Ternary Lithium-ion Battery Research Articles

The Current Situation and Prospect of Lithium Batteries for New Energy Vehicles

Under the current international situation, the use of newer clean energy has become a necessary condition for human life. The use of new energy vehicles is undoubtedly closely related to most people’s lives. As the core and power source of new energy vehicles, the role of batteries is the most critical. This paper analyzes the application and problems of lithium-ion batteries in the current stage. By comparing lithium-iron phosphate batteries with ternary lithium-ion batteries, the medium and long-term development directions of lithium-ion batteries are put forward. And the research products of different development directions and the current progress are illustrated with examples.

Recycling spent ternary lithium-ion batteries for modification of dolomite used in catalytic biomass pyrolysis – A preliminary study by thermogravimetric and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis

This paper proposed a novel method for modification of dolomite (Do) using the leaching solution derived from the spent ternary LIBs. During catalytic pyrolysis of biomass, the modified Do showed a good performance on both reducing the activation energy and upgrading the volatile products. The apparent activation energy was decreased from 201 to 180 kJ/mol for the cellulose pyrolysis, and it was decreased from 80 to 75 kJ/mol for the lignin pyrolysis. The cellulose pyrolysis with the modified Do could significantly promote the conversion of anhydrosugars into small-molecule components (e.g., ketones). Meanwhile, the Do modified by transition-metal (e.g., Mn, Co, Ni) oxides had a high catalytic activity in cracking phenols (main tar precursors) to hydrocarbons (e.g., aromatics) during the lignin pyrolysis. The modified Do inhibited the production of phenols (from 50% to 5.8%) and enhanced the production of hydrocarbons (from 0.6% to 30.3%).

A Novel Autoregressive Rainflow—Integrated Moving Average Modeling Method for the Accurate State of Health Prediction of Lithium-Ion Batteries

The accurate estimation and prediction of lithium-ion battery state of health are one of the important core technologies of the battery management system, and are also the key to extending battery life. However, it is difficult to track state of health in real-time to predict and improve accuracy. This article selects the ternary lithium-ion battery as the research object. Based on the cycle method and data-driven idea, the improved rain flow counting algorithm is combined with the autoregressive integrated moving average model prediction model to propose a new prediction for the battery state of health method. Experiments are carried out with dynamic stress test and cycle conditions, and a confidence interval method is proposed to fit the error range. Compared with the actual value, the method proposed in this paper has a maximum error of 5.3160% under dynamic stress test conditions, a maximum error of 5.4517% when the state of charge of the cyclic conditions is used as a sample, and a maximum error of 0.7949% when the state of health under cyclic conditions is used as a sample.

Improved catalytic oxidation of propylene glycol methyl ether over Sm-Mn and Sm-Co perovskite-based catalysts prepared by the recycling of spent ternary lithium-ion battery.

The spent ternary lithium-ion batteries were utilized as the precursors to prepare Sm-Mn and Sm-Co perovskite oxides (SmMnO3-spent ternary lithium-ion battery [STLIB] and SmCoO3-STLIB) for the first time. Their catalytic activities were evaluated by catalytic oxidation of propylene glycol methyl ether. Compared with that of the catalysts synthesized by analytical reagents, the catalytic activities of SmMnO3-STLIB and SmCoO3-STLIB had been significantly enhanced. The analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the molar ratios of Mn4+/Mn3+ and Oads/Olatt of SmMnO3-STLIB were higher than that of pure SmMnO3 and the Co3+/Co2+ ratios of SmCoO3-STLIB was much larger than that of pure SmCoO3. The hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) and N2 adsorption-desorption tests determined that the reducibilities and specific surface areas of SmMnO3-STLIB and SmCoO3-STLIB were also superior to pure catalysts. Ultimately, the by-products of the catalytic oxidation of propylene glycol methyl ether over SmMnO3-STLIB were also detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This work will provide a demonstration for the resource utilization of spent lithium ions batteries and the analysis of the increased activity obtained by using spent lithium ions batteries as the precursors to prepare catalysts.

