Territorial System Research Articles

Convergence of the materialistic and idealistic in the methodology of urban planning

The realities of the present require changes and development of urban methodology as a science of methods covering the entire methodological chain – from clarifying concepts, streamlining tasks and establishing characteristics of objects to methods of analysis, evaluation and justification of decisions, and urban planning design and management of urban development. The purpose of this study is to provide an in-depth understanding of the methodology of urbanism in the context of convergence (rapprochement, interconnection, interpenetration) of materialistic and idealistic approaches, and to streamline and develop methodological tools for urban planning. Urban planning activity is considered a set of purposes, criteria, priorities, and constraints. The multiplicity of purposes – strategic, tactical, regulatory, and criteria – necessitates changes in methodology, analysis and assessment of spatial situations, and justification of decisions, including the requirements of multicriteria. The design of territorial systems is oriented towards integrated development, increasing the validity and efficiency of the implementation of the concepts of their spatial organisation. The study is methodological – it emphasises the significance of improving the methodological culture and developing the urbanist’s systemic thinking (reflection, worldview), their creative potential and the set of professional knowledge, skills and abilities to implement projects and other functions of professional activity. It is extremely important in the era of large databases and the Internet, changes in planning and research practices, increased capacity and depth of information analysis, and the emergence of new techniques and procedures. Integration of new research methods should be designed to obtain new knowledge about processes and phenomena, establish regularities and increase the validity of the principles of organisation, functioning and development of urbanised systems and territories

Home or away? Profit shifting with territorial taxation

In 2009, the United Kingdom abolished the taxation of profits earned abroad and introduced a territorial tax system. Under the territorial system, firms have strong incentives to shift profits abroad. Using a difference-in-differences research design, we show that the profitability of UK subsidiaries in low-tax countries increased after the reform compared to subsidiaries of non-UK multinationals in the same countries by an average of 2 percentage points. The shifted profits originate largely in the UK headquarters and its domestic affiliates, not in other high-tax affiliates.

Drina Transboundary Biosphere Reserve—Opportunities and Challenges of Sustainable Conservation

This study aims to explore the opportunities and challenges of sustainable conservation in the Drina Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (TBR Drina). Two countries in 2004 launched activities on the designation of TBR Drina, which would make a unique territorial system of Tara National Park (NP Tara) in the Republic of Serbia and Drina National Park (NP Drina) in the Republic of Srpska/Bosnia and Herzegovina. Through the analysis of institutional and legal jurisdiction, the authors presented the management system of protected areas in both countries, with detailed insight into the specific mechanisms of government functioning and management in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its complex state apparatus represents the biggest limiting factor for the formation of TBR Drina. Through qualitative research, the researched area’s natural, cultural-historical, and socio-economic potentials were identified and recommendations were made for their optimal valorization and utilization. Research has shown that the natural, cultural-historical conditions of TBR Drina represent the potential for development, in contrast to the socio-economic conditions that make up its limiting factor. By planning through the cooperation between the border regions of both countries through support at the state level, TBR Drina can be recovered gradually, with the relative coexistence of ecological, social, and economic components of space, in the forthcoming period.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИРІШЕННЯ ПИТАНЬ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНО- ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНОГО УСТРОЮ ВІЙСЬКОВО-ЦИВІЛЬНИМИ ТА ВІЙСЬКОВИМИ АДМІНІСТРАЦІЯМИ

