Terminology Commission Research Articles

Příspěvek Alexandra Sticha a Vladimíra Šmilauera k výzkumu české vojenské terminologie

Alexandr Stich as well as Vladimír Šmilauer dealt with Czech military terminology, although this was not their main area of research. Both of them linguistically analyzed the work of others, namely Stich of Friedberg-Mírohorský and Šmilauer of Emil Smetánka. Stich was fascinated by Friedberg-Mírohorský’s effort because he also saw it as a political manifesto that would raise the Czech language to a higher level, and thus to the same level as the German language. For Šmilauer, who was a student of Smetánka, his work was of great importance because of its originality and systematic nature. Both Stich and Šmilauer made a thorough analysis of original sources, be it the illustrative atlas by Friedberg-Mírohorský or the set of small arms terminology, which was based on Smetánka’s work in the terminology commission after World War I.

Mūsdienu latviešu terminogrāfijas raksturojums: vārdšķiriskais aspekts

The problem discussed in the article is related to the discrepancy between the theory and practice of terminology in the part of speech aspect of terms. The traditional theory of terminology states that a term can be expressed only by a noun or a nominal subordinate word-group, but contemporary term dictionaries also include entry words expressed by other parts of speech (adjective, verb, adverb). The study examines and compares two target groups of dictionaries in the humanities and social sciences to identify parts of speech diversity and related trends. The research is valuable and important for decision-making in developing each new dictionary of terms. The article aims to provide a view into the diversity of parts of speech in the entry words of the contemporary Latvian term dictionaries. This is achieved by looking back at the previous terminology theory in the aspect of part of speech, comparing the inclusion of different parts of speech in term dictionaries and outlining the main issues of discussion for the further development of terminology theory and practice. The studies of theoretical knowledge are combined with the excerpting of entries in collecting material and the descriptive method in presenting the problem. Each statement is illustrated with a wide variety of examples. The theoretical part clearly shows the discrepancy between the traditional theory of terminology, which emphasises the nominal function, and modern theories, which emphasise the need to see terminology as a part of a natural, living, dynamic language open to change, where the aspect of information arrangement, information understanding and information transmission is also important. Therefore, the terms in the language are not strictly distinguishable from other linguistic units that form specialised discourse. It has been established that in practical use, there is a tendency to include entry words expressed by adjectives, verbs and adverbs in dictionaries of Latvian terms. It prompts a review of the theoretical views that have been valid until now. Searching for an answer to the research question, are other parts of speech (not only nouns) also used in practice, the next question arose – whether terminological clarity is lost if it is expressed with words of different parts of speech? The answer to this question can be found in the many dictionary entries, expressed with adjectives, verbs and adverbs. These features, which are already stable because they have been appearing for several decades, must be described and evaluated. Also, the presence of various parts of speech in the dictionaries of modern terms should be legitimised. It is possible that such an action would facilitate the harmonisation and approval of the new term dictionaries in the Terminology Commission.

Mūsdienu latviešu terminogrāfijas nākotne – būt vai nebūt?

The experiences and observations of lexicographers and dictionary publishers are very important for the study of contemporary terminological dictionaries, as they not only reveal practical aspects of publishing terminological dictionaries but also provide insight into the challenges of contemporary lexicography and terminography. Therefore, within the framework of the study, lexicographers and publishing representatives were interviewed – the editor Ieva Jansone (Zinātne Publishing House), the editor-in-chief Inta Kalniņa (Avots Publishing House), the chairman of the Terminology Commission of the Latvian Academy of Sciences and director of State Language Centre, Māris Baltiņš. The aim of the article is not only to highlight the main problems of Latvian terminography today (founded on the knowledge of publishers and editors with several years of experience in the field) and their possible solutions but also to shed light on the further development of the field. The opinions of publishers and terminologists were juxtaposed with the results of an online survey conducted among students regarding the use of dictionaries and their views on current issues in contemporary terminography. The article presents the main challenges of contemporary Latvian terminology and terminography: lack of financial resources; time-consuming work in creating a terminological dictionary; incomplete understanding of the status of the Terminology Commission of the Latvian Academy of Sciences; prevailing method of taking the term directly from a foreign language; development of specialised terminology is not recognised as a scientific work; publication of dictionaries not approved by the Terminology Commission; the future of printed dictionaries and their competitiveness with electronic resources. Lexicographers and publishers confirm that, for the existence and development of Latvian terminography, fundamental changes should be made related to financial funding, the role of the Terminology Commission, and the recognition of terminology development as scientific work. Despite the shortcomings of electronic terminological resources, online accessibility and convenience seem to outweigh dictionary users’ concerns about the reliability and quality of the source. Therefore, the importance of the Latvian National Terminology Portal, established with a status of national importance, to make the latest official terminology easily accessible and usable by everyone is crucial. Although some fundamental current problems in Latvian terminography require significant changes, moving towards a solution will ensure the development of the field, its research, the development of new terminological resources, and public access to the latest specialised terminology.

