Terms Of Norms Research Articles

The Robot-Gender Divide: How and Why Men and Women Differ in Their Attitudes Toward Social Robots

Recent developments foretell that social robots will soon become an integral part of everyday life, offering companionship and intimate closeness of different kinds. While research thus far is limited in scope and data, the current research offers two studies into how and why gender affects social robots’ acceptance among European and American participants. Study 1 ( N = 26,344) is used to identify overall patterns, while Study 2 ( N = 426), divided into quantitative and qualitative analyses, is used to investigate specific differences in accepting four types of robots: helpers, companions, lovers, and sex partners. Results show that women have significantly less positive attitudes toward social robots as lovers and sex partners than men. The qualitative analyses of Study 2 show that this is due to women seeing such robots more negatively in terms of social norms, psychological health, morality, and functionality. The study further offers an axis system, on which attitudes toward robots can be theorized and examined.

Dealing with Accusations of Illegality in International Arbitration: Dutch Perspectives on the Interaction Between Private Law and Criminal Law Standards

This article finds that private and criminal law standards differ greatly – both in terms of evidence and in terms of applicable substantive norms. On the basis of an assessment of the interaction between criminal and private law standards under Dutch arbitration law, it submits that in the private law assessment of allegations of illegality, evidentiary and substantive criminal law standards should play a more prominent part. To this end, it considers arguments of system coherence, legal policy and the rule of law. international arbitration, illegality, corruption, fraud, evidence, public policy

Function Spaces of Logarithmic Smoothness: Embeddings and Characterizations

In this paper we present a comprehensive treatment of function spaces with logarithmic smoothness (Besov, Sobolev, Triebel-Lizorkin). We establish the following results: Sharp embeddings between the Besov spaces defined by differences and by Fourier-analytical decompositions as well as between Besov and Sobolev/Triebel-Lizorkin spaces; Various new characterizations for Besov norms in terms of different K-functionals. For instance, we derive characterizations via ball averages, approximation methods, heat kernels, and Bianchini-type norms; Sharp estimates for Besov norms of derivatives and potential operators (Riesz and Bessel potentials) in terms of norms of functions themselves. We also obtain quantitative estimates of regularity properties of the fractional Laplacian. The key tools behind our results are limiting interpolation techniques and new characterizations of Besov and Sobolev norms in terms of the behavior of the Fourier transforms for functions such that their Fourier transforms are of monotone type or lacunary series.

A Study on the Willingness and Factors Influencing the Digital Upgrade of Rural E-Commerce.

The current problems of the low digital upgrading of rural e-commerce, single marketing method and high homogeneous competition will seriously hinder the development of rural e-commerce and rural revitalization. Therefore, finding how to guide the digital upgrading of rural e-commerce will be a key step in achieving rural revitalization and common prosperity. Based on 1387 Zhejiang rural e-commerce digital upgrading questionnaires, this paper analyzes willingness regarding rural e-commerce digital upgrading and its influencing factors using planned behavior theory and structural equation modeling. The findings show that (1) behavioral attitudes are the main influencing factors of upgrading willingness, and subjective norms are secondary influencing factors; (2) in terms of the behavioral attitudes of rural e-merchants, the greater the proportion of their online sales or the higher the proportion of online income, the better behavioral attitudes formed on this basis can promote the willingness to digitally upgrade rural e-merchants; (3) in terms of subjective norms, when rural e-merchant subjects perceive that the increased local participation in e-merchant association is too large or online income tends to saturate the total income, the more subjective norms can influence their willingness to digitally upgrade.

