Ternary Logic Research Articles

New ternary inverter with memory function using silicon feedback field-effect transistors

In this study, we present a fully complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor-compatible ternary inverter with a memory function using silicon feedback field-effect transistors (FBFETs). FBFETs operate with a positive feedback loop by carrier accumulation in their channels, which allows to achieve excellent memory characteristics with extremely low subthreshold swings. This hybrid operation of the switching and memory functions enables FBFETs to implement memory operation in a conventional CMOS logic scheme. The inverter comprising p- and n-channel FBFETs in series can be in ternary logic states and retain these states during the hold operation owing to the switching and memory functions of FBFETs. It exhibits a high voltage gain of approximately 73 V/V, logic holding time of 150 s, and reliable endurance of approximately 105. This ternary inverter with memory function demonstrates possibilities for a new computing paradigm in multivalued logic applications.

Multivalued Logic for Optical Computing with Photonically Enabled Chiral Bio-organic Structures.

Photonic bio-organic multiphase structures are suggested here for integrated thin-film electronic nets with multilevel logic elements for multilevel computing via a reconfigurable photonic bandgap of chiral biomaterials. Herein, inspired by an artificial intelligence system with efficient information integration and computing capability, the photonically active dielectric layer of chiral nematic cellulose nanocrystals is combined with printed-in p- and n-type organic semiconductors as a bifunctional logical element. These adaptive logic elements are capable of triggering tailored quantized electrical output signals under light with different photon energy and at the different photonic bandgaps of the active dielectric layer. The bifunctional structures enable complex memory behavior upon repetitive changes of photonic bandgap (controlled by expansion/contraction of chiral nematic pitch) and photon energy (controlled by light absorption wavelength of complementary organic semiconductor layers), exhibiting effectively a reconfigurable ternary logic response. This proof-of-concept bio-assisted multivalued logic structure facilitates an optical computing system for low-power optical information processing integrated with human-machine interfaces.

Genuine paracomplete logics

Abstract In 2016, Béziau introduces a restricted notion of paraconsistency, the so-called genuine paraconsistency. A logic is genuine paraconsistent if it rejects the laws $\varphi ,\neg \varphi \vdash \psi $ and $\vdash \neg (\varphi \land \neg \varphi )$. In that paper, the author analyzes, among the three-valued logics, which of them satisfy this property. If we consider multiple-conclusion consequence relations, the dual properties of those above-mentioned are $ \vdash \varphi , \neg \varphi $ and $\neg (\psi \vee \neg \psi ) \vdash $. We call genuine paracomplete logics those rejecting the mentioned properties. We present here an analysis of the three-valued genuine paracomplete logics. A very natural twist structures semantics for these logics is also found in a systematic way. This semantics produces automatically a simple and elegant Hilbert-style characterization for all these logics. Finally, we introduce the logic LGP which is genuine paracomplete is not genuine paraconsistent, not even paraconsistent and cannot be characterized by a single finite logical matrix.

Exploring the Basic Logic of the Enabling Effect of Government Data Governance on Investment Promotion

With the arrival of the era of big data, giving full play to the application of data elements in investment promotion has gradually become an important means for the government to break the traditional investment promotion model. This paper starts from the basic content of data governance, explains the concept, purpose and application of data governance, and analyzes how data governance can accelerate the transformation of government functions and drive the development of investment promotion work from three levels: value logic, objective logic and practical logic. It aims to explore how big data technology can effectively solve the problems existing in the current investment promotion work by promoting the innovation of government governance methods and means and governance system mechanism, and provide references for further improving the level of government investment attraction.

Two-N input output mapping relationship fuzziness adaptation approach for fuzzy based negative pressure wound Therapy system

Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) is a vacuum assisted wound therapy technique. It has been widely applied for the chronic wound treatment due to its excellent performance on the wound healing promoting. However, there are several NPWT related cases which are caused by the unstable regulation of negative pressure have been reported. This has shown that there is a need to improve the performance of NPWT for reducing the NPWT wound injuries cases. Based on the review, the performance of NPWT is able to be improved with the incorporation of Fuzzy Logic based Negative Pressure Regulator (FL-NPR) but there are difficulties in the development of appropriate fuzzy sets setting for FL-NPR. This limitation could significantly affect the fuzziness of the algorithm and performance of NPWT. In this research, the Two Relationship Equation (2(n)RE) Fuzziness Adaptation approach for improving the performance of NPWT has been proposed. It is developed based on the theory of three-valued logic which can be applied for resolving the limitation of Classical Controller (CC). A set of Fuzzy based NPWT system with artificial wound model have been successfully developed with the support of experienced plastic surgeon. The research experiment of Fuzzy based NPWT with the proposed 2(n)RE Fuzziness Adaptation approach have been carried out. Based on the result obtained, it is clearly shown that the performance of NPWT can be significantly affected by the different fuzziness layer. The percentage of ± 1 Tolerant Band achieved by the NPWT with 4RE FL-NPR is the highest where this result obtained is proving that the capability of wound healing process promoting of NPWT with 4RE FL-NPR is the highest. Furthermore, the percentage of undershoot achieved by the NPWT with 4RE FL-NPR is the lowest in which it is showing that its risk of low angiogenesis and wound healing failure is the lowest. According to the result obtained, the performance and safety feature of NPWT with 4RE FL-NPR is relatively better than that of 6RE FL-NPR and 8RE FL-NPR. In this research, the proposed 2(n)RE Fuzziness Adaptation approach for improving the performance and safety feature of NPWT have been successfully demonstrated and it is applicable for resolve the limitation of FL algorithm.

