Terms Of Emotional Exhaustion Research Articles

Teachers’ emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction: How much does the school context matter?

The current article investigated the role that the school context plays in teachers’ well-being in terms of emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. First, we analyzed between-school variation in well-being and indicators of social interactions. Second, we examined the association between these indicators and well-being on the teacher and school levels. Based on two large teacher samples (Study 1: N = 1022; Study 2: N = 2886), the results of multilevel regression analyses showed low between-school variance in well-being but substantial variation in indicators of social interactions. Moreover, well-being was tendentially related to interindividual differences in the perception of social climate.

The Effects of Emotional Labor on Work Strain and Nonwork Strain Among Dancers: A Person-Centered Approach.

Emotional labor is an important research area, but four key gaps remain regarding outcomes of nonwork strains, explanatory frameworks beyond the conservation of resources theory, adoption of person-centered approaches, and subjects of performers. By surveying 183 Chinese dance students, we employed cluster analysis to examine the adoption of emotional labor strategies (ie, surface acting, deep acting, and expression of naturally felt emotions) and to explore the outcomes on work strain (ie, emotional exhaustion and reduced flow experience) and nonwork strain (ie, depression and anxiety) with introducing the allostatic load theory as an analytical basis. Four types of emotional workers were identified, namely, flexible regulators (33.33%), authentic regulators (15.85%), display rules compliers (39.34%), and non-regulators (11.48%). Authentic regulators had the lowest emotional exhaustion. Non-regulators had the lowest flow. No differences emerged in depression or anxiety across clusters. Findings partially align with past research showing risks of surface acting in terms of emotional exhaustion. However, all three strategies enhanced flow states. Moreover, dancers' work strains did not extend to psychological problems, unlike other professions. Possible explanations include training in emotional regulation and flow states in performing. Practical implications exist for training emotional regulation and fostering flow at work.

The Relationship between Burnout and Wellbeing Using Social Support, Organizational Justice, and Lifelong Learning in Healthcare Specialists from Romania.

Background and objectives: The goal of this study was to evaluate the levels of organizational justice, social support, wellbeing, and lifelong learning associated with the level of burnout experienced by medical and non-medical staff from public and private medical units. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 497 healthcare professionals: 367 medical personnel (Mage = 43.75 ± 0.50), including 216 nurses, 97 physicians, and 54 respondents with other medical specialities such as biologists, psychologists, physical therapists, pharmacists, etc., and 130 non-medical staff respondents (Mage = 45.63 ± 0.80), including administrative personnel. The Maslach Burnout Inventory, the ECO System, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the WHO Wellbeing Index, and the revised Jefferson Scale of Physician's Lifelong Learning were used. Results: Burnout was measured in terms of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Medical personnel registered higher values of personal accomplishment (38.66 ± 0.39 vs. 35.87 ± 0.69), while non-medical personnel registered higher values of depersonalization (6.59 ± 0.52 vs. 4.43 ± 0.26) and emotional exhaustion (27.33 ± 1.24 vs. 19.67 ± 0.71). In terms of organizational justice, higher scores were observed for medical staff, while non-medical staff recorded lower values (24.28 ± 0.24 vs. 22.14 ± 0.38). For wellbeing, higher scores were also registered for medical staff (11.95 ± 0.21 vs. 10.33 ± 0.37). Conclusions: For lifelong learning and social support, no statistically significant differences were found. In the case of the proposed parallel moderated mediation model, the moderated mediation effects of organizational justice, lifelong learning, and burnout on the relationship between social support and wellbeing were valid for every dimension of burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment), but lifelong learning was not found to be a viable mediating variable, even if high levels of social support correspond to high levels of lifelong learning and wellbeing.

