Ukraine Research Articles

Про сутність поняття “внутрішньо переміщена особа”

The article describes the essence of the concept of “internally displaced person”. Theoretical and legal approaches to the content of the concept of “internally displaced persons” have been studied. It was established that forced migration plays an important role in the modern worldmigration process of the population of Ukraine. It is argued that for the first time the term “internally displaced person” was used in jurisprudence in the last decade of the 20th century, when the need for an international response to the rather important problem of protecting the rights of displaced persons definitely arose. Statistical data on the number of internally displaced persons in Ukraine are indicated. It is noted that precisely as a result of military aggression by the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine, the problem of forced migration and its solution is one of the main ones for the state and society. It is proven that an internally displaced person is a citizen of Ukraine, a foreigner or a stateless person who is in the territory of Ukraine on legal grounds and has the right to permanent residence in Ukraine, who was forced to leave or leave his place of residence as a result or in order to avoid negative consequences. It is indicated that internally displaced persons are under the legal protection of their country in accordance with international human rights legislation. The article indicates the main reasons for forced migration of the population, which encourage citizens to move within the borders of their country. These include, first of all, military conflict, occupation or annexation of territory, cruel treatment, manifestations of violence, genocide of the population, violation of human rights and freedoms, as well as environmental, social, economic, man-made and other causes. It was emphasized that internally displaced persons need to adjust to a new place of residence, which should become safer for them. It has been studied that the protection of internally displaced persons implies an important obligation for the state to create legal, social and economic conditions for the realization of their rights and freedoms, under which it is possible to protect the rights of individuals, as well as the activities of state organizations for the protection of human rights. The article offers the author’s definition of the essence of the concept of “internally displaced person” in Ukraine.

Особливості проведення слідчих (розшукових) дій (допиту) в умовах воєнного стану

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of conducting investigative actions (interrogation) caused by the introduction of martial law on the territory of Ukraine. The article analyzes the legislative innovations that were established in connection with the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into the territory of the state, in particular, the possibility of using as evidence by the court the video recording of the statements that were given to the prosecutor, the investigator in the conditions of martial law, as well as recording the course and results of the interrogation of the victim, suspect or witnesses (with the participation of a defense attorney) using available technical means of video recording, which are aimed at increasing the level of protection of citizens’ rights. The significance and relevance of the question of interrogating a witness, or victim in the mode of a video conference is outlined. The need to regulate the interrogation is substantiated so that the court is empowered, in exceptional situations, with the possibility of a "departure" from the principle of immediacy of the examination of testimony during the trial, enshrined in Article 23 of the Criminal Procedure Code, under the condition of mandatory observance of due process guarantees. The duty of the court tomonitor the interrogation to prevent possible extraneous influence on the interrogated subjects is characterized. The specific properties of the interrogation of a minor and the need, to avoid a possible psychological injury to the child, to observe all the guarantees and rights of a minor are substantiated. The child’s right to free secondary legal assistance, which provides for the protection and representation of interests in courts, other state bodies, and local self-government bodies, before other persons, as well as drafting procedural documents, is analyzed. Gaps and problematic aspects are singled out, which negatively affect both minors and the results of criminal proceedings in general.

INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT AS A CONCEPTUAL PROVISIONS COMPONENT FOR THE CARGO FLOWS FORMATION OF MARITIME TRANSPORT IN UKRAINE

. The article is devoted to updating the legal field of Ukraine, which regulates maritime transport, in accordance with EU standards and norms. The purpose of the study is to develop a proposal for institutional support for the realisation of the maritime transport potential in the security dimension in the post-war period. After analysing the legal framework governing maritime transport, 1086 documents were identified. Among them, there are 39 international Directives in force (for maritime transport) and 6 (for inland waterway transport). In addition, the unimplemented Directive 2015/757/EU "On the monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon dioxide emissions from maritime transport and amending Directive 2009/16/EC" was found. If this document is implemented into Ukrainian legislation, Ukraine's maritime transport will see positive changes in the direction of green logistics. And the author proposed to introduce amendments to the draft CMU Resolution "On Amendments to the Procedure for Providing Guarantees of Compensation for Damage Caused as a Result of the Armed Aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and Military Actions on the Territory of Ukraine to Charterers, Operators and/or Owners of Seagoing Ships and Inland Navigation Vessels Flying the Flag of Ukraine and Flags of Foreign States". It was proposed to pursue a course towards "green" logistics by implementing the necessary EU Directives into the legislative framework. Bringing Ukraine's regulatory framework in line with international EU standards, namely the documents governing maritime transport, will lead to an increase in trade and a higher level of security.

