Territorial Delimitation Research Articles

The U-Shaped Line and a Categorization of the Ocean Disputes in the South China Sea

A principal aspect of the territorial and boundary delimitation disputes in the South China Sea is the so-called U-shaped line. This article addresses the genesis and substantiation of the U-shaped line claims as well as the possible change in positions of the governments of the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China with respect to the historical waters claim, which is an integral part of their U-shaped line positions. A legal analysis of the various communications of the South China Sea players with respect to the U-shaped line helps to clarify and identify the nature of four kinds of legal disputes. It is also possible to differentiate the various degrees of difficulty involved in settling each of these disputes.

Геопросторова неоднорідність динаміки сільського населення Херсонської області як індикатор відношень у системі центр–периферія

In article the spatial characteristics of rural population changes of the Kherson’s region are analyzed. The factors which influence territorial differentiation of changes of the population are revealed. Lead delimitation of territories of area with allocation of center and periphery. Delimitation of the territory of the allocation center and periphery on the basis of parameters of change of a population is conducted. Key words: center, periphery, rural population, dynamics of the population.

Fatores que influenciam no comportamento territorial de ribeirinhos sobre ambientes de pesca em áreas de várzea do baixo Solimões, Amazônia Central, Brasil

Regiões de várzea apresentam alta produtividade biológica e são habitadas por populações que praticam atividades agropesqueiras, baseadas no uso múltiplo dos recursos. A economicidade do sistema conduz os ribeirinhos à apropriação de territórios e a dependência conjunta dos recursos ao estabelecimento de acordos internos, definindo-se critérios de acesso e intensidades de extração. Este estudo, por meio de 244 entrevistas com pescadores e reuniões em 16 comunidades do baixo Solimões, identificou fatores que influenciam na magnitude e finalidade das pescarias, especialmente em pesqueiros de uso coletivo, descrevendo mecanismos de apropriação e conflitos. O trecho abriga dois sistemas de lagos de terra firme e um de lagos de várzea. Para pescarias de subsistência e comercial, foram estimadas área, extensão e frequência de uso por período do ano (seca/cheia). Cada comunidade explorou os ambientes de pesca de acordo com a proximidade e/ou acessibilidade, revelando uso dentro das delimitações territoriais, havendo sobreposição naqueles explorados para subsistência e comércio. Existem conflitos por pesca comercial, esportiva, com pescadores externos à comunidade e com fazendeiros. Não existem proibições ou controle de acesso aos igapós, mas regras informais. Para o manejo integrado na área de estudo, são propostos três cenários de atuação, considerando a diversidade de ambientes e os interesses dos grupos envolvidos.

Legal complications in the Caspian Sea

After the breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the Caspian states have been negotiating to achieve a common resolution of the territorial delimitation dispute regarding the Caspian Sea. The only progress in the resolution of this dispute belongs to the series of bilateral agreements between the littoral states and the Framework Convention on Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea, 2003 signed by all Caspian littoral states. Both Iran and the Russian Federation still recognise the valid status of the Treaty of Friendship between the Socialist Federate Republic of Russia and Persia on 26 February 1921 and the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Iran on 25 March 1940 with supplements. According to these treaties, the Caspian Sea is under the regime of condominium among the littoral states. The question at issue is the size of the zones or sectors which could be obtained by the littoral states and their sovereign rights over the territory. Although no common agreement declaring the sovereign rights of the littoral states over the territory of the Caspian Sea and resources in it was concluded, development of Caspian hydrocarbon resources has already started.

Krox20 Controls the Transcription of Its Various Targets in the Developing Hindbrain According to Multiple Modes

The zinc finger transcription factor Krox20 plays an essential role in the vertebrate hindbrain segmentation process. It positively or negatively controls a large variety of other regulatory genes, coordinating delimitation of segmental territories, specification of their identity, and maintenance of their integrity. We have investigated the molecular mechanisms of Krox20 transcriptional control by performing a detailed structure-function analysis of the protein in the developing chick hindbrain. This revealed an unsuspected diversity in the modes of action of a transcription factor in a single tissue, since regulation of each of the five tested target genes requires different parts of the protein and/or presumably different co-factors. The multiplicity of Krox20 functions might rely on this diversity. Investigation of known Krox20 co-factors was initiated in relation to this analysis. Nab was shown to act as a negative feedback modulator of the different Krox20 activating functions in the hindbrain. HCF-1 was found to bind to a Krox20 N-terminal region, which was shown to rely on multiple elements, including acidic domains, to convey Nab activation and Krox20 autoregulation.