A study on the mediating effect of brand trust between perceived legitimacy of influencers and attitude toward brand: evidence from Turkey

PurposeThis study aims to test the effect that the perceived legitimacy of influencers has on the attitude toward the brand from the consumer point of view, as well as the mediating effect brand trust has on the relationship between the perceived legitimacy of influencers and attitude toward the brand.Design/methodology/approachBy using Google Forms to distribute links on various social media platforms, data were collected between January 15, 2021, and February 20, 2021. The population participants were all over 18 and had social media accounts. In the questionnaire, participants were asked to write down three influencers that they followed. They were then asked to answer the other statements in the survey with these three influencers in mind. Participants were included through convenience sampling from the population. A total of 514 people answered the questionnaire. These questions were then subjected to a statistical analysis using PLS-SEM.FindingsThe results showed that cognitive, moral and pragmatic legitimacies significantly affect brand trust. Moreover, the moral and pragmatic legitimacies significantly affect the attitude towards the brand. Regarding the mediation effect, results showed that brand trust has a mediating effect between the perceived legitimacy of influencers and attitude towards the brand.Research limitations/implicationsOne of the main limitations of this study is that the data were collected by convenience sampling. Therefore, the research results cannot be generalised. Another limitation is that the study measures general perceptions of influencers' legitimacy, so it has not been addressed in terms of a specific product group, follower or influencer self-branding issues.Practical implicationsThe managerial contribution of this research centers on the ability to evaluate the influencers and their legitimacy in society; not only by their follower count but also by the legitimacy factors that can be named under the name of primary legitimacy norms. Managers will then be able to use this framework to determine which influencers they want to work with.Originality/valueWhen the literature was reviewed, no study was found that examined and measured the perceived legitimacy of influencers in terms of social norms, values and morals. This research aims to add the concept of the perceived legitimacy of influencers to the discussion in the literature, embody the legitimate framework of influencers' activities and provide a more general conceptual basis for persuasiveness in influencer marketing.

Neurorights as Hohfeldian Privileges

This paper argues that calls for neurorights propose an overcomplicated approach. It does this through analysis of ‘rights’ using the influential framework provided by Wesley Hohfeld, whose analytic jurisprudence is still well regarded in its clarificatory approach to discussions of rights. Having disentangled some unclarities in talk about rights, the paper proposes the idea of ‘novel human rights’ is not appropriate for what is deemed worth protecting in terms of mental integrity and cognitive liberty. That is best thought of in terms of Hohfeld’s account of ‘right’ as privilege. It goes on to argue that as privileges, legal protections are not well suited to these cases. As such, they cannot be ‘novel human rights’. Instead, protections for mental integrity and cognitive liberty are best accounted for in terms of familiar and established rational and discursive norms. Mental integrity is best thought of as evaluable in terms of familiar rational norms, and cognitive freedom is constrained by appraisals of sense-making. Concerns about how neurotechnologies might pose particular challenges to mental integrity and cognitive liberty are best protected through careful use of existing legislation on data protection, not novel rights, as it is via data that risks to integrity and liberty are manifested.

Structural backward stability in rational eigenvalue problems solved via block Kronecker linearizations