Some aspects of formation labor behavior during the period of martial status

Problem setting. Modern political, economic, and social demands of society pose tasks to the state that require urgent solutions and are of urgent importance for all spheres of life. Therefore, a significant number of studies are focused on solving theoretical and practical issues of legal regulation of social relations during the war and in the conditions of martial law on the territory of Ukraine. Solving issues of the possibility and specifics of citizens’ realization of the right to work are of great importance. Since, during the period of martial law, the norms of labor legislation are not applied in the part of relations regulated by the Law of Ukraine “On the Organization of Labor Relations in the Conditions of Martial Law” (hereinafter the Law). According to the Final Provisions, it is valid for the period of martial law in Ukraine, introduced in accordance with the Law of Ukraine “On the Legal Regime of Martial Law”, and becomes invalid from the moment of termination and cancellation of martial law. During the period of martial law, its norms have an overriding force over the norms of the Code of Labor Laws of Ukraine. The provisions of this Law significantly narrow the rights of workers compared to peacetime. Therefore, the relevance of the toolkit of labor law as a regulator of social relations in the field of labor relations and ways of realizing the right to work by citizens under martial law is increasing. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Analysis of recent research and publications. Such scientists as: T. Gerasimov, T. Glynska, V. Lytvynenko, O. Lukyanchikov, D. Novikov, A. Shvets and others were engaged in the study of the theoretical and practical essence of the chosen topic. In addition, the following scientists paid attention to the legal regulation of labor relations under martial law in Ukraine in their works: V. Andriiv, M. Lukashevich, M. Doronina, N. Yesinov, L. Nikolayeva, D. Shvets, and others. Purpose of research is to investigate labor behavior, which is a complex of individual and group actions and deeds that determine the direction and intensity of a person’s performance of their labor function and factors that negatively affect labor behavior. And also consider the legislation of Ukraine, which concerns the regulation of labor relations during the period of martial law and analyze the changes that took place in the field of labor relations after the declaration of martial law in the state and how they affected the labor behavior of the employee. Article’s main body. A special role in solving this issue is played by the principles, methods and ways of motivating work, which act as a leading organizational and economic tool for managing the work behavior of employees. In this regard, solving both theoretical and practical problems of labor behavior management through the use of new socioeconomic methods of labor motivation, which would make it possible to increase the interest of workers to work productively and effectively in various spheres of the economy, becomes important. Modern labor relations increasingly single out the employee’s behavior as an important characteristic of his labor potential, the quality of which depends on the effectiveness of the team’s work and the survival of the enterprise, institution or organization in an unpredictable economic environment. Therefore, the study of labor behavior as a form of employee activity and the determination of the main factors influencing it is quite relevant in this period of time. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Formation of labor behavior of employees is an actual and complex process that requires a systematic approach. According to the results of the research, it was established that the essence of labor motivation is to develop such a system of incentives that would satisfy all the needs of the employee in the best way and would interest him in achieving better results of his activity. This will help increase labor productivity, increase the income and profits of enterprises, as a result of which the material situation of employees will improve, which is the key to successful motivation to work.