Galvenie problēmjautājumi projekta pētījuma „Izglītības terminu skaidrojošā tiešsaistes vārdnīca” īstenošanas sākumposmā

The authors of the article represent a project research group developing a new dictionary of terms in the field of education. During the project implementation, it is planned to develop an online dictionary with 3000 entries which would include the term in Latvian, its explanation with cross-references to the superordinate term, the subordinate term, and coordinate terms (if existent) and the equivalents of the term in English, German, French and Russian. This publication was created with the aim to describe the development of the Explanatory Online Dictionary of Educational Terms by identifying the main problems in the early stages of the research. The object of the research is the list of the educational terms created specifically for this project from the publications during the last twenty years (doctoral theses, monographs, political and planning documents, normative documents, teaching standards and programmes, dictionaries, glossaries, etc.) according to the principle of all-inclusiveness. The article’s methodology comprises the identification of problematic cases and typological description of these cases (mostly in relation to the selection of the terms and eventual development of the term list). The search for solutions has been revealed related to several subfields of linguistics, morphology, lexicology, word-formation, semantics, terminology and terminography. As the emerging terminographic publication is unique in the Latvian linguistics, this article makes almost no comparison with other lexicographical publications. Developing a reference material that meets today’s requirements we have looked for the technical solutions for the use of the online vocabulary and carefully developed the conceptual plan whic terminologically encompasses all levels of education and all subfieldsin the broadest entirety of the concept system. The results of the previous stages of the research, the development of the concept of the dictionary, wide collection of educational terms and arrangement in three large groups of terms (education policy and management, education actors and psychology, education science, pedagogy), have allowed for revealing the problematic issues of creation and use of terms. Additional research, conversations with the professionals of the field, involvement of the experts of Terminology Commission to decide on the best, most advisable term are needed to find solutions to the issues.

ВІД “МІНЕРАЛОГІЧНОГО СЛОВНИКА” ДО “УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НОМЕНКЛАТУРИ МІНЕРАЛІВ”

“Mineralogical Dictionary”, written by Ye. Lazarenko and O. Vynar (1975), was the first to publish in Ukrainian all the names of minerals known at that time: approved, obsolete, synonyms, names of varieties. It was also an explanatory dictionary, since it contained the most important information about the mineral – from the chemical composition and physical properties to the distribution and etymology of the name. The dictionary also contains explanations of several thousand rare, forgotten and underused mineralogical terms that can be found in the ancient geological literature. Such a collection is valuable both historically and scientifically. After the number of mineral species exceeded one thousand, and the number of their names – ten times more, in 1959 mineralogists created the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), under which two commissions were set up to control the regulation of the nomenclature of minerals and the approval of new mineral species. In 2006, Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (СNМNС) was set up. The Ukrainian Mineralogical Society (UMS) became a member of the IMA in 1994. Most mineralogical terms, used by Ukrainian mineralogists, were borrowed from Russian, although a number of ancient Ukrainian words have been preserved as normative historical names of minerals. Some of the terms, in particular the names of recently discovered minerals were borrowed directly from other languages according to the rules of transcription and written in accordance with the current Ukrainian spelling. They often did not coincide with those transcribed from Russian. This led to the emergence of a variety of terms for one species with a one– two letters difference. The urgent need for Ukrainian scientific terminology led to the emergence after 1991 of a series of geological and mineralogical dictionaries – of different specialization, content, distribution and quality. All of these dictionaries are a thing of the past, refining existing terms in their own way, and none of them cover new mineral species that are constantly appearing in Englishlanguage scientific literature. But a particular mineral species must have one name, regardless of whether it is formed by transliteration or transcription and how exactly it corresponds to the historical name or the name proposed by the author of the discovery. The Terminological Commission, established in 2017 at the UMS was given a task of arranging the nomenclature of minerals. According to Acad. Ye. Lazarenko, nomenclature is the language of mineralogists. The Commission approved the main principles of Ukrainian mineral names formation and spelling. Prepared for publication in accordance with the decisions of the Terminology Commission the “Ukrainian Nomenclature of Minerals” monograph, which contains information on 5 780 mineral species known as of 2021, should help Ukrainian mineralogists speak the same language