The article is devoted to the analysis of peculiarities of resolving issues of administrative-territorial system by militarycivilian administration and military administrations using the methods inherent in military administration, it is determined of their list, is on the basis of the analysis of legal acts, the current legislation and scientific works. It is considered organizational and legal forms of exercise by the subjects of powers in the studied field and ways of regulating their competence. It is revealed that the method of partial regulation was used to regulate the competence of military-civilian administration in the field of administrative-territorial system solving issues of in the legislation, when only their most important powers are determined. At the same time the competence of military administrations in the specified field is defined by dual — the way of the subject to the powers (own powers) and which are only presented in the legal context and in a combined manner (expanded powers). It is argued that the legal status of military-civilian administrations and military administrations in a multi-level hierarchical system of subordination in certain cases causes additional approvals in resolving the issues of administrative and territorial system. It has been proven that the legal regime of Martial law has been affected by the process of resolving the military administrations of the administrative-territorial system, and therefore this process can exclude the stages of public hearings, publication on official websites and other media information on disposal information the heads of these administrations. Considering the national nature of solving the issues of administrativeterritorial system, their importance and relevance, it is suggested to switch to the way of whole regulatory regulation of competence military-civilian administration and military administrations the author formulates proposals for improving the current legislation in the specified field.

Proposals to Promote Ecological Stability and Landscape Biodiversity Conditions in the Land Consolidation Project: A Case Study of Horný Vinodol, Slovakia

Abstract The paper discusses proposals for measures to protect the environment by promoting ecological stability and biodiversity conditions of agricultural land. It is a proposal of elements of the local territorial system of ecological stability (LTSES) for the purposes of land consolidation project (LCP) projects in compliance with specified methods, by way of the example of cadastral unit of Horný Vinodol. The proposal of the LTSES project comprised analytical, synthetical and design parts. Within the proposals, 12 elements of local importance were selected: two biocorridors, seven interacting elements and three windbreaks. In order to increase the ecological stability of the landscape, 10 framework management measures were proposed. The proposals were fully transferred into the LCP in the so-called general principles of the functional organisation of the territory. At the same time, all allocated elements of the LTSES meet the criteria of green infrastructure elements, providing ecosystem services.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STATE REGIONAL POLICY REGARDING THE ACTIVATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF DECENTRALIZATION

The implementation of state regional policy is closely interconnected with the reform of the administrative and territorial system, fiscal decentralization, development and stimulation of the competitive foundations of the economy, strengthening the role of local self-government. The purpose of the study is to justify the implementation of state regional policy to solve the problems of financing regions and territorial communities in conditions of decentralization. The article examines how the mechanism of state support for regions has changed, which led to the need to review approaches and principles of state regional policy formation. It is substantiated that the creation of a new regional support tool – the State Fund for Regional Development (SFRD) should contribute to the development of territorial communities. It has been established that the effective functioning of the DFRD allows financing of regional development projects to be initiated in Ukraine on a competitive basis and in accordance with regional development strategies and action plans for their implementation.

FUNCTIONING OF CAPABLE TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES IN UKRAINE: SOCIO-GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS

The article analyzes the results of the activities of territorial communities in 2020-2021, as well as the methodology for determining their capacity, from a socio-geographical perspective. The main advantages of reforming the basic level of the administrative and territorial system are indicated, the main trends and factors of the formation of successful communities are revealed.
 The methodology of the formation of capable territorial communities, defined by the authors of the reform, contains criteria for the size, population, accessibility zones of new administrative centers, as well as the presence of social, educational and household infrastructure. Such communities of villages, towns, and cities are considered capable, which, as a result of voluntary association, are able to independently ensure the appropriate level of services provision in the field of education, culture, health care, social protection, housing and communal services, while taking into account personnel resources, financial support and infrastructure development of the corresponding administrative and territorial unit. At the same time, the financial capacity and infrastructural security of a territorial community depends on many socio-geographical factors: favorable location, effective use of the socio-economic and demographic potential of community centers, development of transport links, etc.
 In particular, it was found that communities of regional centers, large cities, as well as satellite communities of these cities or with a powerful business sector have the best financial indicators. Large enterprises of wealthy communities are the main tax payers and jobs provider for residents, as well as sponsors of the construction of social infrastructure facilities (kindergartens, sports complexes, etc.). An interesting fact is that the rating of the most successful communities in 15 regions of Ukraine is headed by rural communities. A significant number of communities have not benefited from financial decentralization and the level of their subsidy is more than 50%.These are communities in general, with a significant share of the rural population, where there are not enough jobs, the entrepreneurial sector, and, accordingly, tax revenues.These are also large communities of sparsely populated areas with a demographic crisis situation, where there are problems with the transport connection of villages, remoteness from the center of the community. We counted the number of communities by region that at the end of 2021 had a subsidy level of more than 50% and the number of those with a subsidy level higher than the average for Ukraine (14.5%). Thus, the maximum number of subsidized communities is in Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk and Zakarpattia regions. In the Lviv region, only in Strilkivska and Borynska communities, subsidies amount to more than 50%. In general, in the 16 regions of Ukraine, rural communities are the most subsidized: the 5-8 poorest communities in each region are mostly rural and peripheral, only 1 urban - Vatutinska, the rest ones - townships.
 The question of the capacity of the community is also related to the controversial changes that are taking place regarding the optimization of the network of secondary education institutions. Support institutions are being created in urban and town communities, as well as in the centers of rural communities, which receive a larger amount of funding and better conditions for development. On the other hand, subsidized communities cannot finance small rural schools. Over 2 years in Ukraine, the status of almost 670 schools was lowered, and 918 schools were closed, and this process will continue in the future.
 Therefore, the self-organization of the population and local authorities in communities has become an important factor of self-defense and resistance in the conditions of a full-scale invasion of the Russian aggressor. Thus, after the end of the war, the support and provision of self-government of territorial communities will become an important condition for the reconstruction of the state. At the same time, it will be necessary to improve the mechanism of formation of local budgets, as well as the methodology of determining the capacity of territorial communities
 Consequently, in a special period, it is worth providing exclusively state financing of educational and medical institutions, especially in the front-line regions. Obviously, it will not be possible to avoid another stage of consolidation, primarily to ensure the real capacity of territorial communities in areas with a deep crisis demographic situation. Using the potential of capable communities, developing their infrastructural and industrial base will contribute to strengthening the grassroots link of the administrative and territorial system as well as to ensuring the national security of the state.
 Key words: capable community, decentralization, financial capability, infrastructural capability.

Застосування в Україні успішого досвіду країн Європейського Союзу в реформуванні адміністративно-територіального устрою та кар’єрної служби

Проаналізовано шляхи проведення реформ адміністративно-територіального устрою в країнах ЄС (Німеччині, Румунії, Данії, Австрії, Естонії, Грузії, Латвії) у площині застосування в Україні успішного досвіду. Досліджено аспекти співпраці з проектами міжнародної технічної допомоги і міжнародними організаціями. Проаналізовано кар’єрну службу в органах місцевого самоврядування у ФРН.

Il Chaco Salteño. Specificità e fragilità del sistema territoriale indigeno

The Chaco Salteño is a region in northwest Argentina of great ecological and anthropological interest. Starting from the second half of the nineteenth century, the area underwent a progressive process of land exploitation, with serious ecological and social consequences. Given the low population density, large-scale industrial systems such as intensive livestock farms, monocultures and oil wells met little resistance and proliferated rapidly causing massive deforestation. As a result the habitat of the different ethnic groups inhabiting the region was radically altered. The indigenous territorial system, based on a strong harmonious relationship between society and nature was disrupted. The damage was not only to the material conditions of life, but above all to the ability to hand down and preserve their cultural identity. It was only since the beginning of the 2000s, after decades of exploitation, that legislation attempted to halt the process of extractivism and guarantee land rights to the people who have inhabited these territories since pre-Columbian times. The goals tbe research reported here was to analyze the consequences of environmental alterations on the current indigenous territorial systems. The specificities of the territorial dynamics of the indigenous world within the question of development linked to local resources could lead to important reflections on contemporary settlement patterns, especially in times of adverse social and climatic changes.

