth mass accommodation facility in the Lublin Province was a hotel. This type of accommodation base was represented particularly by facilities of lower categories (3, 2, and 1 star hotels), and it accounted for approximately 27% of the total accommodation capacity of the Lublin Province. Hotels and guest houses offering spa services in addition to accommodation constituted 19.5% of the total number of hotel facilities in the Lublin Province. They were particularly concentrated in Lublin and the towns of the Puławy (Puławski) District, such as Kazimierz Dolny and Nałęczów. Spa services provided in hotel facilities can become an important product intensifying the use of tourist space in the Lublin Province.

Geostatistical Characteristics of the Structure of Spatial Variation of Electrical Power in the National 110 KV Network Including Results of Variogram Model Components Filtering

The paper provides results of analysing the superficial variability of electrical power using two geostatistical methods – lognormal kriging and ordinary kriging. The research work was to provide detailed characterization and identification of the electrical load variability structure at nodes of a 110 kV network over the whole territory of Poland having been analyzed on the basis of results from kriging techniques applied. The paper proposes the methodology using two techniques of modelling and estimating average values Z* of electrical powers, i.e. lognormal kriging and ordinary kriging. The input data for calculations were electrical powers at nodes of 110 kV network related to the same time moment, i.e. 11:00 a.m. in summer and winter seasons. Kriging calculations were made for various variants of examinations. Filtering was carried out for assumed complex theoretical models of semivariograms of electrical powers, which means their dividing into several models components of the covariance (nugget effect, 1 spherical model, 2 spherical model), which were filtered out successively. Then, estimations were made for average values Z* of powers while particular components are passed over. The results of analyses made with considering particular components of semivariograms models were shown in raster maps providing distributions of estimated average values Z* of electrical powers. This allowed the orientation of variations in values of this parameter, both over the territory of the whole country and in time domain, for two seasons – summer and winter, and also when various models components were assumed of semivariograms of the loads. Detailed analysis of spatial-time variability of average values Z* of electrical loads over the country allowed to identify their range and nature of variability. DOI: 10.12736/issn.2300-3022.2015106

The Development of Polish Life Insurance Market in the Context of Austrian School – Client’s Approach

Aims: The aim of this paper is to show the empirical relation between the insurance agents' specified personal qualities and the efficiency of life insurance companies in thecontext of future development perspectives, based on meta – analysis and conducted inthree domestic scientific projects and one international. Study Design: “Identification of talent management dissemination level in life insurance companies”, “Identification of competency management dissemination level in life insurance companies”, “Identification of efficiency ratios implementation level in life insurance companies”. Place and Duration of Study: The territory of Poland and Lithuania, years 2005-2012. Methodology: The research was conducted on the territory of Poland and Lithuania in the years 2005-2007 and 2011-2012, during the scientific project at the Higher School of Personnel Management in Konin. The aim of the above research was to identify the most important factors determining purchasing decisions to buy life insurance policies (Delphi method, questionnaires, storytelling). Results: The research sample consisted of 476 insurance agents, 232 life insurance sales managers, and 796 clients of four biggest (referring to market shares) Polish insurance companies. All the above participants were asked the same questions to increase research reliability. The main factors of life insurance sales efficiency were evaluated and ranked. Original Research Article Janowski; BJEMT, 8(2): 132-143, 2015; Article no.BJEMT.2015.105 133 Conclusions: It seems to be authorized to claim, that the situation in the Polish life insurance market is complex and experiences (including sales strategies) from mature foreign markets are not suitable in the Central Europe. Moreover, results from the territory of Lithuania confirm that compensation system becomes (sooner or later) the root of financial problems and law suits risk exposure for life insurance companies.

Variability of the Polish species of the genus Riccardia (Hepaticae, Aneuraceae). II. Culture material

Detailed investigations both numerical and experimental were performed on 38 samples of populations of three species of the genus <i>Riccardia</i> from the territory of Poland: <i>R. latifrons, R. palmata</i> and <i>R. chamedryfolia</i>. The intraspecific variability was found to be of genetic character in the first two species. The results gave ground to describe two new varieties: <i>R. latifrons</i> var. minor and <i>R. palmata</i> var. <i>maior</i>.

Polski wiek XIX w sześciu mapach. Rekonesans

Przentacja przedstawia sześć map – sześć przypadków, dzięki którym mamy wgląd w polskiej dzieje XIX wieku, a także w pobudki oraz formy ówczesnej kartografii. Pięć z nich to mapy z epoki: od jednego z wczesnych planów urbanistycznych dla miasta Łodzi przez mapy ziem polskich ("Atlas Królestwa Polskiego" Juliusza Colberga, emigracyjna "Karta dawnej Polski" Wojciecha Chrzanowskiego, ogarniająca ziemie Rzeczpospolitej z 1772 roku, plany Warszawy Lindleya), aż do "Polskiego atlasu kongresowego" Eugeniusza Romera, podsumowującego prace kartograficzne na konferencji w Wersalu. Ostatni przypadek dotyczy długiego trwania polskiego wieku XIX i jego żywej widoczności na kartogramach tematycznych sporządzanych dziś.