The Turkish Society of Colon and Rectal Surgery (TKRCD) Terminology Commission Study Report

The Turkish Society of Colon and Rectal Surgery (TKRCD) Terminology Commission Study Report

SOME ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTEMPORARY LATVIAN TERMINOGRAPHY: CHALLENGES, SOLUTIONS, OPPORTUNITIES

While studying the state of contemporary Latvian terminography, it must be acknowledged that terminological dictionaries are issued very often. The present research examines 450 Latvian terminological dictionaries that have been published in the last 30 years. Terminological dictionaries represent 30–40 % of the entire Latvian lexicography. Their characterization has a wide variety, both in terms of the authors and publishers, in terms of language selection and in terms of target audience. In addition, there are dictionaries approved by the Terminology Commission and dictionaries that are not approved by any official institutions. There is a lack of studies on the habits and needs of term dictionary users. In addition, publications of criticism or analysis about the qualitative performance of such dictionaries are also rare and no criteria has been developed to fully analyse and evaluate the development of terminology’s theory and practice. In this article, the authors have focused on exploring the situation in order to clarify the main trends in the characteristics of the terminography of Latvia. This was done through interviews with representatives of leading publishers who confirmed that the publishing houses are losing interest in issuing terminological dictionaries and discussion with the Chairman of the Terminology Commission of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. The authors have identified the main issues in organising the terminology process and determined answers to specific questions: what determines the dictionaries’ choice and credibility factor; how is feedback sought after a new dictionary is issued; what alternatives exist in areas where terminological dictionaries have been missing for decades, etc. Finally, the study analyses the new Latvian National Terminology Portal, which has been in operation for two years, with an aim to provide information on terms and to allow everyone to participate in the process of creating new terms.

СПЕЦИФІКА ПЕДАГОГІЧНОЇ ТА ПРОФЕСОРСЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ВОЛОДИМИРА ЛЕВИЦЬКОГО

The content of V. Levitstky’s pedagogical activity is analyzed in the article, his place and role as a sincere youth advisor and teacher of Lviv educational institutions, professor in the development of Ukrainian pedagogical thought are determined. The process of the formation of the scientist’s pedagogical ideology is also characterized. It was found out that in 1890, as a student of Lviv University, he began his scientific work. The author of the article pointed out that Volodymyr Levitsky, being in love with his favorite activity, was not satisfied only with his personal interest in mathematics, but tried to spread this curiosity among his students. In addition, it is noted that the aspects of higher mathematics, in particular differential equations and the theory of functions of a complex variable were the range of his scientific and mathematical interests. The content of Volodymyr Levitsky’s scientific works and pedagogical ideas in the conditions of problematic use of the Ukrainian language of the first half of the XX century in Ukraine during the Polish rule in Galicia and the domination of the USSR, the provisions of which are used not only by domestic but also foreign scientists. It is generalized that the scientist was the author of the first scientific article on mathematics in Ukrainian, the editor of the first scientific journal of the natural sciences in Ukrainian, the first author of materials on Ukrainian terminology in mathematics, physics and chemistry, author of Ukrainian textbooks of mathematics, physics and physics. taught in the name of Peter Mohyla, the founder, pedagogue and teacher of mathematics in Lviv educational institutions, but also an outstanding scientist-mathematician of Ukraine, in particular the West. The author of the article noted that Volodymyr Levytsky lived a life full of pedagogical activity, during which he worked tirelessly and sincerely in the field of the Ukrainian science and education, as well as the fact that the scientist was the first to raise mathematical culture on Ukrainian soil during his work in Galicia.Key words: inspector of secondary schools, mathematical culture, Scientific Society named after Taras Shevchenko, pedagogical activity, teacher, natural section, terminology commission, professional instructor.