Burnout, Organizational Justice, Workload, and Emotional Regulation among Medical and Non-Medical Personnel Working in Romanian Healthcare Units.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the levels of organizational justice, emotional regulation, and workload associated with the level of burnout experienced in medical and non-medical staff from public and private medical units. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 230 healthcare professionals, including 139 medical personnel and 91 non-medical staff respondents. The collected socio-demographic and organizational data and psychological tools were the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI HSS), the ECO System, and the emotional regulation questionnaire (ERQ). For medical staff, burnout was measured in terms of emotional exhaustion (M = 27.05 ± 12.34), depersonalization (M = 8.26 ± 3.95), and personal accomplishment (M = 47.35 ± 6.78). The scores for non-medical staff were emotional exhaustion (M = 35.84 ± 14.71), depersonalization (M = 11.79 ± 6.30), and personal accomplishment (M = 44 ± 7.37). In terms of workload, higher scores were observed for non-medical staff (M = 25.43 ± 7.87), while medical staff recorded lower values (M = 20.35 ± 7.65). The scores for the cognitive reappraisal dimension were as follows: medical personnel (M = 32.02 ± 5.37) and non-medical staff (M = 31.67 ± 6.19). In terms of the expressive suppression dimension, medical staff registered at M = 17.99 ± 5.61, and non-medical staff registered at M = 17.19 ± 5.53. For organizational justice, higher scores were registered for medical staff (M = 25.87 ± 6.02) and lower scores for non-medical staff (M = 21.34 ± 5.72). Medical staff felt a higher sense of organizational justice than non-medical staff, as is also evidenced by the level of the workload dimension, which registers higher values for non-medical personnel. In the case of burnout, higher levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization dimensions were also revealed for non-medical staff and, in the case of the professional fulfillment dimension, higher scores were registered for medical staff.

Burnout Syndrome in Emergency Department Healthcare Providers In Aljouf Region

Background: Burnout refers to job dissatisfaction caused by work-related stress. The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence, risk factor, protective factors of burnout among emergency department healthcare providers in Al Jouf region hospitals. We aimed to investigate the psychological impact of burnout, how it weighs down on mental health and physical health, and ways to prevent it. Burnout syndrome is emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP) and reduced personal accomplishment (PA) among individuals who work with people. Methodology: This study used a self-administered online questionnaire distributed through data collectors by sending the link to participants. A pilot study will be conduct on 10 subjects to estimate the time needed to fill the survey and test the logistics and its comprehensibility. A self-administered MBI-HSS was used to collect data on burnout in terms of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and low personal accomplishment. Study period from March 2021– January 2022. Results: We found burnout to be multidimensional such that different variables were associated with one or more aspects of burnout. Majority of respondents felt emotionally drained from work a few times a week. Low personal accomplishment results are caused by factors such as age, marital status, smoking, psychological/ psychiatric disorders. The results showed that the highest mean and standard deviation for MBI-HSS subscale scores for risk burnout was found in emotional exhaustion. The majority of participants (71.28%) had high prevalence of high depersonalization. 84.43% of participants were not burnt out. Conclusion: Burnout is a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment which arises in response to chronic stress in jobs where individuals work with people. Workers at the emergency department were more susceptible to burnout. Different factors are associated with burnout. Demographic factors of age, sex and marital status were significant in the study. Social and organizational solutions in preventing and alleviating this syndrome are recommended to address emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and low personal accomplishments.

Burnout in primary healthcare physicians and nurses in Turkey during COVID-19 pandemic.

Due to additional responsibilities and uncertainties during the COVID-19 pandemic, primary healthcare (PHC) workers are at increased risk of burnout. To determine and compare the burnout levels and related factors in PHC nurses and family physicians (FPs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey was delivered to PHC workers. Non-random sampling method was used. To evaluate burnout, the Maslach Burnout Inventory was used, which investigates burnout in three categories: emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP) and reduced personal accomplishment (PA). Multivariate linear regression was used to analyze factors associated with burnout for FPs and nurses separately. Among the participants, 55.7% were nurses, the mean age was 42.34. FPs and nurses experienced similar levels of burnout in terms of EE. Family physicians had higher levels of low PA and DP. Based on the results of the multivariate analysis, while higher EE levels were significantly associated with unequal distribution of workload and communication problems within the Family Health Center for physicians, the unequal distribution of PPE, lack of appreciation by patients or colleagues and restrictions on work-related rights were relevant factors for nurses. Lack of appreciation and restrictions of the rights were associated with increased DP scores in both groups. Unequal distribution of workload was also associated with reduced PA among FPs. PHC physicians and nurses are affected by burnout in different ways under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic based on gender, socioeconomic status and working conditions. To protect the mental health of PHC workers in the next public health emergency, clarification in the organization of services, empowering PHC workers in emergency risk communication and provision of timely, adequate and free PPE is essential. It is also crucial to ensure the rights of health workers through macro policy changes especially during emergencies.