Značaj in funkcije političnih meja v Evropi

The political border limits a state’s territory and symbolizes the extent of a state’s power and ownership. Borders give integrity to the inner state territory which they enclose (the role of establishing national integrity) and at the same time form an outer boundary segregating the state territory from the surrounding politicial entities (the segregation role). European borders are old and reflect the political history of an old continent. The last major border changes happened after World War II. Over the centuries borders were merely lines separating one territory from another. Such borders were understood as »frontiers«. Forming an effective barrier against enemies was the overriding function of borders. Many borders were fortified and further enhanced by means of various defensive systems. In the second half of the 20th century the character of political borders changed. They became a contact area between countries, nations and cultures. Contemporary European borders reflect the colourful history of an old continent. They are predominantely functional markers: they represent the political and juridical delimitation of territories, they mark economic barriers and show their defensive nature and reveal the extent of cultural contact. As a result of European integration processes, the nature of political borders has changed: instead of division, their integration role is brought to the fore. A united Europe is nevertheless still not a borderless Europe! The borders within the »Schengen-area« have retained their political and administrative functions, it is just that the customs and security checks at the borders have been removed. During the period of European integration, borderlines were stabilized in accordance with the 1974 Helsinki Agreement. But despite this we can still observe ongoing changes to state borders, particularly in areas of conflict such as the Balkan peninsula. It seems after all that the process of demarcation of political borders has not yet come to an end.

Access to pre-natal care and cervical cancer prevention action among women from Brazilian Landless Workers Movement

This is a qualitative research that aimed to investigate Brazilian Landless Workers Movement women's access to pre-natal care and cervical cancer prevention. Interviews were done in 2005 with five women in the city of Cajamar, Brazil. The thematic analysis of content made it possible to evidence that access barriers such as territorial delimitation and geographical distance let women use false addresses as mechanisms to receive care. Pap smear tests were performed only during pregnancy. Health care provided for these women was fragmented and they received care solely because of their reproductive condition. Access to health services must be understood as continuous and complete assistance in all phases of a woman's life and they consist of a challenge to reach rural women. Improving access to information and education for these women corresponds to the possibility of exercising the universal right of access to health care based on the principle of equity.

Evaluation of adipose tissue distribution in obese fa/fa Zucker rats by in vivo MR imaging: effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists

High-resolution MRI of obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats was investigated to characterize and assess in vivo adipose tissue distribution. Thirty animals were gavaged with a placebo, a PPARgamma activator (pioglitazone), or a dual PPARalphagamma activator (LM 4156). At day 15, T1-weighted images were acquired in vivo using a 2TMRI system with a high in-plane spatial resolution (254 microm). Fat volumes of selected territories were measured by image segmentation, and the retroperitoneal fat was weighed post-mortem. Body-weight gain was significant with pioglitazone (101.8+/-5.9 g, p<0.01 vs. placebo). The good quality of MR images allowed the delimitation and quantification of different fat territories. In response to pioglitazone, the retroperitoneal fat was more important compared to placebo (+23%, p<0.01) while subcutaneous fat was not different. No significant effects were observed with LM 4156. In vivo measurements of fat volumes were strongly correlated with ex vivo tissue weights (r=0.91). High-resolution MRI provides an in vivo measurement of adipose tissue distribution in obese Zucker rats. Specific fat depots of regions that were particularly involved in drug response were determined in vivo. Fat remodeling was observed with pioglitazone but not with a dual PPARalphagamma activator (LM 4156).