The Development of Library Sector Terminology in Latvia and Problems and Solutions for Translating RDA Standard Terms

    The National Library of Latvia (NLL) is the methodological centre of Latvian libraries in data creation and ensuring the development of data standards as well as the methodical centre co-ordinating the terminology work of library field and related branches. The historical insight shows the development of terminology work and allows to trace the development of terminology work and problems. The terms are adopted and approved by the subcommittee of the Terminology Commission of the Latvian Academy of Science (LAS).    The article highlights the role of the NLL in the implementation and translation of Resource Descriptions and Access (RDA) standard in Latvia. It is the standard for descriptive cataloguing, intended for use by libraries and other cultural organizations such as museums and archives. The RDA standard includes a set of data elements, guidelines and instructions that can be adapted for other information communities around the world, such as museums and archives. The translation problems of RDA Glossary are described, as well as principles and solutions for correct reproduction of RDA terms and their explanations in Latvian. An overview is provided of how the correct, appropriate terminology was followed in the translation process of the terms, so that the chosen term, in the appropriate meaning, could be used throughout the translation and related documents.Finally, the influence of RDA terms on the common data model of Latvia memory institutions for the unified discovery of cultural heritage digital resources is also outlined.

LANGUAGE AND TERMINOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF UKRAINIAN MODERN LEGISLATION

The author reviews publications of Ukrainian jurists and linguists on the choice and application of terms in legislation, the negative consequences of inconsistency of terminology in laws and codex’s for law applicable practice. As a result of linguistic monitoring of document’s texts and the Dictionary of Legislative Terms from the Database “Legislation of Ukraine” revealed cases of misuse of terms, violations of modern Ukrainian language, interference errors caused by the influence of Russian language during the Soviet period. The author classifies typical errors and outlines the range of actual linguistic and terminological problems of modern Ukrainian legislation, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive balanced approach to solving problems related to the standardization, unification and standardization of legal terms. The article provides examples of errors and variability of terms in legislation, that highlights the need to standardize the terminology of Ukrainian legislation by a special terminology commission based on the implementation of achievements of modern legal terminology and standards of the Ukrainian language.

Ieskats latviešu folkloristikas terminoloģijas attīstībā

Latvian literary terminology and folklore studies terminology have many connections. Both areas have been comparatively understudied; especially, systemic and comprehensive analysis of folklore terminology should be carried out in broader research, which would require in-depth studies of emergence, loan, choice, use, inheritance, and succession of terms. This article mostly deals with historical or chronological aspect, providing a view into some essential lexicographic, monographic, and other resources of terms. The article aims to provide a view into the development of Latvian terminology in the 20th century (more precisely – from the beginning of independent Latvia until the restoration of independence after the Soviet occupation), paying attention to several resources of terminology. To reach the aim, a number of essential term sources of the field, which have had an impact on future terminology use and development, have been selected; characteristic of the resources is given, and specific examples are provided to illustrate the tendencies of the field’s terminology development. The publications, personalities, events, and discussions of the time help to understand what has happened in the newest terminology development period. The article draws from the following essential resources of terminology, which have had an impact on the Latvian folklore studies terminology: “Latvian Encyclopaedia” (Latviešu konversācijas vārdnīca, 1927–1940), “Introduction into Latvian Folk Poetry” (Ievads latviešu tautas dzejā, 1940) by Ludis Bērziņš (1870–1965), “General Conceptions about Folk Poetry” (Pamatjēdzieni par tautas dzeju, 1937) by Anna Bērzkalne (1891–1956), “Latvian Folklore” (Latviešu folklora, 1948) by Jānis Niedre (1909–1987), the Terminology Commission’s 8th Bulletin (1950), “Language of Latvian Folk Songs” (Latviešu tautasdziesmu valoda”, 1961) and “Works in Folklore Studies” (Raksti folkloristikā, 1968) by Arturs Ozols (1912–1964), “History of Latvian Folklore Studies” (Latviešu folkloristikas vēsture, 1989) by Ojārs Ambainis (1926–1995). The theoretical framework of the research consists of the studies in terminology theory and history by Māris Baltiņš and Valentīna Skujiņa, and the folklore studies history research by researchers at the Institute of Literature, Folklore and Art of the University of Latvia (Māra Vīksna, Dace Bula, Rita Treija, Anda Kubuliņa, Baibas Krogzeme-Mosgorda). Also, the minutes of the Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences Terminology Commission available at the Latvian Academy of Sciences archive have been studied.