In this paper we study the backward stability of running a backward stable eigenstructure solver on a pencil $$S(\lambda )$$ that is a strong linearization of a rational matrix $$R(\lambda )$$ expressed in the form $$R(\lambda )=D(\lambda )+ C(\lambda I_\ell -A)^{-1}B$$ , where $$D(\lambda )$$ is a polynomial matrix and $$C(\lambda I_\ell -A)^{-1}B$$ is a minimal state-space realization. We consider the family of block Kronecker linearizations of $$R(\lambda )$$ , which have the following structure $$\begin{aligned} S(\lambda ):=\left[ \begin{array}{ccc} M(\lambda ) &{} {\widehat{K}}_2^T C &{} K_2^T(\lambda ) \\ B {\widehat{K}}_1 &{} A- \lambda I_\ell &{} 0\\ K_1(\lambda ) &{} 0 &{} 0 \end{array}\right] , \end{aligned}$$ where the blocks have some specific structures. Backward stable eigenstructure solvers, such as the QZ or the staircase algorithms, applied to $$S(\lambda )$$ will compute the exact eigenstructure of a perturbed pencil $$\widehat{S}(\lambda ):=S(\lambda )+\varDelta _S(\lambda )$$ and the special structure of $$S(\lambda )$$ will be lost, including the zero blocks below the anti-diagonal. In order to link this perturbed pencil with a nearby rational matrix, we construct in this paper a strictly equivalent pencil $$\widetilde{S}(\lambda )=(I-X)\widehat{S}(\lambda )(I-Y)$$ that restores the original structure, and hence is a block Kronecker linearization of a perturbed rational matrix $${{\widetilde{R}}}(\lambda ) = {{\widetilde{D}}}(\lambda )+ {{\widetilde{C}}}(\lambda I_\ell - {{\widetilde{A}}})^{-1} {{\widetilde{B}}}$$ , where $${{\widetilde{D}}}(\lambda )$$ is a polynomial matrix with the same degree as $$D(\lambda )$$ . Moreover, we bound appropriate norms of $${{\widetilde{D}}}(\lambda )- D(\lambda )$$ , $${{\widetilde{C}}} - C$$ , $${{\widetilde{A}}} - A$$ and $${{\widetilde{B}}} - B$$ in terms of an appropriate norm of $$\varDelta _S(\lambda )$$ . These bounds may be, in general, inadmissibly large, but we also introduce a scaling that allows us to make them satisfactorily tiny, by making the matrices appearing in both $$S(\lambda )$$ and $$R(\lambda )$$ have norms bounded by 1. Thus, for this scaled representation, we prove that the staircase and the QZ algorithms compute the exact eigenstructure of a rational matrix $${{\widetilde{R}}}(\lambda )$$ that can be expressed in exactly the same form as $$R(\lambda )$$ with the parameters defining the representation very near to those of $$R(\lambda )$$ . This shows that this approach is backward stable in a structured sense. Several numerical experiments confirm the obtained backward stability results.

Intergenerational interviews in Negev Arabic

Abstract Communication strategies used for conversational repair in Negev Arabic are examined here in a 170,000-word corpus of intergenerational interviews, with university students interviewing their relatives, over age 55, in the Bedouin community in the Negev, southern Israel. Since the traditional language and narrative style of the elderly are largely unfamiliar to the young generation in terms of lexicon, discourse structure and cultural norms, progressivity was often interrupted for purpose of repair. Other-initiated self-repair sequences were particularly frequent: the student asks a metalinguistic or referent-tracking question, or inquires about past customs, and the interviewee explains; additional turns may contain candidate understanding moves and confirmation, before resuming progressivity of the narrative sequence. Gaps were sometimes mediated by a middle-generation ‘broker’ interlocutor. Conversational repair was found to be frequent in facilitating both intelligibility and comprehensibility in these intergenerational conversations.

Denoising and Inpainting of Sonar Images Using Convolutional Sparse Representation

Recently sparse representation (SR) techniques have been extensively applied for sonar images restoration tasks such as denoising and inpainting. However, the fine details such as edges and texture information present in sonar images are not fully restored using these techniques. This is due to ineffective dictionary formation and learning of sparse components and dictionaries. In this paper, the author proposes the convolutional sparse representation (CSR)-based methods for sonar image denoising and inpainting tasks. To minimize the Gaussian noise from sonar images, an alternative direction method of the multiplier (ADMM) optimization algorithm is used for solving the convolutional basis pursuit denoising (CBPDN) problem with joint sparsity through an L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2,1</sub> norm term. For the removal of impulse noise from sonar images, an ADMM algorithm is used to solve a CSR problem with an L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> data fidelity term and both L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> and L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> gradient regularization terms. For the inpainting of sonar images, the additive mask simulation technique is used for solving CSR problems related to boundary masking. From the experimental results, it is found that the proposed sonar image denoising and inpainting methods have created better visual quality sonar images, higher peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and structure similarity (SSIM) values, as compared to state-of-the-art sonar image denoising and inpainting methods.

Odgovornost zaposlenih u javnoj upravi

The aim of every legal system founded on the rule of law that strives for the principle of legal certainty is to achieve effective liability to the highest extent possible. In the Serbian public administration, the long-term avoidance of accountability for different illegal acts has weakened the liability of employees who also do not feel they will be held accountable for their acts. They do not believe that an appropriate sanction is prescribed for this type of conduct. This is the case of the institutionalized forms of legal accountability, whose enforcement actions are regulated by law. We might assume the kind of the existing awareness about accountability in terms of moral norms and corresponding provisions of a soft law character The perspective of citizens on trust in public administration is largely neglected in the discourse of administrative ethics and accountability.

