Territory Of Bashkortostan Research Articles

НАЧАЛО АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОЙ АРХЕОЛОГИИ В БАШКОРТОСТАНЕ

During the post-war period, archaeological research was rapidly advancing in the Soviet Union. After the All-Union Archaeological Conference in 1945, the Moscow Branch of the Institute for the History of Material Culture (henceforth IHMC) became the main center for archaeological research and organizer of field studies throughout the USSR. At a meeting of the Department of History and Philosophy in 1951, together with a plenum of IHMC and the USSR Academy of Sciences, a decision was made to expand archaeological research across all regions of the country. An archaeological team is forming at the Bashkir Scientific Research Institute of History, Language, and Literature, which was part of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1951. In 1953, a sector of history, archaeology, and ethnography was created, and archaeological expeditions were launched. Initially, field research was conducted as part of the Bashkir Archaeological Expedition under the leadership of IHMC. Since 1957, independent archaeological units have been formed. In 1959, a department of archeology and ethnography became part of the IHLL. The same year, a collection of articles dedicated to archaeological studies in Bashkortostan were published for the first time. In 1978, an independent sector of archaeology appeared, the successor of which is the Department of Archaeological Research currently operating as part of the IHLL. Thus, in 2023–2024 it will be 70 years since the beginning of archaeological research in the IHLL. It is also the anniversary of the beginning of systematic academic research of the territory of the Southern Urals and the design of Ufa as the center of archaeological research in the region. In addition to documentary evidence of the formation of the archaeological structure in the IHLL, the article provides statistics on archaeological expeditions in the territory of Bashkortostan. An analysis of these data shows that, between 1955 and 1963, units organized by academic institutions of the IHMC (Institute of History of Material Culture) and IHLL dominated among them. Due to active fieldwork, by 1970, information had been obtained on 2,059 archaeological sites located within the BASSR and data on these sites had been systematized into the academic catalog “Archaeological Map of Bashkiria.” In general, the mid-1950s to 1960s can be characterized as the period when a systematic archaeological survey was being formed on the territory of Bashkortostan. The main focus of this process was the IHLL

Assessment of Changes in Agroclimatic Resources of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russia) under the Context of Global Warming

The process of climate warming significantly affects agroclimatic resources and agricultural production. We study the agroclimatic resources and their variability on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russia). The Bashkortostan has a high agricultural potential and holds a leading position in the country in the production of grain crops, potatoes, milk, and honey. Currently, no detailed studies have been conducted for this area to assess the effects of global climate change on agro-climatic resources. World experience shows such research becomes strategically important for regions with powerful agricultural production. We used the sums of average daily air temperatures above 0 and 10 °C, the G.T. Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, and the Ped aridity (humidification) index as agroclimatic indicators. We used data of long-term meteorological observations of 30 meteorological stations for the period of 1961–2020. We revealed the long-term dynamics of the agroclimatic indicators and the spatial and temporal regularities in their distribution on the territory of Bashkortostan. There is a steady increase in the sums of average daily air temperatures above 0 and 10 °C. Against this background, aridity increases, which is especially manifested in the southern parts of the Republic of Bashkortostan. We assessed the impact of agroclimatic indicators on the main types of agricultural crops in the republic. We revealed that the greatest positive impact on the yield of oilseeds, cereals, and industrial crops is made by precipitation at the beginning (r = 0.50, r = 0.44, and r = 0.52, respectively) and in the middle of the growing season (r = 0.55, r = 0.76, and r = 0.51, respectively). Temperature and precipitation during the growing season have a complex effect on cereals. This is proven by correlations with HCS and the Ped index (r = 0.45 and r = −0.56, respectively). Aridity at the beginning of the growing season affects the yield of oilseeds and potatoes. This is confirmed by correlations with the Ped index (r = −0.49 and r = −0.52, respectively). In general, the aridity of the growing season has a significant impact on the yield of cereals (r = −0.57). Negative relationships have been found between the air temperature growing season and the yield of potatoes (r = −0.50) and cereals (r = −0.53). The results of the study were compared with data from the Copernicus Climate Change Service database. We identified climate trends under RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, and RCP 8.5 scenarios. These scenarios should be taken into account when developing plans for the adaptation of agriculture in the Republic of Bashkortostan to changes in the regional climate. Maximum decrease in precipitation is established for the RCP 6.0 scenario. This can have an extremely negative impact on crop yields. This problem is especially relevant for the southern part of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The information presented in the study will allow for a more effective adaptation of the agricultural sector to current and future climate changes.