An Analysis of Burnout among Female Nurse Educators in Saudi Arabia Using K-Means Clustering

Nurse educators are often burnt out and suffer from depression due to their demanding job settings. Biochemical markers of burnout can provide insights into the physiological changes that lead to burnout and may help us prevent burnout symptoms. Research was conducted using a descriptive cross-sectional survey design and a multi-stage sampling method. The ministry of education website provides a list of Saudi Arabian nursing education programs that offer bachelor of science in nursing programs (BSN). The study consisted of 299 qualified participants. Malsach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was used to measure burnout as the dependent variable. The MBI is a 22-item scale that measures depersonalization, accomplishment, and emotional exhaustion during work. Bootstrapping with 5000 replicas was used to address potential non-normality. During this framework, four deep neural networks are created. They all have the same number of layers but differ in the number of neurons they have in the hidden layers. The number of female nurse educators experiencing burnout is moderate (mean = 1.92 ± 0.63). Burnout is also moderately observed in terms of emotional exhaustion (mean = 2.13 ± 0.63), depersonalization (mean = 2.12 ± 0.50), and personal achievement scores (mean = 12 2.38 ± 1.13). It has been shown that stacking the clusters at the end of a column increases their accuracy, which can be considered an important feature when classifying.

OCCUPATIONAL BURNOUT SYNDROME AMONG COMMUNITY PHARMACISTS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Introduction: The community pharmacy is the most accessible medical facility in the current healthcare system. Therefore, the expectations from pharmacists as the most accessible healthcare professionals are constantly rising. However, various studies indicate that pharmacists are subject to very high levels of occupational stress and professional burnout is common.
 The COVID-19 pandemic has posed new challenges to the work organisation in pharmacies and demand for an adequate reorganisation. In addition, it forced pharmacists to quickly adapt to the new circumstances and requirements and further increased occupational stress. 
 Objective: To establish the level of occupational burnout among community pharmacists during COVID-19.
 Materials and Methods: An anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted among 127 pharmacists working in community pharmacies in Varna, Bulgaria. The study period was from March 2021 to October 2021. The questionnaire consisted of two parts; the first one was based on the specialised Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-HSS) tool, assessing professional burnout in terms of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, and personal accomplishment; the second one collected data about the demographic characteristics of the respondents, including their job position, pharmacy type (an independent pharmacy or a pharmacy chain) and information on specific problems during COVID-19.
 Results: The identified mean values in the group of respondents were as follows: emotional exhaustion M=23.39 (SD 9,298), depersonalisation M=12.37 (SD 6,426), professional achievements M=31.25 (SD 7,531). The sample mean values that stood out were in the depersonalisation scale М=12.37, which is considered a high value. A statistically significant difference was found in the different age groups on the depersonalisation scale (F=3,957, p=0,022). There was a statistically significant difference between the arithmetic mean values for the age groups 25-40 years (M=13.75) and over 55 years (M=9.86).
 Conclusion: Based on the statistical differences for depersonalisation among pharmacists in different age groups, it can be concluded that young pharmacists do not express empathy while providing pharmaceutical care services.

Assessing Burnout Status and its Association With Demographic and Job-Related Factors Among General Dentists During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Shiraz

