Ukraine Research Articles

"Urgency" and "emergency" in the system of law-making proccess: conceptual and categorical dimension

It is indicated that the course of events at the global and regional levels of social development during recent years is difficult to characterize unambiguously from the standpoint of purely positive or negative aspects. However, it can be unequivocally noted that modern socio-political processes at the global and regional levels have a particularly sensitive effect on legal phenomena and processes. In the article, the author focuses on the relevance of the study of the conceptual and categorical foundations of the categories «urgency» and «emergency» and the peculiarities of their manifestation within the framework of law­making process. According to the author of the article, the achievement of the above is due to the need to carry out a comprehensive and conceptual analysis through the prism of scientific views and approaches of scientists. Attention was drawn to the fact that in connection with numerous factors of a subjective and objective nature, in particular, the duration of the war on the territory of Ukraine, the spread of the SARS- CoV-2 virus, the development of technologies, especially in the information field, the issues of new mechanisms for the development and adoption of the system are being updated normative legal acts taking into account the existing requirements and realities of the modern state of development of society, law and the state. Analysis of doctrinal approaches to this issue will provide clarification of the conceptual and categorical aspects of the relevant legal categories. It is substantiated that in cognitive terms it is expedient to analyze these legal categories through the prism of scientific views and concepts, which will allow generalizing their properties and improving their definitions. The content of the work includes a doctrinal analysis of the concepts of «urgency» and «emergency» as special legal categories. It was concluded that the categories «emergency» and «urgency» within the framework of law-making have a high level of relevance; require thorough, comprehensive scientific research within the framework of legal theory; are characterized by the presence of a common purpose, essential differences.

State of scientific research problems of judicial proceedings in civil jurisdiction

The article reveals current problems and the state of scientific research on judicial proceedings in civil proceedings. In particular, special attention is paid to the issue of justice. The definitions and content of justice given by both scientists and its normative basis are analyzed. It is established that some scientists define justice as the main function of the court, while others define it as a form of activity of the court itself. The proposed author’s definition of the concept of «justice». Issues of access to justice are highlighted. It is suggested that the issue of access to justice be classified as one of the main principles of the civil process. The availability of justice and access to court is considered in the context of the concept of basic human rights and freedoms. Access to justice is defined as a combination of such interrelated elements as unconditional freedom, state- guaranteed opportunity and equality of a person whose rights have been violated to apply for judicial protection of his rights and legitimate interests to a competent court; the duty of the court to accept the case for its proceedings, without applying formal reasons for refusal. Application of universal and unlimited court jurisdiction; guarantees of competitiveness, proper judicial procedures, which ensure reasonable terms of consideration of the case. Particular attention is paid to the main principles recommended by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe to member states regarding measures that facilitate access to justice. The opinions of scientists revealing the meaning of such principles as simplification of court proceedings, acceleration of proceedings and court costs are established. The work analyzes official statistical data for 2020 - 2023, regarding the number of cases that were considered in the order of simplified legal proceedings in all courts on the territory of Ukraine. It was concluded that, in minor cases, it would be appropriate to develop and implement national standards that would allow individuals to independently fill out understandable standard forms of procedural documents and submit them to the court, without consulting legal experts. It is proposed to use a differentiated approach to determine the size of the court fee depending on the person’s income or depending on the degree of difficulty of the case, taking into account the procedural costs and time for consideration of the case.

The procedure for selecting declarations for NACP’s full audit: novelties and challenges