Research on Cross-Cultural Management in International Business Activities

The promotion of cross-cultural management work can provide strong support for the high-level promotion of international business activities of enterprises. The article first summarizes the main roles and impacts of cross-cultural management in international business activities of enterprises, believing that cross-cultural management plays a role in the cultural differences between East and West in terms of personal relationships, cooperative norms, time awareness, and cultural conflicts, propose cross-cultural management strategies in international business activities of enterprises, by strengthening cultural construction, optimizing negotiation methods, adjusting strategic decisions, and adjusting market choices, to ensure the high-level operation of cross-cultural management related work.

Robust Local Stabilization of Nonlinear Systems With Controller-Dependent Norm Bounds: A Convex Approach With Input-Output Sampling

This letter presents a framework for synthesizing a robust full-state feedback controller for systems with unknown nonlinearities. Our approach characterizes input-output behavior of the nonlinearities in terms of local norm bounds using available sampled data corresponding to a known region about an equilibrium point. A challenge in this approach is that if the nonlinearities have explicit dependence on the control inputs, an a priori selection of the control input sampling region is required to determine the local norm bounds. This leads to a “chicken and egg” problem, where the local norm bounds are required for controller synthesis, but the region of control inputs needed to be characterized cannot be known prior to synthesis of the controller. To tackle this issue, we constrain the closed-loop control inputs within the sampling region while synthesizing the controller. As the resulting synthesis problem is non-convex, three semi-definite programs (SDPs) are obtained through convex relaxations of the main problem, and an iterative algorithm is constructed using these SDPs for control synthesis. Two numerical examples are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Persepsi Pegawai tentang Budaya Organisasi di Kantor Badan Pertanahan Nasional Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan

This study aims to find out employee’s perceptions about organizational culture at Kantor Badan Pertanahan Nasional Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan in terms of norms, aggressiveness, team orientation, result orientation, and behavior. This is descriptive research. The population of the study was the employees of Kantor Badan Pertanahan Nasional Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan, amounting to 45 people the sample was taken using the Stratified Proportional Random Sampling technique, with a total of 35 people. Collecting data in this study using a questionnaire in the form of a Likert scale. The results of data analysis show that employees' perceptions of organizational culture at Kantor Badan Pertanahan Nasional Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan can be seen from the following result: (1) norms in organizational culture are good with an average score of 4.2, (2) aggressiveness in organizational culture is good with an average score of 4.1, (3) team orientation in organizational culture is good with an average score of 4.2, (4) results orientation in organizational culture is good with an average score of 4.1 , (5) behavior in organizational culture is good with an average score of 4.2. Overall, it can be concluded that employees' perceptions of organizational culture at Kantor Badan Pertanahan Nasional Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan are good with an average score of 4.16. For this reason, it is recommended that leaders are expected to be able to provide examples, guidance, motivation and explore employee creative ideas. Employees are expected to be able to comply with and guide the norms, participate actively, establish good teamwork, innovate and dare to take risks for the progress of the organization.

Компактность линейных операторов на квазибанаховых пространствах голоморфных функций

We state conditions under which some classical operators acting from abstract quasi-Banach spaces of functions holomorphic in a plain domain into a weighted space of the same functions with sup-norm are compact. It is obtained abstract criteria for the compactness of a linear operator on an arbitrary quasi-Banach space which are stated in terms of delta-functions and formulate their realizations for both classical and generalized Fock spaces. The above results are applied to the weighted composition operator. It is established some conditions for the compactness of this operator which are given in terms of norms of delta-functions in the corresponding dual spaces. These results are essential generalizations of the known Zorboska’s ones. Namely, we significantly extended the class of weighted spaces of holomorphic functions with uniform norms for which one can state some conditions for the compactness of an arbitrary linear operator or the weighted composition operator.