Анализ межкомпонентных связей в метагеосистемах на основе имитационного моделирования

The article focuses on solving the scientific problem of quantitative analysis of intercomponent relationships in metageosystems of different hierarchical levels by using the method of simulation modeling. Studying the structure and properties of metageosystems proved to be based on the analysis of the regularities of interaction of the territorial components distributed in space. A list of requirements for the framework of simulation models of spatial processes is formulated, an algorithm for developing a model that describes the spatial-temporal processes occurring in territorial systems is presented. There have been singled out two directions for developing the framework of simulation modeling of spatial processes: deductive, in which the model building system must be initially designed in order to achieve the coverage 
 of solutions to the maximum number of tasks, and inductive, in which positive changes in the particular models turn into the basis for the development of the simulation framework. The combined use of deductive and inductive strategies will evolutionize the upgraded modeling framework and optimize the particular solutions developed on its basis. As an example of implementation of a software package that demonstrates the possibilities of simulation modeling for solving the problem of analyzing intercomponent relations in metageosystems there has been developed an information system for modeling traffic flows in urban metageosystems. The developed system consists of the following modules: a map editor, a component for working with a database, a subsystem for visualizing interactive graphical web interfaces, an auxiliary module for performing the necessary mathematical calculations, a subsystem for modeling urban traffic, and a recommender subsystem for generating recommendations based on rules. The implemented software package for simulating traffic flows in urban metageosystems can be used to create dynamic transport models able to predict the flow depending on the situation. The model serves as a tool for making strategic decisions regarding the development of the spatial struc-ture of a city or region. The system modules aggregate interacting with each other and ensure the reliable and uninterrupted operation of the simulation system as a whole.

Modeling approaches and tools of the mutual influence of the migration activity of the population and economic development of the territories

Introduction of sanctions restrictions, curtailment of international relations that caused significant reduction of volume of foreign trade turnover and the intensity of interaction between the world countries in technological and financial area, is continuing to have a significant impact on the economic development of the Russian Federation. One of the topical tasks within the general issues of improving strategic planning mechanisms is extending the opportunities for application of the existing methods and tools for identifying the degree of interrelationship between the economic development of the territorial entities and dynamics of the migration process including the perspective of the further creation of forecast scenarios for changes in the migration attractiveness of the entities of the Russian Federation. An effective tool for solving this problem is development and implementation of various economic and mathematical models that provide the opportunity for identifying the key factors affecting the migration activity of the population, carrying out scenario forecasting to evaluate the effect of various measures of government regulation on the dynamics of social and economic development of the territories in the medium- and long-term perspectives. The study in hand involves comparative assessment of well-known approaches and tools used for imitative modelling of economic and demographic development of territorial systems with different level. The authors have conducted the analysis that made it possible to reveal the opportunities and the limits of their practical implementation within the task of evaluating the mutual influence of the migration activity of the population and economic development of the territories. Taking into account the results of assessment, the authors formulate basic principles and requirements for establishing an appropriate set of modelling tools. They justify the approach to studying the mutual influence of the migration activity of the population and economic development of the region based on the complex application of imitation modelling methods, indistinct logic, parameter analysis as well as geographical information technologies. Complex application of these methods will provide for the development of mechanisms of regulating interregional migration and allow establishing the measures for ensuring sustainable development of the economics of the regions of the Russian Federation in the long-term perspective.