Every year, from 600 to 900 thousand declarations are submitted to the Unified State Register of Declarations of Persons Authorized to Perform State or Local Governance Functions. Meanwhile, only 27 employees of the National Agency on Corruption Prevention (NACP) are responsible for conduction the full audit of these declarations. In such circumstances, the question of methodology under which the NACP selects declarations for full audit comes to the fore. Prior to the full-scale invasion on Ukrainian territory, national legislation had several provisions that defined the procedure for selecting declarations for full audit. The selection system in place at the time resulted in most full audits being conducted only on a very limited number of top officials. During martial law, in September 2023 - June 2024 the system of selecting declarations for full audit was significantly changed. Inter alia, the NACP adopted three new Procedures to regulate these issues. According to the updated regulations, all submitted declarations undergo a computerized risk assessment, after which declarations with the lowest risk are sent for automated audit, and the declarations with the highest risk are selected for full audit according to four levels of priority. While the new system of selection is certainly a significant step forward, it is not without drawbacks. Firstly, it involves unreasonable concealment of the rules of logical and arithmetic control (LAC) from the public, i.e. the criteria by which the NACP calculates the risk rating of each submitted declaration. Secondly, the institution of automated audit introduced in November 2023 is currently of low practical value and in some cases may even hinder the effective selection of declarations for full audit. To address these shortcomings, the NACP is recommended to make the LAC rules publicly available and provide an opportunity for their public discussion, as well as to abandon the mechanism of automated audit in the form in which it currently exists.

The right to education under the conditions of martial state

The right to education is one of the fundamental human rights approved in the Constitution of Ukraine. However, the war conditions taking place on the territory of Ukraine create significant challenges for ensuring this right. In this article, we analyze the problems that arise in the context of ensuring the provisions of Article 53 of the Constitution of Ukraine in conditions of war and offer ways to solve them. This article highlights the importance of ensuring the right to education under martial law in Ukraine and suggests practical measures to achieve this goal. The study of this topic contributes to the development of effective strategies for managing educational processes in wartime conditions. Ensuring the right to education in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine becomes a particularly acute problem due to active hostilities and occupation of territories. Military operations are accompanied by violations of human rights, including the right to education, which is contrary to international standards. Military aggression forces the evacuation of schools, universities and other educational institutions, which disrupts the educational process and creates difficulties for obtaining an education. The results of military operations have serious psychological consequences for children, youth and teaching staff, which negatively affects their learning and work capacity. The article analyzes the problem of ensuring the right to education under martial law. The challenges faced by Ukraine in providing educational opportunities during the war are investigated. Special attention is paid to strategies for protecting the right to education, including the role of international law, humanitarian aid programs and innovative approaches to education. Based on this analysis, recommendations are provided to improve the situation with the right to education in the conditions of military conflict. The problems of education during the legal regime of martial law are analyzed, the need to continue measures to guarantee the constitutional right to education is emphasized, since education is considered extremely important for the progress of society, the future of the country directly depends on the level of education, talents, culture and consciousness of the young generation.

Mechanisms of restoration of public authorities and justice in the de-occupied territories of Ukraine: theoretical and applied aspects

the context of russian aggression, which led to the temporary occupation of parts of the Ukrainian territory, there is a need to implement complex measures to restore sovereignty, law and order, and legality. The article reveals a number of important aspects, which include theoretical approaches to the restoration of public power, mechanisms for the restoration of justice, implementation of stabilization measures and practical aspects of their implementation in the de-occupied territories. The theoretical part of the article justifies the need to develop new legal norms that would take into account the specifics of the post-conflict situation, while integrating international standards and the experience of other countries that have undergone similar trials. The role of restoring trust in state institutions through reforming and modernizing the judicial system, ensuring the fair trial of cases, as well as ways of improving the efficiency of justice through the implementation of programs for rehabilitation and support of victims are considered. The mechanisms of restoring justice are highlighted, where the authors emphasize the need to strengthen the institutional base, create conditions for access to judicial protection, and bring to justice persons guilty of crimes during the occupation. Options for implementation of stabilization measures are discussed, in particular, restoration of infrastructure, provision of basic needs of the population, support of local business and creation of new jobs, which will contribute to social cohesion and restoration of public order. The conclusions emphasize the need for a systematic approach, comprehensive measures and adaptation to changing conditions for the successful restoration of law and order in the de-occupied territories. It is recommended to focus on the development of effective monitoring and evaluation mechanisms that will allow prompt response to challenges and adjustment of recovery strategies. This article will make an important contribution to the scholarly dialogue on restoring public power and justice in post-conflict development, providing valuable guidance for law enforcement and policy decisions.