Unregistered industrial design: legal regime and peculiarities of legal regulation

The article is dedicated to current issues of legal protection of unregistered industrial designs. It has been established that an unregistered industrial design is a type of industrial design that has its own legal regime, containing features inherent only to an unregistered industrial design. It has been proven that an unregistered industrial design as an industrial design must meet the conditions for granting legal protection, which are established by law. It was established that bringing an unregistered industrial design to the public should take place precisely on the territory of Ukraine. It is substantiated that the disclosure that took place on the Internet cannot always be interpreted as disclosure on the territory of Ukraine. It is established that the owner of an unregistered industrial design has an exclusive right to its use. It is justified that the owner of a registered industrial design has broader rights to prohibit unauthorized use of the industrial design than the owner of an unregistered industrial design, since the owner of a registered industrial design can prohibit both the copying of his industrial design and the use of a similar product if «its appearance causes informed user has the same overall impression as the protected industrial design.» It is well-founded that the owner of an unregistered industrial design has narrowed opportunities to protect the rights to the industrial design, as he can only prohibit direct copying of the product and even then with restrictions. It has been proven that when protecting rights to an unregistered industrial design, it is necessary to prove the existence of rights to such an unregistered industrial design. It has been proven that an unregistered industrial design is an important object of industrial property, it is a type of industrial design, intellectual property rights to which arise from the moment it is brought to public notice on the territory of Ukraine and which are valid for three years (shortened term of legal protection), it does not require registration and entry into the State Register of Industrial Designs of Ukraine, the rights to it are not certified by the Certificate, its owner has narrowed rights to its use and protection of rights to it, compared to the powers of the owner of a registered industrial design. It is substantiated that the legal regulation regarding the unregistered industrial design needs to be clarified in terms of the exercise of exclusive property rights of intellectual property.

The peculiarities of labor legal relations with a family doctor in the context of healthcare reform in Ukraine

According to national and international legislation, every person on the territory of Ukraine has the right to qualified medical assistance. As a result of healthcare reform in Ukraine, family doctors have started working, with whom patients conclude declarations in accordance with Ukrainian legislation. Consideration of labor legal relations with a family doctor is extremely important and relevant, as there are many problems and gaps in practice and legislative activities that require research and resolution. The full-scale invasion of Russia on the territory of our state had a negative impact on labor legal relations with family doctors. Due to hostilities, many patients have left for safer places in Ukraine or abroad. Many family doctors, who left their home and place of residence, are generally forced to seek for another place of work. These are significant drawbacks of labor law in the field of medicine, which we are currently facing in Ukraine and which require regulation and finding ways to resolve them. Therefore, consideration of theoretical and legislative material is relevant and extremely important. The purpose is to study the peculiarities of labor legal relations with a family doctor in the context of healthcare reform in Ukraine. The object is the legal basis and legislative framework, which regulate labor legal relations with a family doctor. Conducting research and summarizing qualifications, it can be said that general scientific methods, general methods, interdisciplinary methods, and specialized methods are applied. The analysis of the theoretical and legal source base, from the labor legislation, reveals ways to solve the problematic issues that family doctors face today. Incorporating positive international experience and making proposals for its further consideration and implementation in practice will make it possible to solve the current problems, taking into account all the risks. It is proposed to increase the salary of family doctors, regardless of the number of patients who have signed declarations with them. It is proposed to highlight the fundamental principles of labor activity with family doctors, which are based on the principles of legality, openness, voluntariness, normativity, transparency, control, and informativeness. The proposal is to enhance public awareness of the services of family doctors and the conclusion of declarations without being tied to the location.