Resolving Border Disputes in the Asia-Pacific Region

Abstract The article describes the situation concerning the current border disputes in the Asia-Pacific region. It is well known that the problem of territorial delimitation in Asia Pacific is serious, and this region has a lot of unresolved territorial disputes and maritime claims that challenge stability and pose a real threat to regional security. China is the country that has the largest number of territorial claims against its neighbors. Meanwhile the situation on China's borders with CIS countries has developed in a different way. The article's analysis deals with the history of settlement of border disputes between China and Russia that are several centuries old. By now the process of delimitation of the border between China and Russia as well as between China and the Central Asian republics is practically completed. We can say that the most significant territorial disputes have been withdrawn from the international agenda, though the concerned parties had to make every effort and carry on laborious step-by-step negotiations over several years. Yet it should be recognized that newly-independent states had to make substantial concessions. The multilateral activity of Russia, China, and Central Asian republics in the international arena resulted in the creation of a new interstate organization—the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. This undoubtedly positive example could be cited as a possible model for cooperation in the field of international relations.

The Qatar v. Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Case

During the decade-long Qatar v. Bahrain proceedings, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) rendered two Judgments on jurisdiction and admissibility (1994-1995), followed by its decision not to rely on the 82 Qatar documents challenged by Bahrain (1999), and by Judgment on the merits (2001). This article surveys how these complex proceedings led to settlement of a long-standing dispute in the Arabian/Persian Gulf to the satisfaction of both parties and how have they enriched the contributions of the Court to the development of international law. The contributions of the two Qatar v. Bahrain (Jurisdiction and Admissibility) Judgments, including their Opinions, are highlighted in the context of important issues pertaining to the interpretation of treaties and various aspects of the jurisdiction conferred upon the ICJ by a "framework agreement" (as distinct from a compromis). The analysis of the Qatar v. Bahrain (Merits) Judgment, including its Opinions, substantiates the significant consolidation and further development--in continuation of the formidable jurisprudence of the ICJ and other tribunals, notably the Eritrea/ Yemen Arbitral Tribunal--of the principles and rules governing the acquisition of territorial sovereignty and maritime boundary delimitation.

The Eritrea-Yemen Arbitration: Landmark Progress in the Acquisition of Territorial Sovereignty and Equitable Maritime Boundary Delimitation

The Eritrea-Yemen Arbitral Tribunal unanimously resolved in its two awards the disputed territorial sovereignty over the Red Sea islands (Phase I, 1998) and the delimitation of an international maritime boundary (Phase II, 1999) in one of the most strategically sensitive regions of the world. This article surveys the progress made by each of the awards in the development of principles and rules of international law in the respective subject matters of the awards. While due attention is paid to the consistency of the awards with the preceding decisions of the International Court of Justice and arbitral tribunals concerning acquisition of territorial sovereignty and equitable maritime delimitation, distinct features, such as rejection by the 1998 Eritrea-Yemen Award of the existence of a principle of reversion of a newly independent state to the ancient title to territory, are also examined. The analysis of the 1999 Award focuses on the complex decision-making process which led the Arbitral Tribunal to equitable delimitation of the Eritrea-Yemen international maritime boundary by means of a single allpurpose boundary. The resultant line substantiates the governing role of equidistance between opposite states. The Tribunal also reappraised the role of resource-related factors and the principle of proportionality.

Imperatives of national territorial delimitation and the fate of Bukhara 1917-1924

(2000). Imperatives of national territorial delimitation and the fate of Bukhara 1917-1924. Central Asian Survey: Vol. 19, No. 3-4, pp. 394-415.

Historical-geographical aspects of delimitation of the borderland and of its geographical analysis

The article deals with alternative possibilities of delimitation of border territories in Czechia from historical-geographical and cultural-geographical points of view and with the indispensable usage of historical analysis of territory in geographical analysis of territory. An attention is paid to suggestions of a possible orientation of regional geographical research and to spatial variability of Czech borderland in time. The conclusion outlines the typology of the borderland from the point of view of its inner differentiation of the functional-spatial dynamism and social-spatial transformations during the last 150 years.