Multi-Sensor Data Fusion with a Reconfigurable Module and Its Application to Unmanned Storage Boxes.

We present a multi-sensor data fusion model based on a reconfigurable module (RM) with three fusion layers. In the data layer, raw data are refined with respect to the sensor characteristics and then converted into logical values. In the feature layer, a fusion tree is configured, and the values of the intermediate nodes are calculated by applying predefined logical operations, which are adjustable. In the decision layer, a final decision is made by computing the value of the root according to predetermined equations. In this way, with given threshold values or sensor characteristics for data refinement and logic expressions for feature extraction and decision making, we reconstruct an RM that performs multi-sensor fusion and is adaptable for a dedicated application. We attempted to verify its feasibility by applying the proposed RM to an actual application. Considering the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, an unmanned storage box was selected as our application target. Four types of sensors were used to determine the state of the door and the status of the existence of an item inside it. We implemented a prototype system that monitored the unmanned storage boxes by configuring the RM according to the proposed method. It was confirmed that a system built with only low-cost sensors can identify the states more reliably through multi-sensor data fusion.

Research and application of error correction theory for ternary optical computer based on Hamming code

In the communication of ternary optical computer (TOC), channel failure can make the communication system restart and data retransmission too many times, resulting in wasted resources. We have done the following work to solve this problem: proposed a parity check code for TOC. And take it as the core to improve the ternary Hamming code theory. To realize the practical application of Hamming code, ternary logic gates (MIN gate, MAX gate, and NOT gate) are designed. The Hamming code error correction module is designed by taking ternary logic gates as the essential component. Compared with TOC without the error correction module, the Hamming code error correction module can improve tolerance of the TOC channel for occasional failures. It dramatically reduces the communication cost and the waste of resources. Finally, this paper designs a set of verification experiments of Hamming code theory to verify its correctness. The experimental results show that the bit error rate of TOC output results can be reduced by one order of magnitude after error correction by Hamming code error correction module.

Dogma, Assertive grounds and forms of Truth-assignment failure

This short paper focuses on Kripke's paper on truth from 1975. It is 1. a historiographical commentary, 2. an argument about the advantages of the theory, and 3. an interpretation of its philosophical meaning. 1. Kripke presents a diagnosis of semantic paradoxes based on their similarity with ungrounded sentences. Based on Kleene's three-value logic, he then shows that it is possible to find fixed points in which the assertion of an unsubstantiated (non-paradoxical) sentence can sustain a cumulative distance with its anti-extension. 2. We argue that Kripke's paper has the advantage of explaining risk in truth assessments. It provides a framework to solve problems of languages that have their truth predicate. Although compatible with Tarski's, this solution more faithfully paints the speculative and revisionist representation of assignments of truth. It exhibits the conditions of stable risk assertions (whose fixed point accumulates semantic value in a single direction) and distinguishes it from irrational assertions, which, as dogmas, base their risk on arbitrary points and provide an unstable basis for truth assertions.

Ternary logic design in topological quantum computing

A quantum computer can perform exponentially faster than its classical counterpart. It works on the principle of superposition. But due to the decoherence effect, the superposition of a quantum state gets destroyed by the interaction with the environment. It is a real challenge to completely isolate a quantum system to make it free of decoherence. This problem can be circumvented by the use of topological quantum phases of matter. These phases have quasiparticles excitations called anyons. The anyons are charge-flux composites and show exotic fractional statistics. When the order of exchange matters, then the anyons are called non-abelian anyons. Majorana fermions in topological superconductors and quasiparticles in some quantum Hall states are non-abelian anyons. Such topological phases of matter have a ground state degeneracy. The fusion of two or more non-abelian anyons can result in a superposition of several anyons. The topological quantum gates are implemented by braiding and fusion of the non-abelian anyons. The fault-tolerance is achieved through the topological degrees of freedom of anyons. Such degrees of freedom are non-local, hence inaccessible to the local perturbations. In this paper, the Hilbert space for a topological qubit is discussed. The Ising and Fibonacci anyonic models for binary gates are briefly given. Ternary logic gates are more compact than their binary counterparts and naturally arise in a type of anyonic model called the metaplectic anyons. The mathematical model, for the fusion and braiding matrices of metaplectic anyons, is the quantum deformation of the recoupling theory. We proposed that the existing quantum ternary arithmetic gates can be realized by braiding and topological charge measurement of the metaplectic anyons.