Legal regulation of rehabilitation in the field of health care

The article notes that the law guarantees everyone the right to health care and medical assistance. A full-scale invasion calls for the development and updating of legal acts on ensuring a person’s right to medical assistance, in particular, to the provision of rehabilitation services. It is noted that rehabilitation assistance is aimed at a number of main areas, firstly, at supporting the functions of the patient’s body during the exacerbation of chronic diseases. Secondly, for warning, early diagnosis of disorders of the organs and systems of the patient’s body. The third direction is aimed at full or partial restoration of damaged organs or systems and compensation of lost functions of affected organs or systems. The fourth direction is related to the prevention and reduction of the degree of disability. The author emphasizes that the lack of competent and effective medical rehabilitation in Ukraine is a multifactorial problem: there is an insufficient number of inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation departments; lack of medical personnel - rehabilitation specialists, psychologists; there is not enough rehabilitation equipment; there is a need for adequate educational programs for physicians. In the article, the author emphasizes that one of the tasks of the state is to help persons with disabilities realize their constitutional rights; implementation of state policy in the field of rehabilitation of persons with disabilities, support for their integration into society, and the full-scale war on the territory of Ukraine causes an increasing urgency and need for the rehabilitation of persons injured as a result of hostilities. Such factors of the population’s health, such as the increase in morbidity, injuries, temporary loss of working capacity, premature mortality of the population require the development of the rehabilitation medicine market of Ukraine and its legal regulation. The article notes that the positive aspects are the development of new medical rehabilitation technologies, including those based on telemedicine and IT technologies, the preparation of new professional standards for medical rehabilitation at the modern level in accordance with international recommendations. All this requires the effective functioning of the system, which first of all requires the improvement and development of regulatory and legal support in the field of rehabilitation.

Problematic issues arising in the field of state registration of acts of civil status

State registration of civil status acts is one of the forms of public services in the field of administrative law. The public service orientation of executive authorities and local self-government bodies is a priority in the decentralization processes which are taking place in Ukraine today. The focus of the local government reform is on people, and one of the important factors of their comfort is the provision of quality administrative services. Every day, children are born in Ukraine, some get married, some get divorced, and some die. Despite all the difficulties that exist today, the service of state registration of civil status acts is the most popular among Ukrainian citizens. The armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine has made many adjustments to our everyday life and the life of the country as a whole. Despite all the challenges, the legislator is trying to facilitate bureaucratic procedures, including in the field of civil registration. The latest technologies are being actively introduced, and amendments and additions are being made to the legislation in the field of state civil registration. Despite the significant progress in civil registration legislation, some difficulties arise in practice, especially in situations of state registration of marriage or divorce when one of the spouses is a military officer, or if one of the spouses is abroad, or in the area of active hostilities, or in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. Regarding the temporarily occupied territories, unfortunately, during the 10 years of armed conflict, Ukraine has not been able to simplify the procedure for legitimizing civil status acts issued in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. Therefore, Ukrainian citizens must go to court to recognize facts that have legal significance. Therefore, it is necessary for the legislator to resolve the problematic issues related to state registration of civil status acts.

The legal status and activities of the authorities of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in exile (end of 1920 – August 22, 1992): historical and legal aspects

A historical and legal study of the legal status and activities of the authorities of the Ukrainian People’s Republic (hereinafter - the UPR) in exile (late 1920 – August 22, 1992). It is concluded that, since at the end of 1920 the authorities of the UPR lost influence on the population as a result of the establishment of Soviet power in most of the Ukrainian territories and the UPR actually ceased to exist, which was formally fixed by a peace treaty between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Soviet Russia on March 18, 1921. in Riga, the UNR authorities lost their state status and acquired public status. The content adopted by the Council of People’s Ministers and approved by the Chairman of the Directory on January 9, 1921 was analyzed. a normative act entitled “Law on the Council of the Republic,” in which the Council of the Republic was defined as “a temporary supreme authority of the people, which has full power.” The authorities of the UPR imitated state activity: the Council of the Republic – as legislative, the Council of People’s Ministers - as executive authority, the Head of the Directory – as the head of the UPR. After the termination of the existence of the Council of the Republic in August 1921 the functions of the UNR authorities in exile were carried out by the Head of the Directory and the Council of People’s Ministers. The content of the “Temporary Law on the Reorganization of the State Center of the UNR in Exile” of June 10, 1948, which established the competence of the constituent parts of the State Center of the UNR: President, Vice-President, Government, Ukrainian National Council, was studied. Based on the analysis of the content of this normative act, it was concluded that the State Center of the UPR in exile formally had the status of a public organization, but pretended to be a state authority and imitated state functions. According to this document, the Ukrainian National Council performs “the functions of a temporary legislative representation.” The relationship between the constituent parts of the State Center of the UPR in exile had to be revealed in the rule-making process and in the formation of the Government. The political responsibility of the Government to the Ukrainian National Council and the President of the UPR was envisaged. The Government’s accountability to the Ukrainian National Council and control over the UNR President were established. The UNR President was vested with the right to dissolve the Ukrainian National Council at the suggestion of the Government. The authorities formed on the basis of this normative act had the status of public and performed functions in international, normative, political, scientific and other spheres.