Proposal of new syntaxonomic classification of Myriophyllo-Nupharetum W. Koch 1926 phytocenoses and their distribution

The author gives a new syntaxonomic classification of the phytocenoses included in the association <i>Myriophyllo-Nupharetum</i> described by W. Koch (1926) without any documentation material. After analysing 1554 phytosociological records from the territory of Poland, in which species considered as characteristic for <i>Myriophyllo-Nupharetum (Nuphar luteum, Nymphaea alba, N. candida</i> and <i>Myriophyllum verticillatum)</i> were the forming species (in this case also the dominating ones), it was considered necessary to classify these phytocenoses to three separate associations: <i>Nuphareto-Nymphaeetum albae, Nymphaeetum candidae</i> and <i>Myriophylletum verticillati</i>. A table representing the association <i>Nuphareto-Nymphaeetum albae</i>, 3 synthetic tables and maps of distribution of the so far recorded sites or groups of sites of the above

The position of Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 in systematics

The available material concerning <i>Scirpo-Phragmitetum</i> phytocenoses from the whole territory of Poland was analysed. The results indicate that it is a complex unit which should be separated into a number of taxons ranking as associations such as <i>Phragmiteturn, Scirpetum lacustris, Typhetum angustifoliae, Typhetum latifoliae, Sparganietum erecti</i> and <i>Eleocharitetum palustris</i>.

19th Century Poland in Six Maps: A Reconnaissance

The presentation of six maps – cases that provide an insight into the history of Poland in the 19th century, and its cartography. Five of them are maps from that era: from one of the earlier urban plans for the city of Lodz to maps of Polish lands, "Atlas Królestwa Polskiego" [The Atlas of Polish Kingdom] by Juliusz Colberg, emigrant "Karta dawnej Polski" [Card of Former Poland] by Wojciech Chrzanowski, depicting the territory of Poland from 1772, Lindley's plans of Warsaw), to "Polski atlas kongresowy" [Polsih Congress Atlas] by Eugeniusz Romer, summing up the cartographic works during the Versaille conference. The last case study deals with the longue durée of the Polish 19th century and its image on contemporary thematic cartograms.

Dynamics of Lady’s slipper orchid (Cypripedium calceolus L.) population at Lake Kwiecko (West Pomerania)

Abstract Cypripedium calceolus is considered an endangered species in the territory of Poland. Population of this rare species, situated at Lake Kwiecko (Western Pomerania), was regularly monitored in the years 1986-2013. The studied population has been under the permanent influence of the nearby hydroelectric power plant for almost 45 years. The field observations showed that the power plant had no negative impact on the condition of Cypripedium calceolus population. An indication of its good condition was, among others, an increase in the size - from 150 to 350 specimens within the study period.

Can the Spatial Point Patterns of Animal Distributions Be Detected Using Sparse Samples? A Case Study of Four Soricomorpha (Mammalia) Species in Poland / Czy Przestrzenny Wzorzec Rozkładu Punktów W Dystrybucji Zwierząt Może Zostać Określony Na Podstawie Rzadkiego Próbkowania? Studium Przypadku Na Czterech Gatunkach Soricomorpha (Mammalia) Występujących W Polsce.

Abstract In the present study, Riley's K function and alternative spatial point process models are calculated and compared for the hybrid distributional records of four Soricomorpha species (Talpa europaea, Sorex araneus, Sorex minutus, and Neomys fodiens) in Poland over different sampling sizes. The following spatial point process models are fitted and compared: homogeneous Poisson process (HPP) and inhomogeneous Poisson process (IPP) models. For IPP models, the covariates explaining the trend are latitude and longitude. Spatial process models and true distributional aggregation status (using K function) of the four species are also calculated based on the full observed data set for the purpose to check how many grids are required to sample so as to reflect the true spatial distributional point patterns. When performind tha sampling, the sanpling size 5, 10, 30, 60 and 100 are considered. For each sampling size, 500 replicates are performed to keep consistence and reduce uncertainty. The results showed that, for the full observed data set over the whole territory of Poland, IPP models were much better than the null HPP model for explaining the distribution of Soricomorpha species. For every sample size, the true aggregation status and the associated spatial point process models of each species over the studied area can be perfectly identified when using the information derived from limiting samples only. Based on the results, it is found that around 20% of grid cells should be used as the minimum threshold for accurately detecting the true spatial point patterns

Edward Flatau (1868-1932) and his eponym.