CONSTANTINE PORPHYROGENITUS: AΤΕΛΚΟΥΖΟΥ
 CONSTANTINE PORPHYROGENITUS: ATELKUZU

The treatise of Konstantin Porphyrogenitus “On the Management of the Empire” is the most authoritative source on toponymy and ethnonymics of Eastern Europe regions associated with the early history of the ancestors of the modern Slavs, Turks and Indo-Iranians, so every name mentioned in it continues to arouse the most lively interest to this day.
 
 The purpose of the study is to introduce some data that are not taken into account by historians-medievalists and evaluate the interpretations proposed by the author when reading E.M. Usmanov’s publications “On the Problem of Interpreting Medieval European Sources about the Ancestral Homeland of the Hungarians” and “The Hingilus River and the “Turks” of Konstantin Porphyrogenitus”.
 
 Materials and methods. The main research methods were the method of analyzing historical sources, including those used by predecessors, and the historical-genetic method. The article presents the views of those who had already addressed the problem of interpreting the geographical name Atel Kuzu mentioned in Konstantin’s treatise, as well as additional information from dictionaries and other historical and linguistic sources.
 
 Study results. The article establishes incorrectness of: 1) attributing the name Atel kuzu to the Kypchak source, since it has a bright Oguz phonomorphological appearance; 2) attributing the meaning “source; top of the river” to the Bashkir word кѳҙ/күҙ; 3) searching for the territory called Atel kuzu in the Southern Urals. Based on the material of toponymic dictionaries, it is proved that in all the names of the river sources recorded in the territory of Bashkortostan are formed on the basis of the geographical nomenclature term bash “head; beginning; source, top”, it turns out that the Oguz appearance of the toponym Atel Kuzu is associated with the fact that all medieval authors consistently call the Hungarians as the Turks.
 
 Conclusions. The new, sensational derivation of the etymology for the historical toponym Atel Kuzu basing on the data of the modern Bashkir language does not stand up to criticism.

State Regulation of Trade in Bashkortostan from 1945 to 1953

The article examines the regulation of trade in the territory of Bashkortostan during the post-war reconstruction of the national economy. An attempt is made to determine the effectiveness of state mechanisms for regulating trade in the conditions of a planned economy in the Soviet Union. The ability of a planned economy to ensure an increase in the volume of trade turnover through financial and economic activities of trade enterprises on a non-competitive basis and without using the mechanism of free demand and supply formation is one of the controversial issues. The source base of the article was documents from the National Archives of the Republic of Bashkortostan, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. As a result of the study, it was established that the Republican Ministry of Trade paid primary attention to increasing trade turnover and consistently eliminating deficits. It was revealed that the nationalization of consumer cooperatives sharply reduced the opportunities for cooperative democracy and led to violations of the legitimate interests of shareholders. The actions of the State Arbitration in conflict situations between trade enterprises in Bashkortostan and suppliers are shown. The results of regulatory actions by Gosbank in reducing accounts receivable and increasing the solvency of trade enterprises are determined. It is concluded that despite all the shortcomings of the existing economic system, trade organizations in Bashkortostan have achieved significant success.

Краткий исторический очерк православия в Башкортостане: условия и особенности распространения среди народов республики

The history of the spread of Orthodoxy on the territory of Bashkortostan is considered, three main stages are identified: 1) from the middle of the XVI century to the October Revolution of 1917, 2) from 1917 to the end of the 1980s, 3) from the end of the 1980s to the present. Special attention is paid to the conditions and peculiarities of the spread of Orthodoxy among the peoples of the republic, as well as missionary activities among followers of Islam and traditional ethnic religions. Statistical data on the number of believers-Orthodox, religious buildings of the Russian Orthodox Church are given.