Transhumanism, managerism and the special military operation in Ukraine

The article analyzes two ideologies that are the most important for the modern Transhumanism and managerialism as two ideologies most significant for the modern Western world have been analyzed. The study of these issues was carried out in the context of identifying the relationship between the Western elites’ support for Ukraine and the transformation processes that are taking place in the European Union and North America. The purpose of the study is to determine what social changes in the West lead to forming barriers to the peaceful resolution of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The work applied general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the comparative method of scientific cognition. Document analysis was used as an applied method of collecting empirical information (the study of information portals, state authorities’ and non-governmental organizations’ websites). As the study result, the following conclusions have been made. The transhumanism ideology in the countries of the European Union and North America is focused on creating a “society of the chosen”. The transhumanism and managerialism application leads to a significant increase in society manageability by accelerating traditional social ties disintegration. Western society transformation increases its vulnerability due to incomplete change of social values and internal resistance to transhumanism and managerialism. The special military operation on the territory of Ukraine is used to strengthen integration processes in the West.

ANALYSIS OF THE REGULATORY AND LEGAL BASE FOR THE FORMATION OF GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TEST SLOTS FOR THE CHECKING OF DEMINING MACHINES (HUMANITARIAN) BY FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE

The relevance of the chosen topic is determined primarily by the need to organize testing and certification activities, the introduction of international demining standards and NATO standards in humanitarian demining. To assess the suitability of demining machines under the same controlled conditions. This makes it possible to evaluate products under the same conditions and determine the most productive samples. This actualizes the need to define general requirements for test sites for testing mechanized means of humanitarian demining by functional purpose. It is worth improving approaches to the organization and functioning of test sites based on the existing international experience and new domestic developments. In the course of the conducted research, it was established that there is an urgent need to organize demining of territories in Ukraine, both for military tasks and for humanitarian demining tasks. It has been established that the lack of general requirements for test sites for conducting tests and assessing the conformity of demining means approved as a normative legal act is an urgent problem that needs immediate resolution. During the research, a classification of demining tools was carried out, which are divided into machines for detonation, destruction, removal of mines; machines for soil preparation; machines for detecting sources of danger, have different types of working equipment (excavator or bulldozer type) and different types of attached equipment: roller trawls, milling-rotor trawls, knife trawls, chain trawls, fighting trawls, mulchers for soil treatment. In accordance with the set goal, the article developed recommendations for determining general requirements for test areas of demining machines equipment, substantiated the quantitative and qualitative indicators of objects and elements of test areas for conducting certification tests of mechanical (humanitarian) demining equipment according to their functional purpose, which are based on the practices of conducting such works in Ukraine and other countries. The necessity of forming requirements for test areas for assessing the survivability and productivity of demining means is substantiated. In particular, with the definition of requirements for test sites and related infrastructure. Recommendations are given for the placement of the main and additional elements on the test plots. Recommendations were provided and an approximate scheme for the placement of the main objects and elements of test areas for the organization of certification tests was provided, which will allow to ensure the performance of testing and certification tasks at the level established by state and international standards. In general, the substantiation of the requirements for test sites and the adoption of general requirements for test sites at the level of a normative document will allow normalizing the processes of testing samples of mechanized demining equipment and will allow the implementation of mine action tasks in Ukraine at a new, organizationally and practically improved level.