Background and aims: The aim of the current study was to assess the construct validity of the Persian version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) among dentists and burnout rate and its related factors among general dentists in Shiraz during the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed among 385 general dentists in Shiraz. Multiple stage sampling was performed for sample selection. In addition to a questionnaire containing demographic and job-related characteristics, the burnout rate was assessed using the MBI-HSS. The MBI-HSS consists of emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal accomplishment (PA) dimensions. The Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, and multiple regression analysis were applied for statistical analysis. Finally, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the model’s fitness. Results: A total of 385 dentists participated in the study, including 213 (55.3%) males and 172 (44.7%) females with a mean age of 32.89 (±6.29) years. The mean years of activity, the number of patients per week, and working hours per week were 9.15 years, 31.55 patients, and 39.50 hours, respectively. Most dentists showed low to moderate burnout in terms of EE (86%) and moderate to high burnout with regard to DP (90.9%) and PA (96.6%). Regarding the association between demographic factors and burnout dimensions, EE had a significant association with gender (B=0.26, P<0.001), age (B=-0.04, P=0.044), marital status (B=-0.42, P<0.001), and years of practice (B=-0.26, P<0.001). Further, DP was significantly associated with gender (B=0.13, P=0.043), marital status (B=-0.32, P<0.001), working hours per week (B=0.01, P=0.047), and the number of working clinics (B=-0.17, P=0.047). In addition, PA represented a significant association with marital status (B=-0.34, P<0.001). The three-dimensional model showed appropriate fitness in the current study. Conclusion: Most general dentists in Shiraz demonstrated low to moderate burnout regarding EE, most dentists had moderate to high burnout regarding DP and PA. Accordingly, gender, marital status, years of practice, the number of working clinics, and working hours should be considered burnout-associated factors by policymakers.

The effects of social, familial, and economic stress on social workers working with disabled individuals

Summary This study aimed to employ a social survey method to define the social, familial, and economic stresses experienced by a sample of 135 Saudi social workers who work with people with disabilities. It also aimed to understand the impact of these stresses on the degree of burnout these workers experienced in the following three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Findings We found that the degree of social, familial, and economic stress among social workers was moderate, whereas the degree of depersonalization was high; emotional exhaustion was medium; and personal accomplishment was low. We found a medium proportional correlation between the total stress experienced by a social worker and the emotional exhaustion they were likely to experience, which had a weak inverse correlation with personal accomplishment. Social workers’ total stress predicted their burnout to be 18.7% in terms of emotional exhaustion, 19.6% for depersonalization, and 7.5% for personal accomplishment. These predicted values also differed with regards to each focus. There was no correlation between workers’ burnout and the quantitative demographic variations. Applications The social and familial stresses encountered by social workers working with disabled individuals should be considered in order to map the causes of their suffering and, ultimately, to establish ways of alleviating the severity of the burnout they experience. Finally, there was evidence to support the idea that a review of their monthly salaries might serve as a solution to burnout.

Study of Caregivers, Job Stress and Burnout of Long Term Care Institution in Taichung City

The purpose of this study was to analyze the job stress and burnout of long-term caregiver (LTC), and the relationship between them. A total of 250 valid questionnaires were collected from caregivers of LTC in Taichung, Taiwan. After statistical analysis, the results show that: 1. LTC feel the highest job stress is “having to make a decision immediately in case of emergency.” 2. LTC feel highest job burnout is the “when they felt tired after work every day”. 3. The LTC with junior college education level felt more pressure on “work and family balance” than those with other education levels. 4. In terms of emotional exhaustion, unmarried caregivers are higher than others. 5. LTC feel highest job stress is related to burnout. Based on the above results, this study not only proposes management implications, and but also suggestions for future research.

Experiences of renal healthcare practitioners during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-methods approach