Honey productivity of plant formations in the Toratau Geopark of the Republic of Bashkortostan

The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of the regions of Russia where historically, there are favorable landscape and climatic conditions for developing the beekeeping industry. The territory of the Toratau Geopark has incredible biodiversity. Bees are pollinators of entomophilous plants, which, in turn, affects the productivity of berry and fruit plants and contributes to the revival of the natural flora of forest resources. However, only 360 thousand hectares of nectar-producing linden are growing in the three-kilometer zone of apiaries, and the rest are located in inaccessible areas of the republic.Unfavorable weather conditions do not allow for productive honey harvesting during the linden blossom period. Hence, the research aimed to determine the honey productivity of plant formations in the territory of the Toratau Geopark. The results of the studies showed that high honey productivity is characterized by gnat’s linden (574.4 kg/ha) and nettle twigs (458.1 kg/ha). Maplewood formation is a source of abundant honey harvesting in the spring period, with honey productivity of the forest type of the gnarly forest - 350.4 kg/ha, prickly-bristled barry forest - 332.3 kg/ha. In early spring, floodplain elm with significant honey productivity (254.3 kg/ha) and bramble elm (252.3 kg/ha) provide supportive honey collection and build-up of bee family strength. The knowledge gained about the honey productivity of plant formations in the study area is a scientific contribution to the rational use of honey resources in the territory of Bashkortostan. Also, these studies help preserve the natural flora of forest resources, optimize the population, expand the range, and maintain the genetic purity of the people of the native Burzyan wild bee (Apis mellifera L.), as well as for obtaining productive honey collections.

About the Time of the Adoption of Islam by the Population of the Southern Ural

The object of the study is the adoption of Islam by the population of the Southern Ural. The subject of the study is the question of the time of the adoption of Islam in the territory of modern Bashkortostan – the largest region of the Southern Urals. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the historiography of the issue, the spread of Islam among Bashkirs according to narrative sources – information from foreign travelers and Bashkir legends, archaeological sites with a Muslim funeral rite. In historiography, the question of the time of the adoption of Islam by Bashkirs has been repeatedly revised in the direction of antiquity. Narrative sources link the Islamization of Bashkirs with the activities of missionaries from Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde. In archeology, the spread of Islam on the territory of Bashkortostan is associated with the Chiyalik culture of the XII-XIV centuries. Special attention is paid to the funerary monuments of the nomadic population of steppe origin, dated XIII-XV centuries. Having settled in the land of Bashkirs, the nomads converted to Islam. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is a comparative analysis of the "pagan" and Muslim burials of the XIII-XV centuries, identified within the republic. A total of 84 burials were recorded. Of these, 31 burials were performed according to the "pagan" rite, dated XIII-XIV centuries., 53 burials were performed according to the Muslim rite, dated XIV-XV centuries. It is concluded that the archaeological data correspond to written sources reporting the adoption of Islam in Bashkiria in the XIV century. The novelty of the study lies in clarifying the dating of the three main stages of Islamization of the region's population. The penetration of Islam into the Bashkir environment occurs in the pre–Mongol period, the spread of Islam – in the Golden Horde period, the establishment of Islam - after the XV century. The process of Islamization ends with the disappearance of the burial burial rite and the transition to the modern Muslim funeral rite. Voluntary entry into Russia guaranteed Bashkirs freedom of religion.

Hantavirus Associated with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Outbreak in the Saratov Region in 2019

Pathogenic hantaviruses, belonging to the family Hantaviridae, genus Orthohantavirus, are widely spread in many regions of the world and cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Europe and Asia. In the European Russia, the most active HFRS foci are located in the optimum habitat area of natural reservoir of the Puumala virus (PUUV), bank voles (Myodes glareolus), – in the Middle Volga and Cis-Urals. The largest number of cases of HFRS was registered in the Volga Federal District. In 2019, an outbreak of HFRS was registered among the residents of Saratov and the Saratov Region, the number of cases was 2702. Objective of the study was genetic identification of hantaviruses from HFRS patients and rodent carriers and phylogenetic analysis of full-size genomes from natural hosts during HFRS outbreak in the Saratov Region, 2019. Materials and methods. Blood samples of 8 HFRS patients from Saratov and 3 lung samples of bank voles captured in the suburb of Saratov were analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results and discussion. A total of 6 viral RNA isolates from HFRS patients were genetically typed, full-length RNA-isolate genomes were obtained for 3 natural carriers. Our data indicate that PUUV virus was associated with HFRS outbreak in Saratov. Genetic analysis revealed that the virus belonged to RUS lineage of PUUV, related most closely to strains from Udmurtia and Tatarstan and differed from strains circulating in the territory of Bashkortostan and Samara Region.