Секта христововеров в Украинской ССР

The article is devoted to the history of the oldest Russian sect of Hristovovery or Khlysty on the territory of Ukraine during Soviet times. The purpose of the work is to explore the existence of the Khlysty sect in the Ukrainian SSR, to consider some of the features of the spread of the sect and the details of its rituals. The source base of the research was unpublished operational documents of Ukrainian archives. Special studies devoted to the sect of Christ-believers in Ukraine during the Soviet period were not found. The article applies a materialistic understanding of history, which requires consideration of historical phenomena in development, in the unity of the logical and historical, i.e. in the unity of material and spiritual factors. In the course of the work, it was established that the Khlysty sect was recorded on the territory of the future Ukraine from the first half of the 18th century and spreads across those regions where the Great Russian population lived compactly: in Old Believer settlements in Starodubye (the future Chernigov region), in the Azov region. West of the Dnieper, the sect of Christian believers is not fixed. In Soviet times, state security agencies regularly reported the existence of Christian believers in the same areas where they existed in the pre-revolutionary period. A feature of the Christian faith in Soviet times was the merger of the sect with Orthodox movements that were in opposition to both the Soviet regime and the official Russian Orthodox Church.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENERGY AND FOOD PRICES IN THE EURO AREA

Over the past five years, global economic developments have been accompanied by a number of challenges. After a period of economic development, the global economy is facing a significant challenge caused by the COVID-19 crisis. There have been factory closures, border closures and supply chain disruptions. All this is reflected in the EU and the euro area. This was followed by a period of recovery and accelerating inflation. The war on the territory of Ukraine is also having a significant impact on inflationary processes. This further jeopardises the supply of energy resources and their prices begin to rise at a very high rate. The shock of rising energy prices has also been reflected in sharp increases in food prices. In the euro area, there have been periods when food prices have risen by more than 17% on an annual basis and energy products by almost 60% in some months. All these developments highlight the need to examine the links between energy and food prices. This is necessary in order to be able to take quick decisions in the event of new volatility in energy prices. The aim of the study is to establish a causal relationship between the dynamics of energy and food prices and the time lag over which food prices react to increases in energy prices. A correlation analysis is carried out and a causal relationship between the two indicators is established by regression analysis at different time lags. The hypothesis tested is that, over the last five years, there has been a strong month-to-month correlation between energy prices and food prices with a lag of six months. For the purpose of regression analysis and hypothesis testing, monthly data for food inflation and inflation for the group Electricity, gas and other fuels have been used. The data are taken from the structure of the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices published by Eurostat. The detailed regression analysis shows that there is a statistically significant linear relationship between the price indices of the two product groups with a lag of six months. The Granger causality test confirms the results of the dynamic, correlation and regression analysis. The results of the test show not only the existence of a causal relationship, but also the ability of energy price changes to predict food price dynamics. All this leads to the conclusion that in periods of significant changes in energy prices, food prices can be expected to follow similar dynamics within six months. This relationship could be used both for forecasting and for taking specific economic measures.

CURRENT ISSUES OF ECONOMIC CRIME PREVENTION IN THE CONTEXT OF MARTIAL LAW IN UKRAINE

The research is devoted to the study of topical issues of economic crime prevention under martial law in Ukraine. The paper presents a systematic analysis of the state of research on topical issues of economic crime prevention and its methodological tools. The insufficient level of research into the problems of economic crime prevention and the validity of preventive measures has an extremely negative impact on society, especially in the difficult times of martial law in Ukraine. The urgency of the problem is also growing due to the long-overdue need to improve the legal acts regulating the prevention of economic crime. An analysis of the functioning of state bodies in recent years has shown that the defined national security and defence strategy does not fully ensure the compliance of Ukraine's security sector in a scientifically sound and practical sense. A study of the state and trends of economic crime has shown a sharp increase in the number of this type of criminal offence, especially fraud, under martial law. It is also established that a significant part of economic crime in Ukraine is latent crime, the main reasons for which are the reluctance of the victims (mostly due to circumstances beyond their control), and in most cases the inability to report the offence committed against them, mainly in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine.