Key Principles of Governing Business-Incubator in University

Efficiency of economy development directly depends on implementation of measures supporting business entities, including upgrading entrepreneurial infrastructure. This problem was repeatedly discussed at the highest level of state governance of the Russian Federation, in particular within the frames of the President of Russian address to the Federal Assembly in 2021. Business-incubators are a key element of such infrastructure. It should be pointed out that specialized literature has not thoroughly studied the issue of business-incubators functions in today’s economy. In general these functions can be differentiated in accordance with the stage of macro-economic development and overall strategy of finance and economic policy observed within the frames of a concrete state, depending on geopolitical situation, trends in global economy changes, possible foreign economic preferences and risks. Effectiveness of today’s incubator development, viewed both in finance and social aspect directly depends on the quality of methodological tools of their functioning efficiency appraisal. The article gives a classification of business-incubators by a number of important economic and managerial criteria, which gives a chance to find their most preferable type depending on strategic goals and objectives of developing the incubator’s founder and general functioning requirements of the relative territorial (federal, regional or municipal) system of entrepreneurial work support. The author underlines that today’s business-incubator should possess a multi-sectoral character, it should be set up for the conventionally unlimited period, provide system and various finance support to residents , be integrated into space of digital economy, realize its own education programs of different profile and have a preventive model of management. Business-incubator is considered in two aspects. In a wider sense it is a specialized social and economic institution oriented to provision of long-term rise in intensity and finance and economic efficiency of entrepreneurial activity at the expense of favorable conditions for locating potentially competitive businessstructures at the initial stage of their life cycles on special territories. In the narrower sense business-incubator is an entity of territorial (federal, regional or municipal) system of supporting entrepreneurial initiatives, which could ensure their progressive development at the expense of providing production, technological, finance, information, consultative and other resources on preference or free of charge basis.

New models of destination governance between creative intelligence and territorial dialogue: HERIBITS digital platform

The complexity of territorial tourism systems is reflected today in the dynamism of the so-called “digital ecosystems”, such as hyper-connected territorial systems that require integrated government actions oriented to marketing and destination governance strategies. These planning scenarios involve a participatory vision, able to activate virtuous formulas of integrated design of spaces for tourist use, as well as some action of social dialogue and territorial animation. In order to highlight the narrative elements and the related aspects of governance of the destination, understood as a geographical area and, also, as a tourist product with high emotional content. This study investigates the field of study of spatial planning according to a cross-cutting and multi-level government vision in favour of a more effective planning in a tourism point of view. In this field of investigation, the traditional elements of the destination are integrated with the most innovative elements to support the territorial organizational management, such as, strategies for the digitalisation of material and intangible assets with high attractive value for territorial use. In light of scientific literature review, the paper also illustrates the results of a research project called HERIBITS (Heritage Best Practice Models and Crowdfunding Intelligence to enable the Culture Economy) conducted by the University of Pisa in order to create a techno-social web platform for joint use, of the local community and of the public decision-makers of the tourist system, on different territorial scale.

Theorizing land use transitions: A human geography perspective

Land system science provides a theoretical lens for deepening our understanding of interactions between social and environmental systems. Synthesis and integration of land system science and land use transitions are vital for advancing Global Land Project, and providing a platform for integrating knowledge from multiple fields and for translating explorative research into solution-oriented research. In the context of growing urbanization, the adoption of rural vitalization and urban-rural integrated development strategies has an impact on land use transitions in rural China. Thus, this paper has two major goals. The first is to unite the theory of human-environment interaction territorial system with Chinese rural development strategy to provide a theoretical framework to explain land use transitions against the context of rapid urbanization, including a “conflict-coordination” theoretical model of regional land use transitions, the perspectives of structural change and functional change of land system, and coupling pattern and process to adjust and control land use transitions. The second goal is to deploy the theoretical method in an attempt to advance rural development strategy via adjusting and controlling land use transitions. By using human geography to reinvigorate land system science, this paper calls for integrated theoretical approaches to comprehend land use transitions and associated regional development strategies.

Impact of Urban Land Expansion Efficiency on Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of the Three Major Urban Agglomerations along the Yangtze River Economic Belt