A Probe into the Accuracy of Thermal Runaway Simulation Model of Lithium-ion Battery under Adiabatic Condition

For the safety problem of lithium-ion battery, thermal abuse early warning is needed to be established, for which the main point is to analyze the mechanism and to establish the thermal abuse model of single lithium-ion battery. This article used 10Ah ternary lithium-ion battery as the research object and used simulation software to build thermal abuse simulation model. The accuracy of simulation model was verified by comparing the temperature simulation result with temperature data from adiabatic environment thermal abuse experiment. According to the results, heating trend of temperature of the simulation under adiabatic condition is approximately the same as that of ARC adiabatic test temperature. Before the end stage of self-heating period, the error remains within 5%; at the end of self-heating stage, the error is around 5-10%; after entering thermal runaway stage, the error can reach 36%. Missing the equation of reactions between electrode and additive, and internal short-circuit is the main reason causing the error of the simulation result.

Near-to-Stoichiometric Acidic Recovery of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries through Induced Crystallization

High consumption of acids and reductants is usually required when spent lithium-ion batteries are recycled using a hydrometallurgy route. The overstoichiometric chemicals end up as pollutants that have to be further treated. Low chemical and energy consumption have attracted considerable attention to achieve sustainability of a recycling process. In this research, LiFePO₄ was used as a reductant and induced crystallization was performed for the removal of Fe and P. More importantly, we demonstrate that it is possible to achieve additional reductant-free and near-to-stoichiometric acidic recovery of spent ternary lithium-ion batteries (NCMs) by introducing FePO₄·2H₂O seed crystals and using waste LiFePO₄. High efficiencies (>96%) of critical metals including Ni, Co, Mn, and Li are achieved, while iron phosphate remains as a solid product. Then, the leaching solution can be further used for the Ni–Co–Mn hydroxide precursor and lithium carbonate preparation. In addition, the mechanisms were subsequently investigated by combining thermodynamics analysis and systematic characterizations. This entire recycling process can be a highly economic, closed-loop alternative for recovering valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries.

Recent advances in understanding and relieving capacity decay of lithium ion batteries with layered ternary cathodes

This review focuses on the capacity decay mechanism and enhancement strategies for layered ternary lithium ion batteries.

The Power State Estimation Method for High Energy Ternary Lithium-ion Batteries Based on the Online Collaborative Equivalent Modeling and Adaptive Correction - Unscented Kalman Filter

Accurate power state estimation plays an important role in the real-time working state monitoring and safety control of high energy lithium-ion batteries. To solve the difficulty and low accuracy problems in its real-time power state estimation under various operating conditions, the working characteristics of the lithium cobalt oxide batteries are analyzed comprehensively under various operating conditions. An improved collaborative equivalent model is established to characterize its working characteristics and then the initial power state value is calibrated by using the experimental relationship between open circuit voltage and state of charge considering the importance of the precious estimation accuracy for the later iterate calculation and correction. And then, an adaptive correction - Unscented Kalman Filter algorithm is put forward and applied for the state of charge estimation and output voltage tracking so as to realize the real-time high-precision lithium-ion battery power state estimation. The experimental results show that the established model can predict the power state of high energy lithium-ion batteries conveniently with high convergency speed within 30 seconds, accurate output voltage tracking effect within 32 mV and high accuracy, the max estimation error of which is 3.87%, providing an effective working state monitoring and safety protection method in the cleaner production and power supply processes of the high energy lithium-ion batteries.

A state-of-charge estimation method of the power lithium-ion battery in complex conditions based on adaptive square root extended Kalman filter

The control strategy of electric vehicles mainly depends on the power battery state-of-charge estimation. One of the most important issues is the power lithium-ion battery state-of-charge (SOC) estimation. Compare with the extended Kalman filter algorithm, this paper proposed a novel adaptive square root extended Kalman filter together with the Thevenin equivalent circuit model which can solve the problem of filtering divergence caused by computer rounding errors. It uses Sage-Husa adaptive filter to update the noise variable, and performs square root decomposition on the covariance matrix to ensure its non-negative definiteness. Moreover, a multi-scale dual Kalman filter algorithm is used for joint estimation of SOC and capacity; the forgetting factor recursive least-square method is used for parameter identification. To verify the feasibility of the algorithm under complicated operating conditions, different types of dynamic working conditions are performed on the ternary lithium-ion battery. The proposed algorithm has robust and accurate SOC estimation results and can eliminate computer rounding errors to improve adaptability compared to the conventional extended Kalman filter algorithm.