БАШКИРСКИЕ ВОЙСКА НА СТЕРЛИТАМАКСКОМ ФРОНТЕ 2-Й ПОЛОВИНЫ 1918 ПО НАЧАЛО 1919 ГГ.

The article is devoted to the participation of the Bashkir army on the Sterlitamak front during the Civil War. The author set the task to consider in detail the events on this front. He gave a brief overview of the participation of the Bashchast in the battles against the Red Army on the side of the Whites. The events on the Sterlitamak front, where fierce battles took place between the White Bashkirs and the Red units, were particularly carefully analyzed. The study of this problem helps to reveal in more detail the little-known pages of the Civil War in Bashkortostan. The forces, condition and equipment of the Bashkir troops participating in the battles on this front are described in detail. The author focuses on the Bashkir troops, despite their serious condition, which successfully held the defense at the front, attracting large forces of the Red Army. On the basis of the report of the Chief of staff of the Sterlitamak Front, the winter events of 1919 were restored. The characteristic features of the Bashkir troops are highlighted and described. The actions on this front were one of the decisive moments of the Civil War on the territory of Bashkortostan. In conclusion, it is concluded that the fighting on this front partially led to the process of transition and further choice of the path to create the autonomy of Bashkortostan. The chronological framework of the events covered in this publication covers the period from the second half of 1918 to the beginning of 1919, the period of active battles of the Civil War on the territory of Bashkortostan.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ФАКТОРОВ НА РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ УРАНА И ТОРИЯ В СОЛЕВЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЯХ ПИТЬЕВЫХ ВОД (РЕСПУБЛИКА БАШКОРТОСТАН)

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью выявления источников поступления естественных радиоактивных элементов в питьевую воду,а также возможностью использования солевых отложений питьевых вод (накипи) в геохимических и экологических исследованиях. Наличие на территории Башкортостана различных геологических структур (горная область, предгорный прогиб, платформа), а также большое разнообразие горных пород различного возраста и состава (вулканогенные, интрузивные, осадочные, метаморфические) благоприятствует данным исследованиям и обуславливает большое разнообразие микроэлементного профиля местности. Цель:оценка содержания и пространственного распределения радиоактивных элементов в солевых отложениях питьевых вод (накипи) на территории Республики Башкортостан. Объекты. Проанализированы данные по содержанию U и Th в 467 пробах солевых отложений питьевых вод (накипи) из 267 населенных пунктов Республики Башкортостан. Пробы отобраны из различной посуды (эмалированные и электрические чайники, кастрюли, котлы, самовары), которая используется для кипячения воды из централизованных и индивидуальных (скважины, колодцы, ручьи) источников водоснабжения. Методы. Для анализа содержания Uи Thиспользовался метод инструментального нейтронно-активационного анализана базе исследовательского ядерного реактора ИРТ-Т ТПУ. Обработка данных проводилась с использованием программных пакетов Statistica 8.0 и MicrosoftExcel 2013. Построение карт пространственного распределения естественных радиоактивных элементов в солевых отложениях питьевых вод проведено с помощью программы ArcGIS 10.2 в модуле GeostatisticalAnalyst методом обратных расстояний. Результаты. Полученные данные позволяют говорить о неравномерном распределении естественных радиоактивных элементов (U, Th) в солевых отложениях на территории Республики Башкортостан. Региональный фон концентрацииU и Th отличается пониженными значениями. Вариации их содержания определяются воздействием как природных, так и антропогенных факторов. Закономерности распределения U в пробах накипи хорошо согласуются с особенностями геологического строения территории. В пределах платформенной части распределение Uявляется более равномерным по площади, чем в горной части республики, что отражает сравнительную однородность геологических и тектонических условий. По результатам картирования выделено четыре зоны повышенного содержания Uв образцах солевых отложений: зауральская, уральская, западная и южная.В пространственном распределении Th не выявлено четкой корреляционной связи с особенностями геологического строения и металлогении территории. Выделены три зоны: северная, центральная и юго-восточная. Отмечены отрицательные аномалии содержания Th, территориально совпадающие с крупными горнодобывающими центрами.Показатель Th/U отношения характеризуется низким значением для всей территории Башкортостана – 0,002. При этом положительные аномалии данного показателя зафиксированы в северной и юго-восточной частях республики, где они обусловлены, преимущественно, геологической составляющей.