MAIN TRENDS IN THE USE OF UNMANNED AIRCRAFT IN THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

One of the features of the russian-ukrainian war was the widespread and rapid use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Today, the range of tasks solved with their help is constantly expanding. Mainly – during independent combat work with the possible use of them both in automated troop control systems and autonomously as means of reconnaissance, conducting radio-electronic warfare or for air strikes, as well as means of targeting for high-precision weapons systems, relaying in communication systems "link". The article reviews the development of technologies for the use of UAVs during the large-scale invasion of the armed forces of the russian federation on the territory of Ukraine. A brief description of some Ukrainian-made UAVs has been determined. The most important parameters that must be taken into account before flying a multi- rotor UAV and the methods of their calculation are specified. The further course of events on the battlefield is predicted, taking into account the development of both UAVs and means of radio-electronic warfare. It is suggested that when choosing a rational option for the use of UAVs by the Defense Forces, they should use suitability criteria and mathematical expectation of loss of the combat potential of the enemy's group of troops (forces), taking into account complex radio-electronic conditions. Further research should be directed to the solution of practical tasks of implementing group control in the management of UAVs, which leads to an increase in the efficiency of UAV use. The application of swarms of unmanned systems has extremely high potential for effective execution of reconnaissance and reconnaissance-strike tasks on the battlefield. An important issue in the practical application of UAV swarms is the creation of specialized software for management and control.

Conservation of degraded and technologically contaminated lands of Ukraine damaged as a result of military aggression of the Russia: problems of legal regulation

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of legal regulation of conservation of degraded and technogenically polluted lands of Ukraine, which were damaged as a result of Russian hostilities. The article states that the military aggression of the Russian Federation has transformed the territory of Ukraine since 2014 into a military-technologically tense region of Europe. These events caused catastrophic consequences for the state of land resources and soils of the state. It was found that the constant use of military means of destruction is a powerful polluter of the soil cover and poses a direct threat to the population. It has been proven that one of the important factors that will contribute to the restoration of the condition of lands and soils in Ukraine after the end of hostilities is the use of land conservation, which is a powerful measure of land and soil protection, will contribute to the restoration of soil fertility and their further use. It is noted that to date there are certain deficiencies in the legislation of Ukraine in the field of conservation of technogenically polluted and degraded lands that have been violated as a result of the military aggression of the Russian Federation. The article establishes the expediency of supplementing the provisions of the Land Code of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine “On Land Protection” with the concept of technogenically polluted and degraded lands damaged as a result of military operations. It is noted that it seems appropriate to introduce a special legal regime for man-made and degraded lands subject to conservation as a result of hostilities and emergency situations. Conclusions were made about the necessity of conservation of technologically polluted and degraded lands that were damaged as a result of hostilities. The expediency of adding provisions to the land legislation of Ukraine regarding the protection and rational use of this type of land has been proven.

Analysis of scientific research on the sacred art of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukrainian territories

The aim of this study is to review the multi-volume scientific publications and monographs (single and collective) from 1993-2021 that examine the sacred art of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukrainian territories. The methodology and specifics of the main works are clarified, and problematic issues and difficulties encountered by researchers during their work are identified. Methodology. The study employs an integrated approach that utilises scientific analysis methods such as systematisation and generalisation. It also combines historical, cultural, art historical, and theological methods. This approach is appropriate, considering the liturgical purpose of sacred art and the requirements set by the Catholic Church based on the Holy Scriptures. Research results. A review of scientific works in multi-volume publications, as well as individual monographs, suggests that the sacred art of the Roman Catholic Church in Western Ukraine was formed over many centuries. Researchers have studied over 500 shrines and tens of thousands of liturgical items of significant historical, cultural, and artistic value. Renowned scholars, including Jan K. Ostrowski, A. Betlej, T. Zaucha, K. Brzezina, P. Krasny, R. Quirini-Poplawski, J. Petrus, S. Lenartowicz, M. Biernat, M. Walczak, J. Skrabski, M. Kurzej, R. Nesteruw, T. Kukiz, and others (Polish edition), M. Buchek, I. Sedelnyk (Polish, Ukrainian edition), D. Antoniuk (Ukrainian edition), and others, conducted a comprehensive study, inventory, and attribution of these monuments. Scientific novelty. The obtained results highlight the challenges of studying sacred art monuments in Ukraine during the specified period. The specifics and methodology used by Ukrainian and foreign scholars in scientific research are identified through multi-volume scientific publications and monographs (individual and collective). Recommendations. Further historical, cultural, and art historical research is required to complement previous publications and enhance our understanding of the specifics of sacred art, particularly painting. This research will also reveal the methodology and technology used in creating these monuments. It is crucial to preserve these sacred monuments from destruction, especially during the period of military invasion by the Russian Federation since 24 February 2022