Lawyers role in the development of the Belarusian legal terminology (1920s–1930s)

On the well-known jurists’ publications from the 1920s – 1930s their priority role in creating and streamlining Belarusian legal terminology in comparison with philologists’ role was identified. It shows the active participation in the Belarusization of legal science and education, except for the natives of Belarus, and legal specialists invited to work in the BSSR because of the lack of their own personnel. The features of practical implementation of basic principles of creating the dictionary of legal terminology developed by the Scientific and Terminology Commission under the People’s Commissariat of Education of the BSSR are clarified, changes in attitude to these principles during specified time are tracked depending on changes in linguistic ideology in the BSSR.

ABOUT THE HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FINANCIAL TERMINOLOGY IN THE AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGE

During the study of economic terms, it has been confirmed that financial terminology in Azerbaijan and in the east has ancient history. As Azerbaijan is located in the favorable strategic position, on the trade routes, trade relations have been developed rapidly here. The economical lexicon comprises a special, voluminous layer of lexicon. From time to time, this terminology area is subject to modifications, it is renewed, enriched through new lexical units. The article deals with the establishment, formation and development of financial terminology in Azerbaijan. The path passed by the financial terms from the ancient times up to present is analyzed and studied. The origin, development path and current condition of the financial terms used both in daily life and in the literary works and in the media is reviewed. The role of economic and trade relations in this area is interpreted through the historical stages. New expressions and notions emerged in our language as a result of fundamental economic, social and political, cultural reforms, public and social changes that have emerged since our country gained independence have contributed to the enrichment of our vocabulary fund, especially terminology and the economic terminology of our language has grown rapidly in the last twenty years. The impact of Turkology congresses and seminars on the terminology creation process in Azerbaijan was also in the focus of attention. Great attention and care of the head of the state Mr.IlhamAliyev to the development of Azerbaijani language is specially emphasized. The economic terminological layer of our language is developed, enriched and renovated rapidly, the financial terminology is enriched by new financial terms during the present development period of our Republic and expansion of economic – political relations with the most countries of the world. Establishment of Terminology Commission in Azerbaijan is one of the most important steps in thisarea. As if, a breakthrough has happened in the terminology system of Azerbaijan Republic by the establishment of this Commission and rapid development dynamics is observed. Different terminological dictionaries are prepared and published for all fields. It is important to state specially the role of media and textbooks in the development of terminology in Azerbaijan. It is true that there are some improvements in this area, but there are still unrevealed issues that are not yet clear in the textbooks. It shall be considered normal, as the formation of new economic relations in Azerbaijan requires the creation of new financial and banking terms. As mentioned above, it is realized either by the internal capacities of the language or words borrowed from other languages. Especially, the rapid development of the world economy, transition to the market economy, expansion of the banking system network, enhanced economic relations with foreign countries and signed various agreements have increased the interest in this area in the recent years. Access to the world market, along with economic accomplishments, causes to mass word flow to the lexicon and creation of new terminological units in every language. Therefore, currently, the financial terminology is distinguished by its special role in the lexical system of the language. At the same time, the close cooperation of the vast majority of the population with the banking system has contributed to the further expansion of the scope of financial terms.

Діяльність Валерії О’Коннор-Вілінської в еміграції (1918–1930 рр.

The article examines the literary and social activities of a Ukrainian writer, translator Valeriia O’ConnorVilinska in emigration. It analyses semantic content of her works that trace the author’s political position, her attitude to the Ukrainian culture and literature. Valeriia O’Connor-Vilinska was a prominent writer, playwright, public figure, one of the cofounders of the Ukrainian Central Rada, a member of the Terminology Commission of the Ukrainian Academy of Economics in Podebrady. Her activity had a great impact on to the interwar Ukrainian emigration in Czechoslovakia. Besides, her activity in the theatre field was widely known not only in Ukraine but also abroad, and children’s plays, stories created by her are still popular nowadays. Therefore, according to development of studies related to the social, cultural and political activities of women in Ukraine, it is necessary to analyse the role and the place of the Ukrainian writer, translator Valeriia O’Connor-Vilinska in this process.

