Terms In Different Languages Research Articles

English-induced Semantic Expansion in Swahili

Equivalent lexical terms in different languages rarely match in all their shades of meanings. For example, a lexical term, which is a polyseme in language A, is not necessarily a polyseme in language B with which it is in contact. However, this study reports a context where equivalents in different languages influence each other’s scopes of meaning in a multilingual context. This corpus analysis reveals that a sizeable number of Swahili monosemes have changed to polysemes in emulating English polysemous equivalents with which they are in contact. The analysis reveals that this powerful language-induced meaning expansion starts in less formal media, such as the press, before spreading to formal media, such as the dictionary and the book.

A TERMINOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON LEGAL TRANSLATION

Translation studies have gained considerable importance in terms of their practical utility in various fields of activity. Translation studies, coupled with terminology, can be said to focus on the accurate transfer of meaning between different languages, cultures and systems. The analysis of legal terms in different languages (English, French and Romanian) aims to provide a new perspective upon a highly controversial subject – the interpretation of laws, legislative texts, jurisprudential cases, etc. in accordance with the European Union principles and pragmatic ways of organizing ideas and securing the intended meaning, impacting heavily on legal translators and legal practitioners alike.

Linguistic and cultural specifics of the formation of the diplomatic terminology system

The article is devoted to the linguistic and cultural specifics of the formation of the diplomatic terminology system. The purpose of the article is to identify similarities and differences in the formation of diplomatic terms in different languages. After developed states engage diplomatically with other countries, diplomatic terms are formed in their languages. This is one of the most important approaches to expanding the terminological field in the language of the country. International terms are adopted with diplomatic terms. It is essential to study carefully the terminology process and the specific implementation of diplomatic terms which were adopted from foreign languages. Care must be taken to avoid alternative meanings of words in the national language in use. The comparative method, the content-text method and methods of terminological analysis were used in our research. The article identified common diplomatic terms in the field of lexical language borrowings and in the original language. The most used equivalents of foreign terms, mainly from the English, are outlined. The vocabulary building of diplomatic terms was also noted. The study of the semantics of similar diplomatic terms in terminology systems of different languages seems promising.

LEXICAL FEATURES OF BORROWED VOCABULARY OF THE FORMATION PERIOD OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY OF DISEASES IN RUSSIA

The study complements the information about the nature of the medical term within the framework of historical terminology.
 Purpose. The article discusses the linguistic features of medical borrowed terms denoting human diseases.
 Materials and methods. The material was medical scientific texts on surgery and pharmacology of 1835-1899 editions. The analysis used lexico-semantic, etymological and word-formation analysis of vocabulary, a comparative method of linguistic research.
 Results. The results of the study suggest that by the nineteenth century, the Russian scientific medical terminology of diseases was finally formed in the national language. The basis of the formation are lexical units of Greek-Latin origin, there were also borrowings from Polish, French, and English. Comparative analysis of terms in different languages has shown the presence of a large number of terms-internationalisms. Translated borrowings and calculus were used in the formation of terms. The study revealed the difficulty of proving the formation of terms by calculus. The analysis of medical terms revealed semantic differences in the source language and in the recipient language, which confirms: 1) the artificial nature of the formation of the terminological system, 2) the presence of national specificity of terms denoting diseases. Thus, the results of the study show that with the unity of the laws of human cognition, an individual understanding of the world picture is manifested in each language; the names of diseases formed on the basis of the national language reflect the popular understanding of diseases.
 Practical implications. The factual material and conclusions of the article can be used both in terminology and in the course of medical education.

Влияние транслингвизма на становление языковой картины мира на примере ассоциаций с цветообозначениями

The research focuses on the influence of translingualism on the establishment of language worldview. Due to the relevance of the problem, the article sets the task to investigate the influence of translingualism on the formation of the language worldview as a process of perceiving the environment through its color components through the prism of speakers of different languages. Based on the observation of translingual connections that arise between linguistic and color stimuli, the key idea is illustrated that a number of patterns that manifest themselves in the interaction between native and foreign languages indicate that the diversity of languages creates different mental angles and projections of color term awareness. This study is based on the results of an experiment conducted among speakers of 15 different languages. This perspective of the study allows us to substantiate that awareness and perception of color terms in different languages reflect the complementarity of language processes, their dynamism, deep qualitative and quantitative features. The language worldview is a reflection of the objective color spectrum in its specific interpretation and is characteristic of representatives of different cultures. It fixes the features of its perception and the specifics of language associations, indicates that they have acquired new semantic connections and leads to creation of new meanings.