Medical care for the population as a factor of reintegration of the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine

Medical care for the population as a factor of reintegration of the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine

Ukraine’s water security under pressure: Climate change and wartime

Ukraine’s water resources depend on external water flow and are unevenly distributed across the country. Water security in Ukraine is threatened by climate-related risks, including droughts and floods, resulting in substantial economic losses. But the greatest risks to water security are posed by military operations. Russia’s occupation of the southeastern part of the territory of Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea in 2014, along with the start of a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, further worsened the state of Ukraine’s water resources. The destruction of the Kakhovka reservoir deprived Ukraine of 10% of its water resources, which were used to support the agricultural and industrial South of Ukraine. It has caused a loss of access to quality drinking water for 6 million people in Ukraine and more that 13 million people have a limited access to water for satisfying sanitary and hygienic needs. The continuation of the war will have multiple negative sustainability implications not only in Ukraine but also on a global scale, hampering the achievement of clean water and sanitation, conservation and sustainable use of water resources and energy, and food security.

Mantas Kvedaravičius’s Mariupolis (2016) and Šarūnas Bartas’s Frost (2017): Soft Advocacy for the Ukrainians in the Russo-Ukrainian War

This article examines the visual testimonies and evidence of the Russo-Ukrainian War in its initial phase, shortly after Russia annexed Crimea in 2014, in the films of two Lithuanian filmmakers, Šarūnas Bartas and Mantas Kvedaravičius, who took the stance of advocates and made their internationally acclaimed films, namely the mixed-genre feature Frost (2017, dir. Š. Bartas) and the documentary Mariupolis (2016, dir. M. Kvedaravičius), in war zones, when international media coverage of the ongoing military operations on Ukrainian territory was gradually decreasing, along with political and other support. In these films, viewers do not see the apparent warfare, the clashes between the Ukrainian army and Russian troops or separatist fighters. But they do see the testimonies of Ukrainians, captured on film and mobile phone cameras, and they see images of despair and anxiety, destroyed settlements and lives that prove that the war has been going on since 2014. The article explores what makes these films an instrument of soft advocacy for the Ukrainians in the war, drawing on the prevailing concepts of advocacy in film and media studies.

How War Is Rebordering Ukraine

Ukraine’s border regions have been long associated with the country’s cultural and linguistic diversity, but also with political cleavages and alternative geopolitical orientations. The annexation of Crimea by Russia and the military conflict in Donbas violently reshaped Ukraine’s eastern borderlands and led to alienation between the two countries. At the same time, the Ukraine-EU Association Agreement and visa-free regime facilitated the growing reorientation of Ukrainian society toward Europe. The 2022 Russian invasion, occupation of further Ukrainian territories and mass displacement intensified these trends. While the war is forging the country together, it is experienced in very different ways in its regions, and these collective experiences will matter for postwar Ukrainian politics.

Comparative evaluation of the therapeutic effect of combined schemes for therapy and rehabilitation in acute respiratory infections with the inclusion of immunocorrective and sedative agents in children from 6 months to 6 years on the background of stress disorders in the conditions of war in Ukraine