Analysis of electric-heat characteristics and power storage capacity of emergency power supply in substation based on energy saving and environmental friendly materials

With the continuous increase of DC power system of substation, DC emergency power supply is needed for technical transformation and troubleshooting of DC power supply system. In order to study the ideal backup tool of DC power supply with light weight, small volume and easy to carry, and guarantee safety and stability of the renovation of substation dc system, this paper studies the ternary lithium ion battery with the advantages of large capacity and small volume. The paper intends to master the heating and cooling conditions of ternary lithium-ion batteries in charging and discharging process. Then, the feasibility application in substation emergency power supply of ternary lithium ion battery is analysed. The example results prove that the use of ternary lithium ion battery could meet the demand of using a variety of scenarios of transformer substation, and improve the reliability of dc power supply system.

Multi-objective thermal optimization of ternary lithium-ion battery

Multi-objective thermal optimization of ternary lithium-ion battery

Effects of Structure Parameters on the Thermal Performance of a Ternary Lithium-Ion Battery under Fast Charging Conditions

The heat generated by a lithium-ion battery (LIB) under fast charging conditions can influence the charging efficiency, lifetime, and security of the battery. Considering the Joule heat generation of the tabs during the fast charging process, the electrochemical–thermal coupling model of a ternary LIB is built. The voltage and temperature of the battery are calculated during the constant current charging processes of 1 C, 3 C, and 6 C. By comparing the calculation results with the experiment results, the effectiveness of the model is verified. The electrochemical performance and thermal performance of the battery under fast charging conditions are obtained and analyzed through the model. The effects of the structure parameters such as the positive electrode thickness, N/P ratio, separator thickness, tab size, and arrangement on the average volume heat generation rate and temperature rise of the battery are investigated at charging rates of 3 C and 6 C. The conclusions obtained can provide references for the battery structure design and battery thermal management system design oriented to fast charging applications.

Recycling and Direct-Regeneration of Cathode Materials from Spent Ternary Lithium-Ion Batteries by Hydrometallurgy: Status Quo and Recent Developments

The cathodes of spent ternary lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are rich in nonferrous metals, such as lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese, which are important strategic raw materials and also potential sources of environmental pollution. Finding ways to extract these valuable metals cleanly and efficiently from spent cathodes is of great significance for sustainable development of the LIBs industry. In the light of low energy consumption, ‘green’ processing and high recovery efficiency, this paper provides an overview of different recovery technologies to recycle valuable metals from cathode materials of spent ternary LIBs. Development trends and application prospects for different recovery strategies for cathode materials from spent ternary LIBs are also predicted. We conclude that a highly economic recovery system: alkaline solution dissolution/calcination pretreatment → H2SO4 leaching → H2O2 reduction → coprecipitation regeneration of nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) will become the dominant stream for recycling retired NCM batteries. Furthermore, emerging advanced technologies, such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs) extraction and one–step direct regeneration/recovery of NCM cathode materials are preferred methods to substitute conventional regeneration systems in the future.

State of health prediction model based on internal resistance

The state of health (SOH) is a crucial indicator of lithium-ion batteries. A battery cycle and calendar life are critical for electric vehicle batteries. Complex interactions occur between the SOH and internal resistance of a battery. In this study, several ternary lithium-ion battery charge discharge experiments were performed to investigate the effects of the ambient temperature, discharge rate, and depth of discharge on a battery's internal resistance. An SOH prediction model was then constructed and used to evaluate the remaining capacity of the electric vehicle battery. The model was verified through various experiments, and a comparison of experimental and model-derived data revealed a favorable agreement. Thus, the model accurately predicted the SOH of a ternary lithium-ion battery.