MONITORING OF KARST PROCESS IN THE SOUTH URALS AND CIS-URALS (CURRENT STATUS, PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT METHODS)

The territory of Southern Ural and Cis-Urals is a classic region of development of sulfate and carbonate karst. Within it, karst rocks are spread over 50% of the territory, almost 30% of the area is affected by surface karst forms, 45% of the urban and at least 20% of the rural population live in karst development areas. For the region, it is very relevant to predict the development of this process in order to assess danger and risk, to prevent its impact on engineering facilities and socio-economic facilities in a prompt and timely manner. Forecasting of karst activation is possible on the basis of monitoring data, which is not properly organized and conducted in the territory of Southern Ural and Cis-Urals today, there is no scientifically based observational network. On the basis of modern typification of the territory by conditions of ground water nutrition and moistening intensity, landform, bedding conditions and composition of karst rocks, the nature and degree of their overlap by non-karst rocks, as well as karst danger of the region taking into account its economic development, a regional scheme of the karst monitoring network has been developed. It consists of 16 observation sites, which cover all the types of karst found in the territory of Bashkortostan. Methods of monitoring at the regional level are defined. The proposed network for monitoring the development karst at the regional level is recommended for implementation in the Republic of Bashkortostan as part of the monitoring subsystem of dangerous exogenous geological processes, which is an integral part of the system of monitoring the state of the subsoil of the Russian Federation. It is planned to store and process the data of mode observations using the GIS Map 2011domestic software product.

Geochemistry of Thorium and Uranium in Soils of the Southern Urals

Specific features of the horizontal and vertical distribution of uranium and thorium in soils and parent materials of the Southern Urals within the Bashkortostan Republic have been studied with the use of mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. The dependence of distribution patterns of these elements on the local environmental conditions is shown. A scale for soil evaluation according to the concentrations of uranium and thorium (mg/kg) is suggested: the low level, up to 3; medium, up to 9; high, up to 15; and very high, above 15 mg/kg. On the basis of to this scale, the ecological state of the soils is evaluated, and the schematic geochemical map of the region is compiled. The territory of Bashkortostan is subdivided into two parts according to the contents of radioactive elements in soils: the western part with distinct accumulation of uranium and the eastern part with predominant thorium accumulation. This finding supports the charriage (thrust fault) nature of the fault zone of the Southern Urals. The vertical distribution patterns of uranium and thorium in soils of the region are of the same character. The dependence between the contents of these two elements and rare-earth elements has been established. The results of this study are applied for assessing the ecological state of soils in the region.

Spatial Features of HFRS Morbidity in Territory of Republic Bashkortostan in 2010 - 2015

Introduction. The main aim of the study is to identify the territories in the Republic of Bashkortostan and the categories of residents at high risk of HFRS infection for determining the directions of preventive measures. Materials and methods. Analyzed and synthesized have been the long-term data from the Service of Surveillance on Consumer 1 Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing Administration in the Republic of Bashkortostan on the HFRS incidence in 54 administrative districts. Results and discussion. Identified have been administrative districts with high, medium, and low risk of exposure to HFRS during. It is established that 85.2% of infections, registered at that time in Bashkortostan, occurred in the natural HFRS focus in the forest-steppe landscape-geographical zone. The urban/rural differential ratio in the natural foci in the forest-steppe area was 61.2% and 38.8%, respectively; in the forest zone -19.2% and 80.8%; while in the steppe - 2.2% and 97.8%. Conclusions. In order to decrease the level of HFRS morbidity in the territory of Bashkortostan, it is necessary to considerably expand the scope and augment the intensity of preventive activities in the areas of high risk of exposure, first and foremost, in Ufa city and Ufa Region, Tuimazinsky region (Oktyarsky and Tuimazy cities), Kumertau, Birsk, and Sterlitamak cities.