RESEARCH ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NEW MODEL OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISE REFORM AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IDENTITY AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION

RESEARCH ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NEW MODEL OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISE REFORM AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IDENTITY AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION

Logical Approach, Realistic Situation and Behavioral Selection of Higher Education Governance Empowered by Big Data

Big data has become an important tool to promote the transformation of higher education governance. In internal mechanism, the governance of higher education empowered by big data can continuously optimize the governance structure of higher education, enrich the governance subjects of higher education, expand the boundaries of higher education governance and update the governance rules of higher education. In terms of value logic, the governance of higher education with big data empowerment is mainly reflected in shaping data thinking, reconstructing value cognition, surpassing technical rationality and realizing characteristic development. At present, the governance of big data empowerment higher education mainly has practical difficulties, such as lack of institutional guarantee for data application, weak research ability of data technology, information risk in data based governance and technological governance ignoring the needs of the subject. In the future, the governance of big data empowerment higher education needs to further standardize data governance and improve the modern university system with Chinese characteristics. Mining data value to stimulate the internal power of higher education governance; Based on the whole data, realize the collaborative governance of higher education; In-depth interpretation of data, highlighting the people-oriented value orientation.

Strong Equivalence of Logic Programs with Ordered Disjunction: A Logical Perspective

AbstractLogic Programs with Ordered Disjunction (LPODs) extend classical logic programs with the capability of expressing preferential disjunctions in the heads of program rules. The initial semantics of LPODs, although simple and quite intuitive, is not purely model-theoretic. As a result, certain properties of programs appear non-trivial to formalize in purely logical terms. For example, the current characterization of strong equivalence for LPODs, does not coincide with logical equivalence in some specific logic. This comes in sharp contrast with the well-known characterization of strong equivalence for classical logic programs, which coincides with logical equivalence in the logic of here-and-there. In this paper we obtain a purely logical characterization of strong equivalence for LPODs as logical equivalence in a four-valued logic. Moreover, we provide a new proof of the coNP-completeness of strong equivalence for LPODs, which has an interest in its own right since it relies on the special structure of such programs. Our results are based on the recent logical semantics of LPODs, a fact which we believe indicates that this new semantics may prove to be a useful tool in the further study of LPODs.

CMOS Ternary Logic With a Biristor Threshold Switch for Low Static Power Consumption

A CMOS ternary logic is demonstrated using a biristor threshold switch (BTS). A biristor, which can operate as a threshold switch, encloses a two-terminal n-p-n structure with a floating p-base region akin to a base-open BJT. The switching mechanism is a single-transistor latch (STL). When a BTS and a MOSFET are serially connected, three stable states are sustained for a ternary logic system. Compared to other ternary devices, static power can be greatly reduced due to low leakage current of the BTS. In addition, the BTS and the MOSFET were co-integrated due to their homeomorphy for fabrication simplicity, i.e., because the BTS has a structure identical to that of a MOSFET, unlike other threshold switches.

Design and Simulation of Linear All-Optical Comparator Based on Square-Lattice Photonic Crystals

An optical comparator is an important logic circuit used in digital designs. Photonic crystals are among the platforms for implementing different kinds of gates and logic circuits, and they are structures with alternating refractive indices. In this paper, an optical comparator is designed and simulated based on a square lattice photonic crystal. In the design of this comparator, a small-sized structure is used. The simulation results show that in the proposed comparator, there is a high difference between logical values “0” and “1”, which are defined based on the optical power level. Due to the small size of this comparator and the adequate difference between logical values “0” and “1”, this structure suits photonic integrated circuits with high accuracy. The proposed structure footprint is 149.04 µm2, and the calculated rise time for this circuit is less than 0.4 ps.

Conditional Abstract Dialectical Frameworks

Abstract dialectical frameworks (in short, ADFs) are a unifying model of formal argumentation, where argumentative relations between arguments are represented by assigning acceptance conditions to atomic arguments. This idea is generalized by letting acceptance conditions being assigned to complex formulas, resulting in conditional abstract dialectical frameworks (in short, cADFs). We define the semantics of cADFs in terms of a non-truth-functional four-valued logic, and study the semantics in-depth, by showing existence results and proving that all semantics are generalizations of the corresponding semantics for ADFs.