BackgroundGlobally, renal healthcare practitioners provide intensive and protracted support to a highly complex multi-morbid patient population however knowledge about the impact of COVID-19 on these practitioners is extremely limited.ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the experiences of COVID-19 with renal healthcare practitioners during the first global lockdown between June 2020 and September 2020.MethodsA multi-methods approach was carried out including a quantitative survey and qualitative interviews. This was a multinational study of renal healthcare practitioners from 29 countries. Quantitative: A self-designed survey on COVID-19 experiences and standardised questionnaires (General Health Questionnaire-12; Maslach Burnout Inventory). Descriptive statistics were generated for numerical data. Qualitative: Online semi-structured interviews were conducted. Data was subjected to thematic analysis. Renal healthcare practitioners (n = 251) completed an online survey. Thirteen renal healthcare practitioners took part in semi-structured interviews (12 nurses and 1 dietician).ResultsThe majority of participants surveyed were female (86.9 %; n = 218), nurses (86.9 %; n = 218) with an average 21.5 (SD = 11.1) years’ experience since professional qualification, and 16.3 years (SD = 9.3) working in renal healthcare. Survey responses indicated a level of preparedness, training and satisfactory personal protective equipment during the pandemic however approximately 40.3 % experienced fear about attending work, and 49.8 % experienced mental health distress. The highest prevalence of burnout was emotional exhaustion (35.9 %). Three themes emerged from the qualitative analysis highlighting the holistic complexities in managing renal healthcare, a neglected specialist workforce, and the need for appropriate support at work during a pandemic.ConclusionsResults have highlighted the psychological impact, in terms of emotional exhaustion and mental health distress in our sample of renal healthcare practitioners. As the pandemic has continued, it is important to consider the long-term impact on an already stretched workforce including the risk of developing mental health disorders. Future research and interventions are required to understand and improve the provision of psychological support for specialist medical and nursing personnel.

Burnout y su relación con rasgos de personalidad en una muestra de médicos del sur de Ecuador

El burnout constituye un fenómeno global, especialmente en el ámbito de profesionales de lasalud por las características propias de estos profesionales supondría una mayor vulnerabilidad (Gluschkoff, Elovainio, Kinnunen, Mullola, Hintsanen, Keltikangas-Järvinen y Hintsa, 2016;). La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar el burnout y la relación con los rasgos de personalidad (extroversión, psicoticismo, neuroticismo). Se utilizó una metodología descriptiva y correlacional, con una muestra de accesibilidad no probalística de 149 médicos de la zona sur del Ecuador.Los instrumentos utilizados fueron Inventario de Maslach [MBI-HSS] y el cuestionario de personalidad de Eysenck Revisado- [EPQR-A]. Entre los resultados relevantes se obtuvo una prevalencia de 2.7% del síndrome de burnout, en cuanto al agotamiento emocional 25.5% un nivel alto, en despersonalización el 10.7% un nivel alto y el 59.1% tiene baja realización personal. Como conclusiones generales se pudo identificar una correlación significativa entre neuroticismo y el burnout y con las dimensiones agotamiento emocional; despersonalización, así como también entre extroversión y despersonalización.

L’épuisement émotionnel dans la fonction publique hospitalière : effets du harcèlement moral, de la justice organisationnelle et de l’engagement affectif via le soutien social

The purpose of this study was to understand the indirect role of hierarchical and colleagues social support between bullying and the three forms of organizational (procedural, interpersonal, and informational) justice in one hand, the emotional commitment and outcome in terms of emotional exhaustion on the other hand. The data collected from survey submitted to 92 subjects were subjected to correlation, linear regressions and mediation analyzes. The regressions show that psychological bullying added to procedural, interpersonal and informational justice, as well as emotional engagement explains emotional exhaustion. Mediation analyzes also reveal that social support for colleagues has an indirect effect between interpersonal, informational, procedural and emotional exhaustion. Finally, the hierarchy social support has an indirect effect between the informational justice, procedural justice and emotional exhaustion.

Análisis del síndrome de burnout en docentes de educación infantil, primaria y secundaria para su prevención y tratamiento

This article presents the results of a research project based on various aspects of the burnout syndrome and its incidence in teachers of preschool, middle school, and high school from Seville province (Spain). The main goal of the study is to analyze the level of burnout that teachers experience both at a general level and when considering different variables according to age, experience, type of educational center and educational stage. A quantitative methodology was implemented, and the study sample was composed of 1890 teachers, to whom the CBP-R Burnout scale questionnaire was applied. Sierra’s (1987) criteria were used to select the sample; a high-reliability index close to +/- 2% margin of error was obtained. For the data analysis and the treatment of the obtained results, variables such as emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of realization were taken into consideration, as well as variables according to age, experience, type of educational center and educational level. Among the main findings, we highlight that 11.6% of teachers surveyed have a high level of general burnout. In terms of emotional exhaustion, 74% of them obtained a score within the burnout average level, and especially highlighted the emotional cost of the education profession and the harshness of the post-holiday syndrome. About the depersonalization, 83% also obtained a score within the average level; everything seems to indicate that the teachers surveyed suffer from an extraordinary form of stress at their jobs. At last, in terms of the lack of realization in their profession, 86.2% of the teachers surveyed obtained an average burnout level; we can appreciate that there is a high satisfaction doing their jobs and with their professional vocation too.