Bats (Chiroptera, Vespertillionidae) from the Cis-Urals and South Urals (Republic of Bashkortostan)

New and previously published data on the distribution of 12 bat species in the Cis-Urals and South Urals (Republic of Bashkortostan) are summarized. Data on their subspecies status are given. There is a need to clarify the taxonomic status of the pipistrelle bats Pipistrellus pipistrellus/pygmaeus. In terms of composition, the bat fauna of the Republic of Bashkortostan is a variant of the Central European fauna. It was revealed that the territory in question marks the eastern limits of distribution of Nyctalus leisleri and P. pipistrellus/pygmaeus. An important feature of the territory of Bashkortostan is the presence of places of mass wintering of bats of natural origin: more than 980 karst caves used by bats not only in winter, but also during the period of activity. According to the results of captures in 14 caves, data on the frequency and relative abundance of sedentary bat species in the Republic of Bashkortostan are given.

Naturalization of invasive Elodea canadensis Michx. in waters of the Republic of Bashkortostan

The data on the distribution of Canadian pondweed (Elodea canadensis), an invasive aquatic plant native to North America, in the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. This species has widely expanded in Bashkortostan and poses a threat to the Southern Ural ecosystems. Canadian pondweed is naturalized in waters of this region and occurs in various aquatic vegetation types; it often replaces native species and forms monodominant communities of the Elodeetum canadensis association. The species is present in many other aquatic communities, including 32 associations and six unions of the Lemnetea and Potametea classes of aquatic vegetation. A map of the secondary range of Elodea canadensis on the territory of Bashkortostan is charted.

The regional stratigraphic scheme of the miocene sediments of the fore-urals and the major events in the southern Ural region

This work presents a clarified stratigraphic scheme of the Miocene sediments of the Fore-Urals and the territory of Bashkortostan. As a result of the work carried out, the regional stratigraphic divisions of the Miocene of the Fore-Urals were described and stratotypes and reference sections were established for the first time. The stratigraphic scheme of the Miocene sediments includes the sequences of the Lower (the upper part of the Tyulganskian Formation, Kuyurgazinskian and Voroshilovskian formations), the Middle-Upper (Ushkatlinskian Formation) and the Upper (the lower sub-formation of the Tchebenkovskian Formation) Miocene. In addition, the stratigraphic scheme developed was correlated with those of the Urals, the Russian Plain and the Lower Volga Region. The scheme is based on the data obtained from study of sediments, analysis of paleontological and lithological data, and summary of literary and library materials, which allowed us to elucidate in detail the Miocene events in the Fore-Urals.

Development of Muslim Libraries in the Territory of Bashkortostan in the Second Half of XIX - the Beginning of the XX Century (on Materials of the Ufa Province)

On the tendencies of the development of Muslim libraries of the region in the second half of XIX - early XX century. The role of the libraries in the formation of the Bashkir nation is shown.

CHANGE OF POLYMORPHISM LEVEL IN COLORADO POTATO BEETLE POPULATIONS IN THE SOUTHERN URALS

Data has been presented by the changing of phenetic structure of Colorado potato beetle populations in the Southern Urals (territory of Bashkortostan). The reduction of phenetic polymorphism level during the period of 1994–2002 has been noted. The results of laboratory toxicological experiments allow considering the selective effects of insecticides as one of main factors of intrapopulation polymorphism level decreasing.

Islamic Libraries on the Territory of Bashkortostan (18th — the First Half of 19th Century): Creation and Development

The features of the establishment of Muslim libraries on the territory of Bashkortostan in 18th – the first half of 19th century in the context of socio-cultural development of the region are considered in the article. The role and place of the libraries in the mosques and madrasahs in the culture of the region are showed.