Background. Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are one of the most common groups of diseases in the practice of pediatricians. Stressful factors affect the immune system, reducing its effectiveness and leading to direct impact on the nervous system and the occurrence of its disorders: sleep changes, the development of a post-traumatic stress disorder, a decrease in the quality of life, especially during the last years in wartime conditions in Ukraine. The latter requires improving the implementation of combined therapeutic approaches to increase a short- and long-term effect on the health of the youngest children. Aim of the study: to increase the effectiveness of treatment and rehabilitation of children from the youngest age group (6 months to 6 years) with ARIs against the background of stress disorders of the war in Ukraine by using comprehensive schemes with the inclusion of immunocorrective (the drug with immunocorrective properties contained a complex of ultra-low-dose dilutions of gamma interferon antibodies, histamine antibodies, CD4 antibodies) and sedative (the drug with sedative properties contained antibodies to the brain-specific protein S100) agents. Material and methods. The study involved 119 children aged 6 months to 6 years who had ≥ 5 episodes of ARIs (55 %) during the previous year and permanently lived in almost the entire territory of Ukraine (Kyiv, Kharkiv, Lviv, Dnipro, Zaporizhzhia, Odesa, Kropyvnytskyi, Vinnytsia, Kryvyi Rih, Zhytomyr, Cherkasy, Poltava, Sumy, Berdychiv, Romny, Bila Tserkva). The study was carried out as part of the program for outpatient observation of children with various manifestations of ARIs against the background of stress damage to the nervous system who took drugs with immunocorrective properties (scheme (1)) alone and in combination with a sedative agent (scheme (1+2)). The drug with immunocorrective pro­perties contained a complex of ultra-low-dose dilutions of gamma interferon antibodies, histamine antibodies, CD4 antibodies, and the drug with sedative properties — antibodies to the brain-specific protein S100. The observation period was October-December 2023. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using GraphPad Prism 9.0 Software for Windows (USA, San Diego, CA). Results. The combined therapeutic approach of the scheme (1+2) showed a significantly better effect on fever, duration of low fever, sore throat, runny nose, bronchitis symptoms, manifestations of respiratory infection, assessed by the Wisconsin Questionnaire, as well as stress, sleep disorders, and changes in the quality of life on the 5th day of treatment and after 1 month of observation. The comparative evaluation of scheme (1) and scheme (1+2) showed a significant diffe­rence in favor of the effectiveness of the latter, which is ensured by its additional sedative and anti-anxiety action, resulting in a direct positive effect on stress-induced disturbances of the nervous system and an indirect — on the immune response, which in general increases the effectiveness of solving the problem of ARI therapy in children aged 6 months to 6 years, who for 2.5 years were constantly in psycho-traumatizing and socially oppressed conditions of the war in Ukraine. The analysis of satisfaction with the treatment effect according to the international IMOS scale during the observation period showed positive results and a high level of evaluation by both parents and doctors. Conclusions. The use of a combination of reme­dies with immunocorrective and sedative effects showed their high mutual enhancing effectiveness in the treatment and rehabilitation of children aged 6 months to 6 years, suffering from ARIs, and in the correction of stress disorders caused by the war in Ukraine.

Women’s rights in Ukrainian territories according to Lithuanian statutes and customary law in the 16th century – the first half of the 17th century: a comparative analysis

The article analyses the rights of women in the Ukrainian territories in the 16th – first half of the 17th century according to the Lithuanian statutes and customary law. The influence of the Orthodox Church on the marriage life of this period is highlighted, in particular, the attention is focused on the different views of the church and the community on marriage and divorce. According to the article, women’s personal and property rights were regulated by both certain legal provisions and customary law. In particular, on the basis of Lithuanian statutes, women enjoyed judicial protection, had rights in civil law relations when signing contracts and compensation for damages on an equal footing with men. The author emphasised that only those articles of the Lithuanian statutes that did not contradict the rules of customary law were implemented in practice. Customary law, transmitting the moral experience of generations, continued to have a decisive influence on the exercise of property rights and women’s rights in marriage until the end of the seventeenth century, when women's rights were fully protected. It is stated that from the second half of the seventeenth century, after the loss of autonomy by the Hetmanate, a period of restriction of property, family and social rights of women begins. The standard of spousal behaviour became the Domostroy, according to the provisions of which the parity between a man and a woman was completely cancelled. The wife's behaviour was clearly regulated, and in case of non-compliance with the proposed regulations, she was punished by both her husband and the church, which was completely contrary to both the Lithuanian statutes and Ukrainian customary law. It is emphasised that in developing effective mechanisms for ensuring women's rights in modern Ukrainian society, it is necessary to refer to the successful experience of observing women's equality in the sixteenth and first half of the seventeenth centuries, when the autonomy and independence of Ukrainian women became their main national features.