Meaning equivalence issue of English and Lithuanian terms of finance

Abstract The intensification of language contacts has led to increasing problems of compliance between terms in different languages in the translation of subject-specific texts. Dictionaries are the main tool in clarifying term meanings and trying to find the most appropriate version which could be perceived by the representatives of different languages equally. More accurate dissemination and usage of the term equivalent allows the addressee (recipient) to better comprehend the contents of the language. Not only are meaning explanation and consistency of definition formulation significant aspects in compiling bilingual dictionaries but also determination of term equivalents. Although terms of economics have old traditions in various languages, it is possible to notice the cases of meaning discrepancy and different perception. The choice and usage of appropriate term remain crucial in communicating about various finance-related operations. The more accurate and clearer the term the better perception of the subtleties of other language. The purpose of this article is to determine the extent to which the concepts of a semantic group representing finance are equivalent, i. e. how similar and different their features are in English and Lithuanian. The research revealed that the majority of the analysed terms are partially equivalent in both languages. Hence, partial equivalents and surrogates in particular may cause confusion and discrepancy in term meaning perception.

Comparing and Contrasting Kinship Terms of Sinhala, Tamil, and Chinese for Second and Foreign Language Teaching in Sri Lanka

This study is projected to discuss prominent issues in teaching kinship terms of Sinhala, Tamil, and Chinese in second and foreign language teaching in Sri Lanka. This study involves with communicative functional approach methodology. Detail descriptive analysis is done on the usage of the kinship terms in different cultural backgrounds, based on the information collected from different languages. The concepts of language, culture, kinship term will be defined, respectively. The relationship between language and culture will also be pointed out. Moreover, factors such as grammatical importance that have an impact on the success of teaching culture-oriented kinship terms to second and foreign language students will be examined. Detail analysis was done to understand the functions of the kinship terms in different languages. From the communicative approach, it is investigated how kinship terms are used in various social environments and how could teach them in second language teaching. The work and analysis undertaken in this paper significantly contributes to identify the language patterns via the kin relationship between the society and the language.

Using ISO and Semantic Web standard for building a multilingual terminology e-Dictionary: A use case of Chinese ceramic vases

Cultural heritage is the legacy of physical artefacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that is inherited from past generations. Terminology is a tool for the dissemination and communication of cultural heritage. The lack of clearly identified terminologies is an obstacle to communication and knowledge sharing. Especially, for experts with different languages, it is difficult to understand what the term refers to only through terms. Our work aims to respond to this issue by implementing practices drawn from the Semantic Web and ISO Terminology standards (ISO 704 and ISO 1087-1) and more particularly, by building in a W3C format ontology as knowledge infrastructure to construct a multilingual terminology e-Dictionary. The Chinese ceramic vases of the Ming and Qing dynasties are the application cases of our work. The method of building ontology is the ‘term-and-characteristic guided method’, which follows the ISO principles of Terminology. The main result of this work is an online terminology e-Dictionary. The terminology e-Dictionary could help archaeologists communicate and understand the concepts denoted by terms in different languages and provide a new perspective based on ontology for the digital protection of cultural heritage. The e-Dictionary was published at http://www.dh.ketrc.com/e-dictionary.html .

PRACTICAL BASIS OF TEACHING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS

This article explains the need for the research in the field of engineering terminology, the process of teaching it in foreign languages, the comparative application of engineering terms in different languages and studying the development trends. Objective of the article is to describe the methodology of teaching mechanical engineering terminology on the basis of study research in the field of mechanical engineering as a complex of heavy equipment in industry that produces household appliances, as well as consumer electronics and products of defense importance. Methods of the investigation that enabled to: study and analyze mechanical engineering terms; develop methodology of teaching mechanical engineering terms; analyze selection and assessment criteria of case studies; analyze selection and assessment criteria of project-based teaching; organize pedagogical experiments and analyze their results. It is an integral part to investigate the sphere of machine-building and metalworking industries, the production of metal products, metal structures and the repair of machinery and equipment. Furthermore, the issues of teaching engineering terminology in order to form professional foreign language competence in technical students by means of using new pedagogical technologies are of high significance. Such as, typology of terms in the field of mechanical engineering, teaching terminology whereby case studies and projects, examples of case studies and study projects are given. It is also important to pay attention to the etymology and the sources of the formation of terms, their peculiarities and definitions in special contexts as a complex human speech and language activity. Results and discussion. The article discloses the processes of activating terminology for obtaining information, through cognitive activity. Research works in the field of mechanical engineering, the practical basis of teaching terms and its effectiveness are also analyzed. The terms, vocabulary related to the field of mechanical engineering, case studies and analysis of independent work assignments are taken into account in the organization and conducting the trainings defined in the pedagogical experiment. As a result of experimental research, it was proved by mathematical statistical methods that the efficiency was achieved by 15% in case studies and 17% in educational projects. It was found that the mean value of the scores in the experimental group was 17% higher than in the control group. Hence, the research conducted has proven to be effective. Conclusions. The difficulties that arise in the process of comparing terminological activities show not only the specificity of individual languages, but also the specific role of terms in the national language system. Comparing the terminology of the English and Uzbek languages in the field of mechanical engineering not only allows to determine the general and specific features of the terms of mechanical engineering in the two languages, but also provides an in-depth study of both terminological systems.

Twinning Classics and A.I.

This Twin Talk is about the ongoing collaboration between an expert in Classics and an expert in Artificial Intelligence (A.I.). Our approach set out to answer two interlinked issues, ubiquitous in the study of material culture: first, pairing things to their names (designations) and, second, having access to multilingual digital resources that provide information on things and their designations. Our chosen domain of application was ancient Greek dress, an iconic feature of ancient Greek culture offering a privileged window into the Greek belief systems and societal values. Our goal was to place the Humanist/domain expert at the centre of the endeavour enabling her to build the formal domain ontology, without requiring the assistance of an ontology engineer. The role of A.I. was to provide automations that lower the cognitive load for users unfamiliar with knowledge modelling. Building the model consisted in distinguishing between concept level (i.e. the stable domain knowledge) and term level (i.e. the terms that name the concepts in different natural languages), putting these into relation (i.e. linking the terms in different languages to their denoted concepts), and providing complete and consistent definitions for concepts (in formal language) and terms (in natural language).

Classification and Subject Indexing Issues at a Mexican Library Specializing in Law Research

Subject indexing and classification of law resources is a complex issue due to several factors: specialized meanings of legal terms, meanings across different branches of law, terms in legal systems from diverse countries, and terms in different languages. These issues led to the development of a classification and subject indexing system which will help answer the major challenges of indexing and classifying law resources in the Research Institute Library at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Adopting its own classification required interdisciplinary work between law and information organization specialists, constant updating by legal specialists and others beyond the Legal Research Institute; and the sharing of this classification system with other institutions. Now, this classification system is used by important institutions that specialize in law, such as the network of Libraries of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation of Mexico. The purpose of this article is to show why and how this law classification and subject system was developed and is continuously being updated by libarians and law scholars in order for it to meet their specific needs.

Терміни - аспектні синоніми в когнітивному просторі мови

The article deals with the Ukrainian linguistic terms – aspectual synonyms. They are considered as a kind of conceptual synonyms that have common or different features of the same concept. Groups of homogeneous aspectual synonyms which form facets in the cognitive space of contemporary Ukrainian linguistic terminological system are determined as well as groups of heterogeneous aspectual synonyms, which are organized into clusters. The operational function of such synonyms for the forming of classes of equivalents of one- and multi-lingual terms in the informational-retrieval language of the keywords of the Base of the World Slavic Linguistics iSybislaw is emphasized. Determination of certain feature in the cognitive structure of multilingual terms creates the base for revealing the degree of their content closeness and the validity for the inclusion of terms-keywords to the certain classes of equivalence in the information-retrieval language of iSybislaw. The determination of common cognitive features for terms in different languages enables the structuring of their classes of equivalents in the iSybislaw system and, therefore, to organize searching of information within certain facets of aspectual synonyms within such classes; to search equivalents to foreign linguistic terms with the same features of the nomination concept common for them in certain national linguistic traditions. The analysis of aspectual synonyms in the contemporary Ukrainian linguistic terminological system will provide a solid basis for studying the state and perspectives of understanding the linguistic concepts which today are in the focus of attention and active work of specialists, as well as to find their links with the nominations of the same concepts in other languages and the forming of classes of equivalents for the language of the keywords of the iSybislaw system. Such structuring of the classes of equivalents on the basis of the commonality of the features of multi-lingual coreferential terms will help to optimize the searching of information in the database of system iSybislaw, as well as to create on its basis a new thesaurus of Slavic linguistic terminology as a hypertext system.