COUNTERING COLLABORATIONISM IN THE CONTEXT OF ARMED CONFLICT

The purpose of the article is to identify the peculiarities of combating collaborationism in the context of armed conflicts and to highlight the main areas for improving criminological policy in this area. It is established that collaborationism, in a broad sense, is a complex criminal phenomenon that arises as a result of the interaction of subjects of the communication process (individuals, certain organisations) or voluntary or forced cooperation with the aggressor. In a narrow sense, it is an act, the characteristics of which are defined, in particular, in Art. 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and which undermine the national security of Ukraine, pose a direct threat to the state sovereignty, territorial integrity, constitutional order and other national interests of Ukraine, and/or constitute conscious, voluntary and deliberate cooperation with the enemy in its interests and/or to the detriment of the state and its allies in the form of public denial by a citizen of Ukraine of armed aggression against Ukraine, establishment and confirmation of the temporary occupation of a part of the territory of Ukraine, or public calls by a citizen of Ukraine to support the decisions and/or actions of the aggressor state, armed formations and/or occupation administration of the aggressor state, to cooperate with the aggressor state, armed formations and/or occupation administration of the aggressor state, not to recognise the extension of the state sovereignty of Ukraine to the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. It is emphasised that with the entry into force of the Laws of Ukraine "On Criminalisation of Collaboration" and "On Amendments to the Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine to Improve Liability for Collaboration and Peculiarities of Application of Preventive Measures for Crimes Against the Fundamentals of National and Public Security" (2022), Ukraine has generally created a legal framework for preventing collaboration in the state. Results. The analysis has revealed the existence of problematic issues in countering collaboration in the current context of the armed conflict in Ukraine and allowed to propose ways of solving them, in particular the need to amend the sanctions of the Criminal Code to classify collaboration as a serious crime, since according to the Criminal Procedure Code the vast majority of covert investigative actions are carried out exclusively in criminal proceedings for serious or particularly serious crimes. These amendments will make it possible to properly document the criminal actions of "collaborators" and to significantly expand the legal scope of evidence collection in these crimes to include not only educational, but also cultural, athletic and sports institutions in the scope of collaboration, which will make it possible to investigate the dissemination of information in educational, cultural, sports and physical culture institutions aimed at distorting facts, historical culture and/or events, as such assimilation of Ukrainian children may lead to the loss of their national identity. It is expedient to change the construction of the provision, which is in line with the principle of legal certainty, and define the prohibited types of legal activities. Such a list is also provided for in the Law of Ukraine "On Ensuring Civil Rights and Freedoms, and the Legal Regime on the Temporarily Occupied Territory of Ukraine" (2014); Article 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine provides for alternative jurisdiction for pre-trial investigation of a criminal offence. In particular, in criminal proceedings on collaboration, the pre-trial investigation is carried out by the investigator of the body that initiated the investigation.

ECONOMIC CRIME IN THE FIELD OF REAL ESTATE

The scientific article is devoted to a comprehensive study of criminal law issues of economic crime in the field of real estate. The research paper examines a range of theoretical and practical issues of economic crime prevention and substantiates a number of provisions and conclusions that are new in conceptual terms and are important for legal science and law enforcement practice. The article proves that each state has a system of measures that protect each individual and society as a whole from offenders and restore justice. Insufficient research into the problems of economic crime and the validity of measures to prevent it has an extremely negative impact on the economic sphere of the state. The urgency of the problem is also growing due to the long-overdue need to improve the legal acts regulating the prevention of economic crime. A study of the state and trends of economic crimes has shown a sharp increase in their number under martial law, especially serious crimes. The article establishes that a significant part of economic crime is latent crime, the main reasons for which are the reluctance of the victims (mostly due to circumstances beyond their control) and, in most cases, the inability to report a crime committed against them, mainly in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. The authors studies and characterises two main levels of prevention of economic crime: general social and special criminological.