Secondary Traumatization and Related Psychological Outcomes in Firefighters

The current study aimed to investigate the rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as the relationship between PTSD and depressive symptoms, burnout, and life satisfaction in Turkish firefighters. A cohort of 100 male firefighters (mean age 45.12, SD = 9.72) working at different centers participated in the study. Results showed that firefighters had a high rate (40%) of PTSD according to DSM-IV criteria. Firefighters with PTSD also had higher burnout in terms of emotional exhaustion, higher depression, and poor life satisfaction. Psychological and occupational interventions are crucial to prevent such disturbances in risky groups like firefighters.

Job Demands, Job Resources, and Well-being in Police Officers\u2014a Resource-Oriented Approach

This study examined the association between job characteristics, namely job demands and job resources, and mental health outcomes in terms of emotional exhaustion and well-being among police officers. Eight hundred forty-three German police officers participated in a cross-sectional online survey. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the validity of the dual process model of the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) framework in the context of police work. Job demands (verbal assaults by citizens, workload, and administrative stressors) predicted emotional exhaustion whereas job resources (team support, shared values, and perceived fairness) predicted well-being. Moreover, job resources were directly and negatively associated with emotional exhaustion. The findings confirm the capacity of job resources to simultaneously promote well-being and reduce emotional exhaustion. Work place interventions should thus not merely decrease job demands. To improve and protect police officers’ well-being, it is advisable to promote job resources. A supportive and fair organizational climate based on shared values is required to foster mental health in the context of police work.

Effects of breaks on regaining vitality at work: An empirical comparison of ‘conventional’ and ‘smart phone’ breaks

Recently, the popularity of smart phones has brought about changes in how people work and take breaks. This paper focuses on whether taking a break with a smart phones (e.g., browsing the internet or using social network services) has a different association with regaining vitality after ‘conventional breaks’ (e.g., walking or chatting face to face with friends). We surveyed a total of 450 workers in Korea with a diary questionnaire to see if there were differences in the effects of breaks via two theoretical paths of association: positively in terms of vigor and negatively in terms of emotional exhaustion. Empirical results show that psychological detachments by breaks, independent of break modes, did increase vigor and reduce emotional exhaustion, consistent with the existing literature. However, we also found that the effects, particularly in reducing emotional exhaustion, were significantly lower for the smart phone break group versus the conventional group. We discuss some theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

Is outcome responsibility at work emotionally exhausting? Investigating employee proactivity as a moderator.

This study investigates the relationship between outcome responsibility and employees' well-being in terms of emotional exhaustion. Outcome responsibility is a job demand implying that employees' decisions at work have high material and/or nonmaterial consequences. Previous research indicates that outcome responsibility can have both positive and negative effects on employee well-being. Based on the person-job fit approach we hypothesize that whether or not outcome responsibility is positively or negatively related to emotional exhaustion depends on whether employees' behavioral style fits with this job demand. We investigate the role of proactive behavior as a personal resource that fits with high responsibility. We test our hypothesis in a multisource study among 138 employee-colleague dyads. Results of hierarchical moderated regression analysis reveal that peer-rated proactive behavior moderates the relationship between outcome responsibility and emotional exhaustion, such that the relationship is negative for employees showing high and nonsignificant for employees showing low proactivity. This finding holds also when controlling for trait positive and negative affect. The current study contributes to previous research on job design, proactivity, and occupational well-being and offers practical implications in terms of selection and training of employees for jobs high in outcome responsibility.

Association of 12 h shifts and nurses’ job satisfaction, burnout and intention to leave: findings from a cross-sectional study of 12 European countries

Objectives12 h shifts are becoming increasingly common for hospital nurses but there is concern that long shifts adversely affect nurses’ well-being, job satisfaction and intention to leave their job. The...