Regularity criterion in terms of BMO-type norm of the pressure gradient for the Navier-Stokes equations on unbounded domains

In this note we consider the initial-boundary value problem for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on unbounded domains in Rd by imposing the non-slip boundary condition. Then for locally uniform domains, introduced by Jones [20], we present a sufficient condition in terms of the BMO-type norm of the gradient of the pressure for the regularity of Leray-Hopf weak solutions.

Contours of the Contemporary Information Society Development

Comprehensive coverage of the issues surrounding the problems of communication in the modern world, in addition to discussing the rules of modern human behavior regarding the meaning of information messages disseminated in society, especially meticulously considers technological aspects of information and communication activities, which includes three components: Internet, which became a planetary phenomenon; reliability and security of hardware and software systems that ensure the implementation of the state information and communication function; means of interaction of information and communication systems that provide information and communication function and its security in society. Under such conditions, the study of information and communication activities in society becomes relevant and is determined not only by the meaning of the transmitted information, but also the space in which it is disse-minated. Given the socially significant interests of the formation of a modern national information and communication space in which the average citizen can get the necessary information. It is emphasized that in terms of exis-ting political and legal norms, the following should be taken into account: the experience of global networks, such as the Internet, which largely meets these requirements; availability of universal protocols that allow the transfer of any information so that it can be received by any recipient; opportunity to use means of communication and socially significant information in personal communication, in particular relevant information, for the purpose of professional growth; education or research activities with the possibility of organi-zing complex communication: individuals, individuals with a group, groups with groups for the purpose of productive information exchange and dissemination of information in electronic publications, databases, collaboration. It is stated that when it is impossible to obtain, understand, comprehend or assimilate the transmitted information, communication is impossible, as well as the organization of advanced work at a distance, the transfer of real scientific, educational or production processes online. To understand and effectively use the information provided by the information and communication environment, you need to have the appropriate knowledge. Today, a huge number of people in modern countries, especially quasi-intellectual youth, without a thorough education, under the influence of the ICT, unconsciously fond of computerization, electronic games, etc., thinks fragmentarily and superficially, and, unfortunately, often turn into avatars, meaningless moving in cyberspace.

Subversive or Not? Analysing the Findom in Heterosexual Intimate Relationships

Abstract This research analyses the significance of an invention introduced in Taiwan—the ‘findom’ (finger condom)—by focusing on heterosexual couples in terms of heteronormativity, gender norms, and power dynamics. The data are obtained from advertising texts and interviews with seven participants who discuss their use of the findom in relationships. The study argues that heteronormative scripts are reinforced when advertisements suggest that the findom will increase erotic pleasure. Heteronormativity is revealed in the interviews, indicating that heterosexual hegemony regulates sexual behaviour and autonomy through gendered roles. Regulatory heterosexuality is dominant, as six of the interviewees used the findom in conventional sexuality. However, the findom enables the subversion of heterosexual regulatory norms and the rearticulation of gender dynamics via unconventional sexual practices. The findings suggest it is possible to consider the findom a challenge to normative heterosexuality and that the materiality of sexuality can be reversed through its use.

Covariance estimation under one-bit quantization

We consider the classical problem of estimating the covariance matrix of a sub-Gaussian distribution from i.i.d. samples in the novel context of coarse quantization, that is, instead of having full knowledge of the samples, they are quantized to one or two bits per entry. This problem occurs naturally in signal processing applications. We introduce new estimators in two different quantization scenarios and derive nonasymptotic estimation error bounds in terms of the operator norm. In the first scenario, we consider a simple, scale-invariant one-bit quantizer and derive an estimation result for the correlation matrix of a centered Gaussian distribution. In the second scenario, we add random dithering to the quantizer. In this case, we can accurately estimate the full covariance matrix of a general sub-Gaussian distribution by collecting two bits per entry of each sample. In both scenarios, our bounds apply to masked covariance estimation. We demonstrate the near optimality of our error bounds by deriving corresponding (minimax) lower bounds and using numerical simulations.