Methodological approaches to assessing the risks of water resources depletion in the context of climate change (using plain territories of Ukraine as an example)

The relevance of the work is determined by the necessity of quantitative assessment of the risks of water resources changes occurring in the early 21st century due to the greenhouse effect and corresponding climate changes. To evaluate climate risks the authors used a probabilistic approach which involves multiplying the indicator of water resource reduction by the probability of such event occurrence. Reduction of water resources caused by warming characterizes their "depletion". The study utilized the results of calculations of the average long-term annual "climate" runoff, determined through the "climate-runoff" model based on meteorological data of the averaged model trajectory of the EURO-CORDEX project for the climate change scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The calculation period extends from 2021 to 2050, while the baseline period continues from the beginning of observations until 1989. The comparison of the calculated climatic runoff and the baseline runoff was performed across meteorological stations. The assessment of the changes was carried out by calculating the relative deviation between the baseline and calculated runoff values. The probability of the "depletion" stage for water resources was determined as the ratio of the number of meteorological stations (grid nodes) where changes reached certain magnitudes to the total number of stations considered. The threshold indicators for the degree of depletion of water resources included changes exceeding 10% (statistically significant changes in water resources), 50% (water resources destruction), and 70% (irreversible destruction of water resources). The objective of the study consists in developing criteria for calculating climate risks and establishing the risks of formation of a tense, critical, and catastrophic state of water resources, taking Ukraine as an example. A detailed examination of the intervals of changes in water resources showed that the highest risk of their depletion over the period from 2020 to 2050 will be observed in the range from -20 to -40% (tense state) for the RCP4.5 scenario and from -30 to -60% (tense state) for the RCP8.5 scenario. It was established that the climate risks of depletion and irreversible depletion of water resources for the territory of Ukraine from 2020 to 2050 remain quite small, which is confirmed by the low probability of their occurrence. However, the risk values increase by 1.5 to 2.0 times for the RCP8.5 scenario compared to the RCP4.5 scenario. Additionally, for calculating the climate risks, it was proposed to use a relative area subject to depletion as an indirect indicator of losses (a larger area implies higher costs of restoration). This approach allowed for having more differentiated risk assessments. The developed methodology for assessing the climate risks of water resources depletion in the context of global warming can be applied for various models and countries.

Assessment of suitability of the Dniester River's water for drinking water supply

The Dniester is a transboundary river between Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova. It is the second longest river in Ukraine and the ninth in Europe. From its source to a town of Staryi Sambir, the Dniester flows through the Carpathian Mountains, then across the flat territory of Ukraine and Moldova. The Dniester Basin extends across seven regions in southwestern Ukraine (Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Khmelnytskyi, Vinnytsia, Chernivtsi and Odesa Regions). A small area of the river in its upper reaches is located in Poland. The basin's shape is a very elongated oval that is curved in the middle, about 700 km long with an average width of 120 km. As it flows into the Black Sea, the Dniester River forms the Dniester estuary in Odesa region (between Ovidiopol and Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi districts). The estuary area of the Dniester River is a complex landscape system at the sea-river-land contact. Drinking water is an important factor determining a person's health. Due to the intensive development of industry, agriculture and utility services, the number of pollutants that enter the environment and worsen the quality of drinking water in Ukraine keeps increasing. This increases the risk of toxic and infectious diseases spread among the population that consumes such low-quality water. That is why solving the problem of drinking water monitoring and assessment of its quality is a pressing task requiring urgent action. The article examines the quality of water for drinking needs at the water intake site of the Dniester River, a town of Biliaivka, for 2018-2022. Water quality assessment was carried out according to DSTU 4808: 2007 based on average and worst values. The methodology covers 80 indicators and, in accordance with sanitary legislation, is divided into seven separate groups (blocks). According to hygienic standards, the quality of river water is considered suitable for use if it belongs to quality classes 1-3. In this research, the analysis was carried out according to 23 indicators included in three groups, so the assessment is considered as tentative: Group I - organoleptic indicators (chromaticity, turbidity); Group II - general sanitary indicators (dry residue (mineralization), sulfates, chlorides, magnesium, alkalinity, hydrogen index, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, phosphate phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, bichromate oxidation (COD), BSK5); Group VII – toxicological parameters (total iron, manganese, chromium (VI), zinc, petroleum products, synthetic surface active agents (surfactants), volatile phenols). It was determined that, according to the average values, the water quality of the Dniester at the water intake site is characterized as "good", which means it has clean water of acceptable quality. As for the worst indicators, the water was assessed as transitional in quality from "good" (clean) to "satisfactory" (slightly polluted).