MODERN DIDACTIC TERMS IN THE CONTENT OF LATVIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDIES

The article is devoted to a pending matter in the Latvian linguistics and methodology of language and literature – the formation of the system of terminology. The 90-ies of the 20th century when Latvia gained its national independence brought changes not only in the political and economic life but also in the terminology because new realities, which appeared in life, needed new names. Essential transformation in education brought along changes in the nomination system of the specific realities in the sphere. By establishing broader contacts with the pedagogical information field of the Western countries, translating scientific articles one comes in touch with specific concepts of the sphere for which there are no matching nominative units in Latvian and, judging by publications, in most cases equivalent terms are successfully formed. Unfortunately, this is not true of all innovatons, which, due to lack of time, amount of work or other reasons, in most cases are not submitted to language experts or the terminology commission for approval. The research provides analysis of several terms used in the methodology of the Latvian language and literature, as well as other subjects, yet are contraversial from the viewpoint of terminology and the quality of the Latvian language. The research presents the analysis of the semantic structure of active teaching methods and methodological approaches in language and literature in the context of the Latvian language world view with the aim to encourage teachers, lecturers of institutions of higher education, specialists in pedagogy and didactics and other people concerned to consider whether one or another name (which can hardly be referred to as ‘term’) fits into the education process.

Correct anatomical orientation of the heart and reflections on the nomenclature used in daily practice.

Correct anatomical orientation of the heart and reflections on the nomenclature used in daily practice.

10.5937/fmet1403177s = IFToMM Terminology Commission and Standardization of Mechanism and Machine Science Terminology

Nearly forty five years ago the Permanent Commission for the Standardization of Terminology of the International Federation for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science (IFToMM) was founded. Since then the commission underwent a successful development and worked out recognized terminological documents in printed and also electronic form. The paper deals with history of the commission from its early days, activities, methodological aspects and important achievements. In the course of time from 1969 to 2014 nearly sixty scientists from twenty five countries were involved in the commission.

When language becomes law: the methodology and criteria adopted by the South Tyrolean terminology commission for the standardisation of German and Italian translation equivalents

South Tyrol is a part of Northern Italy where a large German-speaking minority lives. In 1972 the local population was granted the right to use the minority language with the public administration, in court and in all realms of public life (DPR 672/1972). An urgent need for a clear and consistent German legal language that faithfully reflected the Italian legal system ensued. The task of responding to such terminological emergency was assigned to a commission of six legal experts and translators (DPR574/1988), who were to officially validate (i.e. standardise) the German language equivalents to the existing legal and administrative Italian terms. The use of the newly standardised terminology is mandatory for all public bodies. After about 20 years of activity, the proposed paper aims at analysing the results obtained and difficulties faced by the Commission during their daunting task of creating a German language terminology to express the concepts of Italian law with a constant view to the neighbouring well-established German speaking legal systems. The paper will illustrate the decision-making process, term selection criteria and strategies of neologyas well as discuss the procedural problems and terminological inconsistencies on the basis of real examples.

From classification to epilepsy ontology and informatics.

The 2010 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification and terminology commission report proposed a much needed departure from previous classifications to incorporate advances in molecular biology, neuroimaging, and genetics. It proposed an interim classification and defined two key requirements that need to be satisfied. The first is the ability to classify epilepsy in dimensions according to a variety of purposes including clinical research, patient care, and drug discovery. The second is the ability of the classification system to evolve with new discoveries. Multidimensionality and flexibility are crucial to the success of any future classification. In addition, a successful classification system must play a central role in the rapidly growing field of epilepsy informatics. An epilepsy ontology, based on classification, will allow information systems to facilitate data-intensive studies and provide a proven route to meeting the two foregoing key requirements. Epilepsy ontology will be a structured terminology system that accommodates proposed and evolving ILAE classifications, the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH/NINDS) Common Data Elements, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) systems and explicitly specifies all known relationships between epilepsy concepts in a proper framework. This will aid evidence-based epilepsy diagnosis, investigation, treatment and research for a diverse community of clinicians and researchers. Benefits range from systematization of electronic patient records to multimodal data repositories for research and training manuals for those involved in epilepsy care. Given the complexity, heterogeneity, and pace of research advances in the epilepsy domain, such an ontology must be collaboratively developed by key stakeholders in the epilepsy community and experts in knowledge engineering and computer science.

Terminologia anatômica utilizada em oftalmologia

The purpose of this article is inform ophthalmologists of the International Anatomical Terminology in the Portuguese language edited by the Federation Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT). In Brazil the International Anatomical Terminology was translated by the Anatomical Terminology Commission of the Brazilian Society of Anatomy.