The negative impacts of urban land expansion on ecosystem services have been confirmed by many studies; however, there has been a lack of studies examining the impacts of urban expansion on ecosystems from an efficiency perspective. China is increasingly emphasising the efficiency of development systems by maximising economic, social, and environmental benefits from limited land resources, which is a vital issue for high-quality urban development. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the evolutionary characteristics of urban land expansion efficiency (ULEE) and its impact on ecosystem services (ESs) to improve the ecological functions of urban systems. We first analysed the influence mechanism, based on efficiency and land use theory. Then, we used the Super-SBM and the InVEST model to measure ULEE and ecosystem service value (ESV). Finally, through regression analysis we explored the actual characteristics of the influence of ULEE on ESs. The results show: (1) ULEE positively influences ESs, and the influence mediators include three main aspects, i.e., land use structure, land use pattern, and land use quality. (2) The ULEE of the urban agglomerations exhibited a fluctuating downward trend from 2006–2020, and noticeable spatial differences were observed. (3) The AESV of the three major urban agglomerations showed a decreasing trend during the study period, with the UA-MRYR being higher than UA-YRD and UA-CY. Meanwhile, a certain degree of coincidence between the changing trend of AESV and ULEE was apparent. (4) A positive correlation was found between ULEE and the ESV of the three urban agglomerations. That is, the enhancement of ULEE was found to catalyse the improvement of ESs. The impact of ULEE on ESs exhibited a general decreasing trend from east to west. These results complement the study of the territorial system of the human–land relationship and have essential reference value for sustainable urban development and ecological restoration.

CURRENT ISSUES OF MANAGEMENT OF THE TERRITORIAL SYSTEM OF SETTLEMENTS AND POPULATION RESETTLEMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN

The purpose of the research is to conduct a systematic analysis and assess the current state of the territorial organization of the system of settlement and population resettlement in Kazakhstan and its regions, as well as its management at the present stage of development. The author provides some specific suggestions for managing this problem.Methodology of the research is studying the state of the territorial organization of the system of settlement and population resettlement, as well as theoretical and methodological aspects of its management, using various methods of analysis and synthesis. On the base of statistical indicators, methods of graphic, table techniques and diagrams were used. For the research, statistical information of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan and their territorial bodies, published on their official websites, was used.Originality / value of research – the study used various statistical methods and their approbation according to official statistics in Kazakhstan and its regions. Scientific and practical results of the study can be used in the development of programs for the development of population resettlement and strategies for modernizing the management of the territorial system of settlements. Separate theoretical and methodological conclusions and developments can be used as a basis for analyzing the socio-demographic development of the country and its regions and making managerial decisions.Findings. On the basis of the study on the management of the territorial development of the system of settlements and resettlement of the country's population, measures are proposed to solve tasks and problems in the development and implementation of a unified system of settlement, based on a system of statistical indicators relating to the management of the development of the territorial system of settlements both in the country as a whole and in its regions: a change in the number of settlements due to the influence of various factors, including population migration.

Классификация метагеосистем с применением моделей машинного обучения

The authors describe an approach aimed at improving the efficiency of machine learning models in solving the task of classifying metageosystems, which enables overcoming the limitations imposed on the use of convolutional neural network ones. The presented solution is based on the use of superficial fully connected patterns trained on a set of information territorial descriptors to be integrated based on data from different sources. A technique for constructing a complex territorial descriptor, calculated on the basis of satellite imagery data, a digital elevation model and an electronic landscape map, was developed, which makes it possible to achieve classification accuracy comparable to that of convolutional models within a specific task. An advantage of the approach proposed in the article for enhancing the efficiency of machine learning models in solving the task of classifying metageosystems is the stability of the developed solution in the face of labeled data shortage as well as the possibility of reuse in the study of new territorial systems, subject to additional training and fine tuning. The proposed method can be used to solve the task of automated monitoring the changes in the land use structure and geophysical envelope as well as automated validation of digital maps of a significant territorial coverage.