Galicia and Donbass as Ideal models of regional identity: sociocultural roots of the confrontation between Western and Eastern Ukraine

The article examines ideal models of regional identity in Ukraine – Galicia and Donbass. It is emphasised that Ukraine, having become a sovereign state and appeared on the political map of the world in 1991, faced the problem of a pronounced mosaic of regions. Individual regions were included in Ukraine already formed as distinctive entities with stable features of culture and way of life of the population. The authors emphasise that on the territory of Ukraine there coexisted a number of territorial complexes that were rather weakly connected with each other, and their subordination to various states due to frequent changes in borders determined their complex interaction. The processes of changing the political affiliation of regions actualise the identification issue, and identity in such conditions turns into a kind of demiurge of reality and can act as the main, and sometimes the only source of meanings. The declaration of independence by Ukraine actualised historically formed contradictions, previously existing mainly latently. The article proves the existence of socio-cultural regions, unique ethno-territorial communities, creating a continuum with a clearly expressed dichotomy - Donbass and Galicia. Beginning from the first years of Ukraine's independence, the image of the new independent country as a great European power, the formation of which has always been hindered and continues to be hindered by Russia, was actively introduced into the consciousness of citizens. That is, a project was promoted based on Galician nationalism (with an emphatically Russophobic basis) and the concept of the "titular Ukrainian nation". In turn, regionalist sentiments in the Eastern Ukraine showed that regional identity can have great potential for the social integration of citizens. Since the 1990s, Donbass has often acted as an object of deliberate "otherness" on the part of the Ukrainian political and cultural elite, which was a contrasting background in the context of the practices of national construction in Ukraine. The authors conclude that the formation of Ukrainian national identity was carried out in a very contradictory manner and was characterised by a clear dominance of regional identity in the Eastern Ukraine against the background of the total promotion of the Galician project, and since 2014, its promotion has been carried out by armed means. However, the violent desire to level the regional identity of the inhabitants of the Eastern Ukraine launched the process of secession of the region - the self-proclamation of the DPR and LPR and their subsequent inclusion in the Russian Federation in 2022.

LOADS ON SUBMERGED WALLS OF PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES

The intensification of military operations on the territory of Ukraine, which are accompanied by missile attacks and bombing of territories, requires the use of reliable protective structures. Modern codes require the provision of each new building with storage facilities that guarantee the safety of life and health of citizens, so the correct determination of all loads on the structural elements of protective structures is an urgent issue. Taking into acoount the fact that the previous codes were somewhat outdated and had limited access for a long time, a significant event was the adoption in 2023 of new codes for the design of protective structures of civil defence. The main requirements and recommendations of SBC B.2.2-5:20023 were taken into account when conducting research on determining the loads on buried walls of bomb shelters. Such structures, as we know, perceive a constant load from the lateral pressure of the soil, which during an explosion is supplemented by an episodic load from the action of an air wave. Modern specialized literature contains rather limited information on scientific research and development in the field of design of protective structures. An actual issue is also the study of the influence of determining factors on the intensity of the load on the walls of buried protective structures and the possibility of its adjustment in order to reduce it. Taking into account the nature of the distribution of loads on the underground walls of bomb shelters, a dependence was obtained to determine the resulting active pressure and quasi-static load caused by the action of an air wave. The pressures from the soil and the blast wave at different orientations of the contact wall and for different types of soil environment were studied. The loads in contact of a smooth and rough wall with sandy, sandy and loamy soils with different indicators of physical and mechanical characteristics were considered. The obtained results indicate a significant influence of the geometric parameters of the wall and the features of the contact soil on the resulting pressure, which can vary depending on the studied factors by 10-20%, which indicates the possibility of reducing the load on protective structures, operating with the considered indicators.