Edward Flatau was born on December 27, 1869 in Plock (a city in central Poland) at a time when Poland was absent from official European maps since the territory of Poland had been divided between three neighboring countries: Germany, Russia, and Austria [8]. Since there were no official Polish schools or universities at those years, many Polish scientists had to fulfill their education abroad [8]. Edward Flatau was not the exception among many scientists. In 1886, he went to the University of Moscow for his medical education [6]. In Moscow, he was greatly influenced by the Russian psychiatrist Sergei Sergeievich Korsakoff (1854–1900) and the neurologist and psychiatrist Alexis Jakovlevich Kozhevnikof (1836– 1902). Flatau became a medical doctor in 1892 with the distinction of cum eximia lauda (with particular honor) and later continued his medical education and research activities, especially in neuroanatomy, in Berlin under the supervision of Emanuel Mendel (1839–1907), Wilhelm von Waldeyer-Hartz (1836–1921), Karl August Eugen Alfred Goldscheider (1858–1935), and Ernst Viktor von Leyden (1832–1910) [6]. After completing his studies in Berlin (1893–1896), he returned to Poland and was appointed as the Head of the Department of Neurology at the Jewish Hospital in Czyste District of Warsaw (Warsaw’s Starozakonnych na Czystem Hospital) [6, 9]. He contributed to re-establish Polish neuroscience during and after Russian occupation and attempted to teach many Polish neurologists [8]. In 1911, he established a neurological laboratory in the Warsaw Psychologic Society. In 1913, he became the first head of the Department of Neurobiology of Warsaw Scientific Society (Warszawskie Towarzystwo Naukowe). In 1919, he was appointed as the head of the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology which was then part of the Warsaw Scientific Society [1]. Together with Samuel Vulfovitsj Goldflam (1852–1932), he established the Pathology Scientific Institute and the medical periodical “Warszawskie Czasopismo Naukowe” [1]. He died in 1932, the same year with two other great neurologists, Joseph Jules Francois Felix Babinski (1857– 1932) and Samuel Vulfovitsj Goldflam (1852–1932). All of them died in a period of 5 months. In his last years, he had suffered from a brain tumor.

THE 1804 CIVIL CODE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE AND ITS APPLICATION WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF POLAND

The article concerns the research of the history of adoption of the 1804 Civil Code of Napoleon Bonaparte and its application within the territory of Poland. Specific attention is paid to the analysis of its drafting prerequisites and enactment of this Code as well as to the views of domestic and foreign scholars on these issues.

The Electronic Spatial Information System – tools for the monitoring of asbestos in Poland

Abstract On January 1, 2005 the use of asbestos-containing products was banned in the European Union. According to the Act of 19 June 1997 banning the use of these products, their usage in Poland should be abated by the end of 2032. The whole process is being monitored by the Electronic Spatial Information System for the Monitoring of Asbestos Products Removal. The system design was based on a geodatabase. The research area of the study is the whole territory of Poland at the national, provincial and local level of detail. The monitoring process embraces spatial analysis through the preparation and interpretation of a range of maps. The results obtained from the deployed methods proved that the system has been useful for decision making purposes during the monitoring process. The proposed solutions were appreciated by the EU.