Demonstration of Anti-ambipolar Switch and Its Applications for Extremely Low Power Ternary Logic Circuits.

Anti-ambipolar switch (AAS) devices at a narrow bias region are necessary to solve the intrinsic leakage current problem of ternary logic circuits. In this study, an AAS device with a very high peak-to-valley ratio (∼106) and adjustable operating range characteristics was successfully demonstrated using a ZnO and dinaphtho[2,3-b:2′,3′-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene heterojunction structure. The entire device integration was completed at a low thermal budget of less than 200 °C, which makes this AAS device compatible with monolithic 3D integration. A 1-trit ternary full adder designed with this AAS device exhibits excellent power–delay product performance (∼122 aJ) with extremely low power (∼0.15 μW, 7 times lower than the reference circuit) and lower device count than those of other ternary device candidates.

Design of novel 3T ternary DRAM with single word-line using CNTFET

Ternary logic system is the most promising and pursued alternative to the prevailing binary logic systems due to the energy efficiency of circuits following reduced circuit complexity and chip area. In this paper, we have proposed a ternary 3-Transistor Dynamic Random-Access Memory (3 T-DRAM) cell using a single word-line for both read and write operations. For simulation of the circuit, we have used Carbon-Nano-Tube Field Effect Transistor (CNTFET). Here, we have analyzed the operation of the circuit considering different process variations and showed the results for write delay, read sensing time, and consumed current. Along with the basic DRAM design, we have proposed a ternary sense circuitry for the proper read operation of the proposed DRAM. The simulation and analysis are executed using the H-SPICE tool with Stanford University CNTFET model.

The Triple Logic of Common Prosperity of Spiritual Life in the New Era

The goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects has been achieved with the great victory in the final battle against poverty, and "solid progress towards common prosperity" has become a new requirement for development. The realization of the goal of common prosperity implies the common prosperity of material life and spiritual life. Stepping into the new era, we should pay more attention to the abundance of spiritual life on the basis of meeting people's basic material needs. The theoretical interpretation of the common prosperity of spiritual life in the new era from the subject logic, value logic and practice logic can not only grasp the theoretical origin of the common prosperity of spiritual life, explore the value significance, but also provide method guidance for the practice of the common prosperity of spiritual life in the new era. In the traditional culture "two innovation", socialist core values and the construction of public cultural infrastructure to help achieve common prosperity of spiritual life.

Branching Time Axiomatized With the Use of Change Operators

Abstract We present a temporal logic of branching time with four primitive operators: $\exists {\mathcal {C}}$ – it may change whether; $\forall {\mathcal {C}} $ – it must change whether; $\exists \Box $ – it may be endlessly unchangeable that; and $\forall \Box $ – it must be endlessly unchangeable that. Semantically, operator $\forall {\mathcal {C}}$ expresses a change in the logical value of the given formula in every state that may be an immediate successor of the one considered, while $\exists {\mathcal {C}}$ expresses a change in the logical value of the given formula in some state that is a possible immediate successor. $\forall {\mathcal {C}} $ and $\exists {\mathcal {C}}$ are not normal operators, they are not mutually definable and have unusual properties: $\forall {\mathcal {C}} A\leftrightarrow \forall {\mathcal {C}} \neg A$ and $\exists {\mathcal {C}} A \leftrightarrow \exists {\mathcal {C}} \neg A$ are axioms. Operators $\exists \Box $ and $\forall \Box $ express endless unchangeability in some and all paths, respectively. Our axiomatization contains two infinitary rules that allow one to obtain $\exists \Box A$ from infinitely many combinations of formulas with $A, \neg , \forall {\mathcal {C}}, \land $, and to get $\forall \Box A$ from infinitely many combinations of formulas with $A, \neg , \exists {\mathcal {C}}, \land $. We show that our formalism is complete by presenting a bridge between our logic and logic $\textsf {UB}$, which is a fragment of $\textsf {CTL}$ in which until operators does not occur.

Implantation of polarization rotation based ternary 3:1 multiplexer and 1:3 demultiplexer using optical micro ring resonator

All optical ternary 3:1 multiplexer and 1:3 demultiplexer circuits are proposed and explained using polarization rotation switch (PRS) in micro ring resonator (MRR). Ternary logic (radix=3) states are defined by the logic-0 (Low), logic-1 (Intermediate) and logic-2 (High) with different polarization states. Polarization rotation based ternary 3:1 multiplexer and 1:3 demultiplexer have been accomplished by exploiting the concept of the ternary AND or ternary MIN gate. The performance of scheme are analyzed by Stokes parameter (S1,S2,S3) and Jones matrix (ellipticity and azimuth in angle) in INTERCONNECT simulation software.