Analysis of Kinship Terms Using Natural Semantic Metalanguage: Anna Wierzbicka’s Approach

This paper provides a brief overview of some of the works by Anna Wierzbicka devoted to the study of kinship terms in different languages and cultures (Wierzbicka 2016a, 2016b, 2017). The paper considers the approach of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM), proposed by Wierzbicka for describing the semantics of kinship terms based on the use of lexical universals and shows the advantages of this approach in comparison with other methods of analysis. It demonstrates advantages of this method over other methods of semantic analysis, including overcoming eurocentrism tendencies in the analysis of kinship terms.

Medical terms-synonyms

Purpose of the study. Among the main paradigmatic groups in medical terminology, synonymy is vividly represented. This lexico-semantic phenomenon, which is considered one of the most important system-forming categories. The problem of synonymy is related to the process of normalization and medical-clinical terminology. Methods of research. The comparative-historical and descriptive methods are applied, in part - classification and statistical, as well as the methodology of linguistic analysis. Scientific novelty. In this article, we consider the ambiguity of the interpretation of the phenomenon of synonymy in Ukrainian medical terminology; the ways of occurrence of modern synonyms are clarified; the features of the formation of the syno -mical series are studied; The characteristic signs on which it is possible to classify synonyms of clinical terms are revealed. Conclusions. The results of the conducted work show that the choice of the most successful term belongs to the competence of scientists (physicians, philologists, terminologists). In modern science there is a disparity in the use of terms in different languages, the lack of efforts to limit the unsuccessful synonymic series, which leads to a large interpretation of synonyms, and, unfortunately, continues to be a serious obstacle in the exchange of scientific information, creates serious difficulties in accurate scientific translation medical literature, and also causes contradictions in the international cooperation of doctors.

Martyrious Galyn First Ukrainian Composer of Medical Dictionary (1856-1943)

The article is devoted to the activities of the doctor of medicine, the chief surgeon of the Kiev Military Hospital, the head of natural-medical and later of the medical section of the Ukrainian Scientific Society in Kyiv, the head of the Terminological Committee, the redactor of the first medical dictionaries, whose name for some time had been forgotten in Ukraine. After Ukraine gained its independency and the access to the special repository was opened, the figure of M. Halyn, who has made a significant contribution to becoming and development of Ukrainian scientific terminology was able to be learned. After tsar’s government having weakened the prohibition of the Ukrainian language in Eastern Ukraine in 1907 the Ukrainian Scientific Society in Kyiv was founded headed by M. Hrushevskiy, whose goal was to develop terminology and popularize the knowledge of the Ukrainian language. One of the first members of this society was M. Halyn. In 1908 the natural-medical section headed by M. Halyn was developed from this society. At his suggestion all scientific reports in the section were presented in Ukrainian, the first was M. Halyn’s report “The simulations in surgery.” He is considered to be the first author of scientific works about surgery published in Ukrainian. Since the first publication of scientific works the development of Ukrainian scientific terminology was needed. This question M. Halyn includes for the discussions in the section, urging colleagues to work on collecting the terminology and creating the dictionaries. He was one of the most active creators of Ukrainian medical terminology. Fragments of his dictionary “The Ukrainian medical terminology” first were published in 1918 in the journal Medical news. The first “Russian-Ukrainian Medical Dictionary. Materials for the Ukrainian medical terminology” was published in 1920, edited by M. Halyn. Due to some political reasons (the defeat of Ukrainian liberation movement) M. Halyn being a member of this movement was forced to emigrate to Bessarabia, where he continued to work on the Ukrainian medical terminology. In 1926 Prague he published “The Medical Latin-Ukrainian Dictionary” edited by B. Matyushenko and doctor V. Nalivayko. In the preface to the dictionary M. Halyn presented the views of Ukrainian doctors about the place of national terminology and the general principles and rules of creation the terms in different languages. Scientific and practical work of the scientist and the doctor was focused on establishing a new Ukrainian medicine and creating terms to describe medical concepts.