Russia and Japan at a new stage of relations

Today, bilateral relations between Russia and Japan are at an important historical stage, says Alexander Nikolaevich Panov, Ambassador of the Russian Federation to Japan. There is a “window of opportunity” to establish a new Russian‐Japanese relationship in the twenty‐first century. The only issue that now awaits resolution is the legal settlement of territorial delimitation. This outstanding issue provides the basis for Russia's proposal to incorporate an agreement concerning territorial demarcation into the treaty on peace, friendship, and cooperation. It is in the interests of both nations to preserve, strengthen, and broaden their bilateral relations and to revitalize and enhance their cooperation in all areas

Does Undisputed Title to a Maritime Zone Always Exclude its Delimitation: The Grey Area Issue

AbstractA grey area is an area lying within 200 miles from the coast of one state, but beyond a maritime boundary with another state. One state is excluded from exercising jurisdiction in this area because it lies beyond the maritime boundary, and the other state is excluded from exercising 200-mile-zone jurisdiction because the grey area on its side of the boundary lies beyond 200 miles from its coast. The possibility of creating a grey area stems from the fact that there is a discrepancy between entitlement to the EEZ and the principles applicable to its delimitation. Entitlement to this zone is solely based on distance from the coast, but its delimitation between states can be effected on the basis of principles other than distance from the coast. This results in a line which reaches the outer limit of the EEZ at a point which is non-equidistant from the coasts of the states concerned. If such a line is applied to limit the maritime zones of both states involved, a grey area is created. Apart from an EEZ delimitation, a grey area can also result from a territorial sea delimitation. A number of bilateral treaties have established a grey area. This raises the question whether such delimitations are only the result of practical considerations or a political compromise, or whether it is also possible to create a grey area in the legal determination of a boundary. This article seeks to answer this question looking at state practice and the case law.

Constraints, states, and wars

Abstract. The rational choice assumption is already disputable at the individual level of decisionmaking. At the level of collective decision‐making unitary rational action is an unrealistic assumption. It neglects the transitivity of collective preferences issue, the logic of collective action and freeriding, the agency problem, and the human tendency to agree with each other irrespective of the facts. While unitary rational action is rejected as a basis for theorizing on international relations and war, the idea of decision‐making under constraints seems as valid in the interstate context as in economics. The most important constraints on national security decision‐making are the anarchical character of the international system and the corresponding need for self‐help, the security and the territorial delimitation dilemmas, the presence or absence of plausible blueprints for victory, and the presence or absence of domestic constraints on bellicosity. A simple explanatory model of war built on these ideas is suggested and tested with dyadic data for the 1962–1980 period. In addition, there is some discussion of why collective security is doomed to fail, and why hegemony rather than balance improve the prospects of peace.

Proustian Aesthetics: Photography, Engraving, and Historiography

M ODERN HUMANISTIC SCIENCES like history and archaeology have been built upon an antagonistic relationship between the new, scientific approaches to human affairs and older, more speculative arts, such as literature and philosophy. After a nineteenth century marked by rivalry and by efforts towards the delimitation of territories that properly pertain to one or the other of these domains, the humanistic sciences have begun to take the opposite stance. The twentieth century finds theorists searching for analogies and common systems of organization of their disciplines, instead of fighting for the definition of an inviolable landmark between them. Interdisciplinarity now signifies a common purpose of thought, since neither history nor archaeology nor any other of the humanistic sciences is supposed to feel the inadequacy of form or purpose. That inadequacy had originally compelled them to fight to legitimize the newness and distinctness of their endeavors in the face of the venerability bestowed upon literature or philosophy by their old age. In this essay I shall examine a number of examples of translation between the discursive forms pertaining to some humanistic disciplines. Since the interplay at the heart of the theoretical thinking of history, literature, and archaeology must necessarily pass through the classical opposition between objectivity and subjectivity, and since the exploration of this opposition always leads to the concept of perspective, I shall approach the relationship between these various discursive forms through a commentary on their relationship to nondiscursive forms of representation such as the pictorial, photo-

Territorial delimitation of ecological disturbances and hazards in environment statistics

Territorial delimitation of ecological disturbances and hazards in environment statistics

Delimitation and administration of British dependent territories in Antarctic regions

Delimitation and administration of British dependent territories in Antarctic regions

Texas v. Louisiana

State territory — Parts of State territory — Territorial waters Breadth and delimitation of the maritime belt — Submerged Lands Act of 1953 — Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone 1958 — Lateral maritime boundary between States — Texas and Louisiana — Inclusion of jetties as part of coastline — Report of the Special Master — The law of the United States