EU Association Agreement with Ukraine and Unrecognized Territories

The focus of this article is a legal analysis of the status of Crimea and the so-called Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People’s Republic (LPR) that are parts of the Ukrainian territory that was annexed and separated as a result of the Russian invasion. The authors state that Russia brutally violated the principles and norms of international law and that Russia’s military invasion has been condemned strongly by the international community. Moreover, international sanctions have been introduced against Russia and these territories. Russia’s annexation of Crimea and the unrecognized status of the so-called DPR and LPR largely determines the effects of the Association Agreement (AA) between the EU and Ukraine regarding these territories. The formation of a free trade area stipulated in the AA cannot cover Crimea or the so-called DPR and LPR. These territories and their populations cannot enjoy to the full extent the preferences obtained by Ukraine after the AA came into force. Ukrainian legislation concerning the legal status of Crimea and the so-called DPR and LPR is also analyzed in detail.

Problems of Implementation of Approaches to Identification of the Victims of Military Aggression on the Territory of Ukraine and Ways to Solve Them

The war in Ukraine has triggered a number of socially negative phenomena, including high mortality rates and a massive influx of mutilated, depersonalized victims of armed conflicts who need to be identified. Despite all the measures taken by the authorities, there are still a large number of unidentified corpses in Ukraine. At the same time, the course toward European integration requires addressing a number of issues related to ensuring the basic principles of international humanitarian law, according to which the body of every deceased person has the right to be identified and handed over to relatives for burial.

The religious dimension of Russia's war against Ukraine: the context of national security

The author highlights the current problems of the Ukrainian state in the context of Russia's large-scale war against Ukraine. The importance of studying the religious factor and its impact on Ukraine's national security is substantiated. It is shown how, with the “spiritual” support of its original assistant, the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC), the Moscow Patriarchate in Ukraine in the guise of the so-called Ukrainian Orthodox Church (UOC-MP) has been actively proclaiming the “gathering of Russian lands” for decades. This “hostile tandem” has been building a “Russian world” on Ukrainian territory with intolerance to everything Ukrainian, pursuing a collaborationist policy in Ukraine, lobbying for Russia's interests, and becoming an important tool for influencing the minds of a large number of people. With the restoration of the independence of the Ukrainian state, Orthodoxy was supposed to become a consolidating factor in the creation of the Ukrainian nation. Instead, for decades, the UOC-MP has been constantly deconsolidating Ukrainian society, sowing church discord, and discrediting Ukraine's political and spiritual leadership in the international arena. Such activities have resulted in not only the territorial but also the spiritual occupation of our country. It is concluded that the concept of the “Russian world”, cultivated for years in Ukraine by the Kremlin through its “Orthodox” structures of the Russian Orthodox Church and the UOC-MP, was mainly the basis for the invasion of Ukrainian territories by the occupiers, which later escalated into a large-scale national liberation war in 2022. The study used data from sociological services, official documents of church institutions, and analyzed Ukrainian legislation on related issues. Certain provisions of the study can be used to further analyze the activities and spheres of influence of the Moscow Patriarchate in order to prevent similar tragedies in the future.

Realization of the property right to land on the territory of Ukraine during the state of war

Realization of the property right to land on the territory of Ukraine during the state of war