Fast neighborhood reconstruction with adaptive weights learning

Neighborhood reconstruction is one of the hot topics in data analysis, as it has a powerful ability to capture the local manifold information of data. However, one common drawback of existing discriminant neighborhood reconstruction methods is that they partition the reconstruction weights learning and feature extraction into two separate steps; due to the existence of noisy and redundant features, this affects the learning performance. In addition to this, each sample is expressed by the linear combination of all other samples, and the sparsity of the reconstruction coefficients is usually constrained by the sparse norm or regularization term. This will not only cause heterogeneous samples to own unnecessary weights, but also increases the time complexity. To address these issues, in this paper, we propose a Fast and Adaptive Neighborhood Reconstruction (FANR) model, where each sample is expressed by representative points from the same class. By replacing the fully connected graph with a bipartite graph, the time complexity can be reduced from the original O(n3) to O(n), while the adverse impact of heterogeneous samples can also be avoided. The weights and representative points of the bipartite graph in each class are auto-updated in the ideal subspace to eliminate the influence of noisy and redundant features. Furthermore, to reduce the sensitivity of the model to the reduced dimension, PCA is introduced to hold the main energy of the original data. An iterative algorithm is developed to solve the model effectively. The results of experiments conduced on toy data and benchmark datasets demonstrate the efficiency and superiority of our proposed model.

Research Spotlights

The first Research Spotlights article in this issue is concerned with filtering, a task of paramount importance in a great many applications such as numerical weather prediction and geophysical data assimilation. Authors Alessio Spantini, Ricardo Baptista, and Youssef M. Marzouk, in their article “Coupling Techniques for Nonlinear Ensemble Filtering,” describe discrete-time filtering as the act of characterizing the sequence of conditional distributions of the latent field at observation times, given all currently available measurements. Despite the existing literature on filtering, issues such as high-dimensional state spaces and sparse (in both space and time) observations still prove formidable in practice. The traditional approach of ensemble-based data assimilation is the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), involving a prediction (forecasting) step followed by an analysis step. However, the authors note an intrinsic bias of EnKF due to the linearity of the transformation, estimated under Gaussian assumptions, that is used in the analysis step, which limits its accuracy. To overcome this, they propose two non-Gaussian generalizations of the EnKF---the so-called stochastic and deterministic map filters---using nonlinear transformations derived from couplings between the forecast distribution and the filtering distribution. What is crucial is that the transformations “can be estimated efficiently...perhaps using only convex optimization,” that they “are easy to `localize' in high dimensions,” and that their computation “should not become increasingly challenging as the variance of the observation noise decreases.” Following a comprehensive description of their new approaches, the authors demonstrate numerically the superiority of their stochastic map filter approach over traditional EnKF. The subsequent discussion offers the reader several jumping off points for future research. Recovery of a sparse solution to a large-scale optimization problem is another ubiquitous problem arising in many applications such as image reconstruction, signal processing, and machine learning. The cost functional typically includes a regularization term in the form of an $\ell_1$ norm term on the solution and/or regularized solution to enforce sparsity. Designing suitable algorithms for such recovery problems is the subject of our second Research Spotlights article. In “Sparse Approximations with Interior Point Methods,” authors Valentina De Simone, Daniela di Serafino, Jacek Gondzio, Spyridon Pougkakiotis, and Marco Viola set out to correct the misconception that first-order methods are to be preferred over second-order methods out of hand. Through case studies, they offer evidence that interior point methods (IPMs) which are constructed to “exploit special features of the problems in the linear algebra of IPMs” and which are designed “to take advantage of the expected sparsity of the optimal solution” can in fact be the method of choice for solving this class of optimization problems. The key to their approach is a reformulation of the original sparse approximation problem to one which is seemingly larger but which has properties upon which one can capitalize for computational gain. For each of four representative applications, the authors show how to take computational advantage of the problem-specific structure of the underlying linear systems involved at each iteration. These efforts are complemented by leveraging the expected sparsity: employing heuristics to drop near zero variables, thereby replacing very large, ill-conditioned intermediate systems by better conditioned, smaller systems. Their conclusion is that time invested in tailoring solvers to structure admitted by the reformulated variant, and in taking advantage of expected sparsity, may be well spent, since their demonstrations have shown it is possible for IPMs to have a “noticeable advantage” over state-of-the-art first-order methods for sparse approximation problems.