Imagined communities and practiced geopolitics

Political geographers have done a lot of work on both 'nationalism' and 'geopolitics' but they have by no means been the only users of these terms. Based on the massive data-set collected by Google's book digitization program the paper first draws a quick picture of the spread of these terms in different languages since 1900. It then provides some analysis of the substance of these terms as used in the social science literature and in political geography in particular. In a next section the current Ukrainian conflict formation is introduced as a case to illustrate the usefulness of these concepts. Internal Ukrainian relations are taken into account with respect to nationalist sentiment as well as geopolitical practice as well as the contrary geopolitical visions of the major external actors involved. Some suggestions on the shifting significance of nationalism and geopolitics are finally made as a consequence of changed circumstances resulting from globalization and the concomitant weakening of the national state as the firm foundation of the political order.

Проблемы терминологии в области изучения сниженной лексики

Kharlov I.Y. (Specialized educational scientific centre Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia) This article deals with the basic terms used to describe substandard lexis: vernacular, jargon, argot and slang. These terms are investigated into from the three linguistic traditions: Russian, English and French. Thus this article tries to explore the moments of overlapping in the usage of these terms as well as differences in their usage. This article looks at the origin of these terms in different languages and using this knowledge compares the way how they are used nowadays with their original meanings in the language of origin. This helps to demonstrate the discrepancies of terminology as it shows the problems of using the terms when describing one and the same phenomenon in different languages. Special attention is paid to the term slang in English and Russian and its possible equivalents in French as the French language does not possess such a term. Some relatively new ideas are also looked at. Such is the idea of the term jargot (which is derived from argot and jargon) as this term is not widely spread in Russian linguistics. Besides, this article poses a question into the usage of the term argot in Russian linguistics. French tradition talks about using this term in its plural form whereas when this term was borrowed into the Russian language, it lost its ability to form a plural form. In general, this article is not intended to give an exact answer for using terminology in different linguistic traditions but try to look at some basic ideas and points in their usage with an idea in mind of installing some connections between one and the same phenomenon and different variants of its presentation in different languages. Key words : terminology, substandard lexis, vernacular, jargon, argot, slang, Russian language, French language, English language. DOI: 10.18522/1995-0640-2015-4-124-131

Interculturalité et traduction franco-allemande

The article gives a contribution to the translation of texts containing intercultural differences. To this intent methods developped within comparative linguistics are proposed, taking account of the important notion of tertium comparationis. Examples are given for the address terms in different languages and from French and German text types (genres). Some conclusions are discussed for translation studies and for the teaching of foreign languages.

Einhundert Jahre danach - Zwei Kontrahenten und ihre Metaphern

A hundred years on - the two rivals and their metaphors On the metaphors of Alfred Adler and Sigmund Freud The controversy between the theories of Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalysis and Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology seems less extreme if the theories are considered in terms of different languages with differing metaphors. After an introduction to Lakoff and Johnson's theory of metaphor, the author reviews several metaphor schemata and their relevance for psychoanalytic theory. Finally, the different metaphors of the two rivals, Freud and Adler are presented and clarified in the context of their childhood experiences. A comparison of their metaphors reveals the antithetic link between the two rivals and the resulting overemphasis or down-playing of certain aspects of the metaphor and theory.

Happiness, culture, and context

The first part of this paper discusses why statistical comparisons of happiness and wellbeing are insufficient. It considers criticisms of these statistical comparisons, and discusses how, while they are useful for some purposes, they do not enable fully adequate cross-cultural comparison. The paper then discusses the problem of surveys both in terms of language, given the subtly different terms in different languages for happiness, and in terms of culture, arguing that difference in cultures can cause the findings of surveys to be less than transparent. It then turns to a consideration of culture itself, which has become increasingly problematic in anthropology in recent decades. ‘Culture’ is a term that has been shifting in its meanings. Culture no longer refers simply to ‘the way of life of a people,’ but also to the array of choices individuals make from ‘the global cultural supermarket’; culture in both these senses needs to be analyzed in terms of how it develops in the individual, as recent anthropological theories have been exploring. This new-found complexity of culture does not mean that researchers on subjective wellbeing should abandon culture as a variable; rather, they should augment statistical surveys of wellbeing, which are based on the older, conventional conception of culture, with ethnographic interviewing conducted by researchers who understand the language and culture in a given society. Only on this basis can the cross-cultural study of wellbeing reach its full potential, the paper argues, a potential uniting of different academic disciplines in a common endeavor, that of fully understanding what happiness means and how it can best be attained in the world.