ANCIENT CEREAL CULTURE FOR THE MODERN GROAT INDUSTRY

At the origin of wheat-spelt breeding in Ukraine is the outstanding scientific breeder Fedir Pariy. As of today, seven varieties of wheat-spelt have been entered into the Register of plant varieties suitable for distribution in the territory of Ukraine. The first variety of spelt wheat Triticum spelta L. "Zoria Ukrainy" was entered into the register in 2011, and from that began the active study of this type of hulled wheat not only by breeders, but also by technologists, the goal of which was the introduction of hulled wheat in the domestic grain processing industry. Two years later, in 2013, the second variety of domestic spelled wheat "Yevropa" was entered into the register, the work on the selection of which was also headed by Fedir Pariy. The following varieties of spelt wheat were entered into the Register relatively recently during 2017-2021: Attergauer Dinkel (2016), Evrika (2017), Mv Martongold (2018), Vyshyvanka bilotserkivska (2018), Bilberi (2021). Considering wheat-spelt grain as a potential raw material for cereal production, it can be noted that thanks to the excellent chemical composition of the grain and its affinity with the grain of traditional wheat, it can be concluded that it can be processed at domestic grain factories of different productivity, using at the same time as the traditional available on technological equipment at the enterprise, and when building new lines and factories, use more modern solutions offered by world leaders in the production of technological equipment, such as the Buhler company. At the same time, it is possible to produce both a higher-quality product, traditional for the Ukrainian consumer, such as "Artek" and "Poltavska"groats, and to focus on the production of a new range of wheat products - the production of whole groats and flaked kernels, which in turn, with rational construction and the use of more efficient technological equipment, will give be able to produce functional and dietary food products. In addition, due to such products, the export potential of the grain processing industry can be increased, especially taking into account the small amount of spelt wheat cultivation in the countries of the European Union, with the constant increase in demand for environmentally friendly and high-quality products that are available in these countries, with the right approach, can make Ukraine an exporter of wheat-spelt processing products to EU countries and beyond.

Assessment of the quality of forecasts of seasonal fluctuations of budget revenues as part of effective management of public finances in Ukraine

Seasonal fluctuations in revenues to the budgets of Ukraine at different levels can significantly affect the fulfillment of financial obligations of the state and territorial communities, especially in conditions of martial law. The accuracy of forecasting such fluctuations becomes critically important for the formation of a balanced budget policy and ensuring timely financing of priority state programs. The purpose of the article is to assess the quality of forecasts of seasonal fluctuations in budget revenues of different levels in Ukraine during martial law. The research is aimed at increasing the efficiency of financial management in the crisis, which, in turn, will contribute to strengthening the economic security and stability of Ukraine. It is a continuation of the authors' previous research. Within the framework of the study, the actual indicators of receipts of the largest budget-forming taxes to the state budget of the Volyn region and to the local budgets of the Volyn region for January–May 2024 were analyzed and compared with previously obtained forecast data. To assess the quality of forecasts, a scale was used, according to which the accuracy of forecasts is ranked depending on the value of the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the forecast as follows: high (<=10%), good (10.1–20%), satisfactory (20.1–40%), poor (40.1–50%), unsatisfactory (>50%). It was found that during the analyzed period, the accuracy of forecasts of seasonal revenues to the state budget in the Volyn region for VAT from goods imported into the customs territory of Ukraine was good (the MAPE of forecasts was 18.8%); for customs duties on goods imported by business entities – satisfactory (28.2%); for personal income tax paid by tax agents from the taxpayer's income in the form of wages – high (6.4%); for excise tax on vehicles imported into the customs territory of Ukraine – satisfactory (39.5%). It was determined that the accuracy of forecasts of seasonal revenues to the local budgets of the Volyn region for personal income tax paid by tax agents from the taxpayer's income in the form of wages was high (the MAPE of forecasts was 6.4%); for the single tax on individuals – satisfactory (25.0%); for land tax on legal entities – satisfactory (39.7%); for rent from legal entities – high (3.8%).