Joint Estimation of Ternary Lithium-ion Battery State of Charge and State of Power Based on Dual Polarization Model

Joint Estimation of Ternary Lithium-ion Battery State of Charge and State of Power Based on Dual Polarization Model

Design strategies for development of nickel-rich ternary lithium-ion battery

Compared with other energy storage technologies, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in many area, such as electric vehicles (EV), because of their low cost, high voltage, and high energy density. Among all kinds of materials for LIB, layer-structured ternary material Ni-rich lithium transition-metal oxides (LiNi1−x−yCoxMnyO2 (Ni-rich NCM)) have regarded as one of the most promising cathode materials with its outstanding performance. Herein, we have reviewed used materials and performed modification methods to enhance capacity retention and cycling stability of Ni-rich NCM. Then we offer a comprehensive review of favorable materials with comparison of capacity retention between pristine and modified NCM in the surface coating, doping, shell and gradient form. Indeed, considerable development of the Ni-rich NCM technology, which started with the implementation of a simple coating method, has been achieved so far.

A new dual-ion hybrid energy storage system with energy density comparable to that of ternary lithium ion batteries

A new dual-ion hybrid device is successfully fabricated with a silicon carbon anode and an expanded graphite cathode and exhibits an excellent energy density.

Influence of capacity and energy density of lithium-ion battery on thermal reaction during high rate charging

NCM ternary lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in electric vehicles. However, the negative impacts of increased energy density cannot be ignored, particularly the heat generation from batteries during high-rate charging. Further analysis is required on the heat generation problem in high energy density NCM batteries for safety. In this study, the thermophysical parameters of batteries with different energy densities are tested, then a heat generation model during charging is constructed based on Bernardi equation. Furthermore, two NCM batteries with different energy densities are selected to analyse the heat generation when the charging rate varied from 1 C to 4 C. The results show that under the same charging rate, heat generation in a higher energy density NCM battery is more evident, and the average heat generation rate can reach 2.36 times that of a lower one. In addition, factors that cause the increased heat generation in NCM batteries are quantified.

Research on the Technological Development of Lithium Ion Battery Industry in China

Combined with the background of the rapid development of new energy automobile industry and the power battery gradually becoming the absolute main force of the market in recent years, this paper illustrates the current development status of global and Chinese lithium ion battery industry and analyzes the future development trend of the industry. Focusing on ternary lithium ion battery, all-solid-state lithium ion battery, anode material, lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte and diaphragm materials, this paper describes the research and development of different key materials and technologies of lithium ion battery, and gives the prospect of future technology development direction. Based on Chinese lithium ion battery industry background, reasonable industrialization suggestions are put forward.

Recovery of Fe, Mn, Ni and Co in sulfuric acid leaching liquor of spent lithium ion batteries for synthesis of lithium ion-sieve and NixCoyMn1-x-y(OH)2

A comprehensive utilization process of Fe, Mn, Ni and Co in the acid leaching liquor of spent lithium ion batteries was put forward. Fe and part of Mn were extracted to synthesize Fe-doped lithium ion-sieve. Ni, Co and the rest of Mn were coprecipitated to prepare ternary lithium ion battery cathode material precursor NixCoyMn1-x-y(OH)2. After removing Cu2+ ions in acid leaching liquor by adding MnS, two-stage counter current extraction and one-stage stripping were used to extract all Fe3+ and 40.3% of Mn2+ ions in sulfuric acid leaching solution to obtain a MnSO4 stripping solution containing Fe3+ ions. Iron-doped lithium ion-sieve was synthesized by oxidation of the resulting MnSO4 solution with KMnO4 followed by roasting and acid leaching. Fe incorporates into the lattice of lithium ion-sieve and improves the structure stability. Fe-doped lithium ion-sieve shows Li adsorption capacity of 35.29 mg.g−1 and Mn dissolution loss of 1.66%. The Li+ adsorption in salt lake brine with the Fe-doped ion-sieve follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. NixCoyMn1-x-y(OH)2 is regular spherical particles with β-Ni(OH)2-like structure. This process provides a simple method for recovery and utilization of Mn, Fe, Ni and Co in spent lithium ion batteries.