Roman Laskowski In Memoriam

Professor Roman Laskowski, one of Poland's most distinguished Slavic scholars, a specialist in Polish, Czech, and the theory and methodology of linguistics, died in Krakow on June 21, 2014, after a long and severe illness. Roman Laskowski was born on February 16, 1936 at Komarno near Lwow (now Lviv, Ukraine). Shortly after the Soviet invasion of the eastern territories of Poland on the September 17, 1939, his father was arrested by the NKVD and never returned home. Roman, his mother, and two brothers were deported to the Soviet Union. Thanks to her indefatigable resolution and heroic courage, his mother managed to save her sons' lives and to get them out of the Soviet Union. In 1946 they settled in Kietrz, Silesia, where Roman Laskowski completed his secondary school education and in 1954 matriculated at the Jagiellonian University, graduating with a degree in Slavic Philology in 1959. Laskowski started his academic career as an employee of the Silesian Scientific Institute in Katowice (now the Silesian Institute, Katowice), and subsequently moved on to the Department (now Institute) of Slavic Studies at the Polish Academy of Sciences, where he was a member of a team led by Alfred Zariba compiling the Atlas jpzykowy Slqska (Linguistic Atlas of Silesia). In the same period he was working on his doctoral dissertation on the derivation of nouns in Lach, dialects transitional to Czech. He obtained his doctoral degree from the Jagiellonian University in 1969 and his habilitation degree, also from Jagiellonian University, in 1974 with a dissertation on the morphophonology of contemporary Polish (Studia nad morfonologia wspolczesnego jezyka polskiego). By this time, Laskowski was already an employee of the Institute of the Polish Language at the Polish Academy of Sciences (IJP PAN), a research institute with which he would be closely associated for the rest of his life, although he also had spells of employment at the University of Gothenburg (1985-2000), the Jagiellonian University (2001-7), and the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw (2008-12). Laskowski started his linguistic research at the IJP PAN with an analysis of Old Polish texts, in collaboration with Warlaw Twardzik (who predeceased him by just a few weeks). Laskowski appreciated working with Professor Twardzik and returned to this area many times over the years, even after he had advanced a highly precise linguistic theory of his own focusing on grammatical phenomena in modern Polish, particularly Polish morphology. Encyclopedia entries on Laskowski characterize him as a pioneer and precursor of generative phonology. His book on the morphophonology of Polish has been frequently cited in work on generative phonology. However, the concept of morphophonology that it presents goes back to the principles elaborated in the Prague Linguistic Circle, particularly by Nikolai Trubetzkoy, who first used the concept of the morphophoneme in the representation of the members of an alternation. The fact that Laskowski's complete morphophonology for Polish, which he built up on this foundation, was acknowledged in the nascent field of generative phonology may be readily explained. Suffice it to recall the very substantial influence on the form of the phonological and morphophonological component in the generative model that came from Roman Jakobson. Laskowski's greatest achievement may have been the creation of an original, advanced, and coherent theory of morphology. This theory has served as the framework for the description of the morphological subsystem of Polish in the Academy's Gramatyka wspolczesnego jezyka polskiego: Morfologia, edited by R. Grzegorczykowa, R. Laskowski, and H. Wrobel. Laskowski's theory of morphology makes reference to Prague structuralism but takes its cue from the American distributionalism. This is particularly patent in his classification of lexical units, for which syntactic distribution serves as a basis. …

The Influence of the Common Agricultural Policy and EU Funds on Rural Development after the Accession of Poland to the European Union

The basic function of agricultural areas is, according to the European Charter for Rural Areas, agriculture and preservation of the natural environment based on a well-functioning agricultural sector that operates in harmony with nature. The Council Regulation (EC) 1257/1999 on support for rural development from the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee was adopted in 1999. The programmes that are currently binding in the territory of Poland were developed in accordance with the EU policy expressed in the abovementioned acts and other documents concerning development of rural areas. These included: the Rural Development Programme that focused on social and environmental aspects, as well as a part of the Sectoral Operational Programme devoted to the development of rural areas, as well as restructuring and modernisation of the food sector. Based on the priorities of the Council regulation, two strategic objectives have been set: 1) Improvement of competitiveness of the agriculture and food economy, 2) Sustainable development of rural areas. Implementation of these objectives requires the support of the Common Agricultural Policy. Polish European Union membership contributed to setting its objectives and increasing the ability to subsidise economic entities, as well as develop both the food and rural areas economy.

Age of linear enamel hypoplasia formation based on Massler and colleagues’ and Reid and Dean's standards in a Polish sample dated to 13th–18th century CE

In the study of enamel hypoplasia formation ages basically two standards of dental development are being applied. According to some authors, different methods produce different results, thus it is critical to decide which method to use. This study focuses on the comparison of three methods for estimating ages of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) formation.The skeletal material derives from three burial grounds localized on the territory of Poland, dated to 13th–18th c. CE. In total 642 teeth of 77 individuals were qualified for the study. The position of LEHs on the crown surface was measured and then converted to age at formation using the regression equations proposed by Goodman and Rose, Goodman and Song, and the data provided by Reid and Dean.There were 51.9% of individuals and 17.9% of teeth affected by LEH. The lowest age estimates were provided by the Goodman and Rose's method then higher by the Goodman and Song's method and the highest using the Reid and Dean's data. The age ranges and peaks of LEH provided by the three methods differed more for the maxillary than for the mandibular teeth.Crown formation ages supplied by Reid and Dean account for intra- and inter-tooth as well as inter-population variation in the timing of tooth development and also for variation in crown heights. This approach undoubtedly increases reliability of the results. Thus, it seems advisable to use the Reid and Dean's standard when calculating ages of enamel hypoplasia formation.

Kafel z wyobrażeniem Madonny z Dzieciątkiem. Z badań archeologicznych na poznańskim Ostrowie Tumskim

The focus of the article is a stove tile with the image of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Child, discovered during archaeological works in the interior of the house of canons number 6 on the cathedral island (Ostrow Tumski) in Poznan. The authors give a brief overview of the subject matter connected with antique stove tiles found during excavations and put forward the thesis that the images on them were inspired by sculptures of the turn of the 15th and 16th century, especially the so called Beautiful Madonna sculptures. The authors also refer to other findings of stove tiles with various images of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Child from the territory of Poland. They discuss a wide range of examples of everyday religiousness and indicate that stoves built with tiles with religious motifs are manifestations of such commonplace devotion.