MODELS OF INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT MANAGEMENT BY MEANS OF HYBRID TECHNOLOGIES

In the scientific article the actual scientific and applied task of development of models of management the infrastructure projects by means of hybrid technologies is solved. A thorough analysis of research in the field of infrastructure project management and identified its unresolved part. Was conducted the analysis of the subject area of the state of implementation of infrastructure projects at the regional level; terminological base of scientific research; a system of normative legal acts in the field of financial regulation of infrastructure projects and programs at the regional level and standards for project management; international experience in implementing programs at the regional level; modern approaches to the management of infrastructure projects and programs at the regional level. A scientific and applied concept of hybrid management of infrastructure projects and programs at the regional level by means of convergence of knowledge systems for project management has been developed. Described the project environment of infrastructure projects and programs at the regional level, which includes the core implementation and operation of infrastructure projects and programs using hybrid technologies at the regional level, and four blocks underlying the set of parameters and values of such projects and programs. It is determined that the complexity of infrastructure projects and programs of the territorial system determines the problem of project management, and accordingly the complexity of projects. Thus, complex projects are projects with a high level of uncertainty of input data, high probability or magnitude of potential risks and the need to use different approaches in project implementation, including the involvement of a relatively large number of experts in different fields of specialization. Scientifically based methods and mechanisms of hybrid management of infrastructure projects and programs at the regional level allow to identify and implement possible measures to improve the situation in the region and improve the organizational and functional structure of resource management.

Geographical Indications and Public Good Relationships: Evidence and Policy Implications

SummaryIn the European context, geographical indications (GIs) are tools that contribute to the achievement of rural development policy objectives. In this article, we propose that GI value chains produce positive environmental, social and economic benefits, defined as Public Goods (PGs), resulting from the rules defined in the Code of Specifications (CoS). This article reports the main results of the Strength2food H2020 project, designed to assessing the impact of GIs (through their CoSs) on agri‐food system sustainability. Specifically, this report highlights that GI CoSs may generate PGs through the rules codified in CoSs presented as good practices in the production of PGs for other GI systems. Some final recommendations are proposed from the analysis of those good practices which contribute to the generation of PGs and, consequently, to the improvement of a sustainable rural development process. Case studies analysed show that generation of PGs requires both an internal and external intervention. The former intervention implies governance strategies for GI territorial systems and value chains that can improve the production of PGs. The latter intervention entails consumers and other stakeholder communication strategies to raise awareness regarding PG generation. These interventions will ultimately increase the social value of GIs.

СПЕЦИФИКА ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬНОГО ПЛАНИРОВАНИЯ КРУПНЫХ УРБАНИЗИРОВАННЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ В СКАНДИНАВСКИХ СТРАНАХ. ЧАСТЬ III: CОПОДЧИНЕННОСТЬ «НОВОГО ЛОКАЛИЗМА» ДИРЕКТИВНОМУ ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬНОМУ ПЛАНИРОВАНИЮ В ДАНИИ

The article substantiates the relevance and expediency of studying the urban planning system of large urbanized territories of the Kingdom of Denmark. The European and world communities have long recognized its high efficiency. Today, Denmark has a three-level planning system covering the national, regional (sub-regional) and municipal levels of habitat development. At each level macro-regional and national features of the spatial organization of life processes are clearly manifested: paradigmatic, institutional, technological, typological and organizational-managerial. It is established that over the last century, the paradigm of flexible urban planning of typologically differentiated systemic forms of urbanization has been consistently implemented in the Kingdom of Denmark. It is proved that today, within the substantial framework of this paradigm, due to the coevolutionary reform of the elements of the administrative-territorial structure of the Scandinavian state, a consistent replacement of the trend of “planning regionalism” that prevailed at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries in the Danish urban formation with the trend of “new localism” took place. It is indicated that the identified paradigm transformation involves the transfer of authority in the field of planning, forecasting, design and regulation of urbanization processes from the national level. Thus, it bypasses the regional level, to the level of municipalities, implements, based on the principle of subordination to the trend of “new localism”, the trend of directive planning in relation to large urbanized territories. The results of the study can serve as information, theoretical and methodological support for the rationalization of the urban planning system of large forms of urbanized settlement within the boundaries of geostrategic and border territories of the Northwestern Federal District of Russia: the federal city of St. Petersburg and the agglomeration of the same name.