Tendency Of Changing Research Articles

An Analysis of EEG Changes during Prolonged Simulated Driving for the Assessment of Driver Fatigue

Fatigue during driving is the main contributing factor to road accidents. It is influenced by time on task (TOT) and time of day (TOD). Recent electroencephalogram (EEG) research on fatigue assessment has shown a promising result in explaining the fatigue phenomenon. However, different findings exist regarding the best EEG parameters related to fatigue. This study examined EEG changes according to the effect of TOT and TOD and determined the best parameters to distinguish fatigue status. To generate driver fatigue, prolonged driving in the morning and at night in a simulator was conducted. The EEG signal was collected from 28 male participants at frontal and occipital areas. The EEG power (brainwave) was determined from the first and last 5 minutes of the driving task and after a break of 30 minutes. The results of this study showed a general tendency of EEG power changing throughout the driving sessions. However, changes related to fatigue were only found for the night sessions, as confirmed by q power and the subjective fatigue measurement result. This study showed that TOT (as a factor that induces fatigue) was explained by q from the frontal area, whereas TOD was differentiated by a, q, q/b, (q+a)/b and (q+a)/(b+a).

Induction Heating-Assisted Compaction in Porous Asphalt Pavements: A Computational Study

Low temperature asphalt (LTA) technologies, such as warm-mixed asphalt mixes, are utilized in the paving industry to lower energy demands and greenhouse gas emissions during asphalt mixing and pavement construction. However, the asphalt mixes developed that incorporate LTA additives are more sensitive than hot-mixed asphalts to temperature reduction during compaction, which leads to inadequate compaction and subsequent poor pavement performance. The induction heating-assisted compaction of pavement structures appears to be an effective way to ameliorate such issues and to improve mix compactability at lower temperatures. Considering that induction-assisted compaction is a complex process, a computational methodology is proposed in this paper. A porous asphalt concrete mix was considered as case material. For the pavement compaction analyses after induction, the temperature field generated by electromagnetic induction was predicted and the material parameters of asphalt mortar were adjusted. The effect of induction heating on asphalt compaction effectiveness, the tendency of mix density changing, the increase in compactor passes, and the influence of temperature on compaction at different locations in the pavement were studied as well.

Influence of temperature on the characteristics of surface charge accumulation on PTFE model insulators

During the operation of gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and gas insulated line (GIL), the conducting bar generates joule heat, and a non-uniform distribution of temperature forms in the bulk of the insulators. As the load varies, the temperature distribution changes, and it has an influence on the bulk conductivity of the insulators. Moreover, the surface charge accumulation can be affected. In order to clarify this, a surface charge measurement system which could achieve temperature control was constructed, and a model insulator with truncated cone type was employed, as well as two types of high-voltage electrodes, i.e. plate and needle electrodes. It is found that both polarities of charges existed on the insulator surface when a dc high voltage was applied to the plate or needle electrode, and homo-charge density was much higher than that of hetero-one. As for the plate electrode, homo-charges resulted from micro-discharges, while generated by corona in the case with needle electrode. As temperature increased, homo-charge density decreased, kept unchanged and increased for three cases, respectively, i.e. when dc voltage was applied to the plate electrode, and when voltage of 3 and 20 kV was applied to the needle electrode. Moreover, a simulation model involving multi-physics was established, which included heat conduction in solid and transient field changing from the initial capacitive to stationary resistive field distribution. It is proved that the electric conduction of the insulator bulk contributed to the accumulation of hetero-charges, and temperature could enhance this. Besides, when temperature increased, the corona inception voltage reduced, and hence the homo-charge density increased. Due to the effect of neutralization and the differences in the sensitivity of corona with different intensity to temperature, the tendency of homo-charge density changing with temperature for the three cases showed distinct in the experiments.

Sredstva iskazivanja vremenskog okvira u novinskoj vesti i novinskom izveštaju

This paper analyses most frequent linguistic means for expressing the temporal frame in the printed news and press reports. With structuralism as a chosen theoretical framework, the approach of the research is qualitative and stylistic. Since the study belongs to the field of functional stylistics, the primary methods used in the study were functional-stylistic and linguistic-stylistic ones. As the study focuses on two newspaper genres, comparative-stylistic method was used as well. The analysis has been conducted on concrete linguistic excerpts from Serbian daily newspapers published throughout Serbia from 2008 to 2015. The aims of the paper are to show model of expressing temporal frame in contemporary Serbian newspapers. This paper provides an overview of the characteristics of model and the types of temporal expression as well as their variations in contemporal Serbian newspapers. The paper also aims to determine the differencies between printed news and press reports by the choice of temporal expressions. It is shown that there is a tendency of changing schematized structure of these informative genres and some innovation in relation to the choice of linguistic means for expessing the meaning of temporally close events. The research is a contribution to journalism stylistics, more precisely to the Serbian language newspaper stylistics, and also contributes to the study of linguistic and stylistic characteristics of non-literary texts. The study is also relevant because it describes the use of adverbs and adverbial expressions in the journalistic style.

Microstructure Observation of Naturally Aged Thixoforming ZA27 Alloy

The microstructure of the thixoformed ZA27 alloy naturally aged for 5 years has been observed and analyzed. The results indicate that most of the original β + η laminar eutectics have changed into the structures that small α particles uniformly distribute in η phase matrix. Both the β phase and α’ phase have also decomposed. It is suggested that a continuous or dot-line α phase first precipitates in the β phase close to the eutectic η phase layer. Then eutectoid η phase nucleates or directly grows up from the eutectic η phase, which promotes the nucleation of eutectoid α phase or the direct growth of the α phase from the existing α phase. Subsequently, the resulting α + η phases grow towards the β phase inside, forming the regular laminar α + η structures. The laminar structures always continuously grow across the center α’ phase, which leads the α’ phase also to transform into regular α + η laminar structures. The laminar structures may crack possibly due to internal stress. The eutectoid η phase lamellae have a tendency of changing from laminar shape to particle form, resulting in the formation of non-laminar structures.

Predicting photocurrent tendency of organic photodiodes operating at external bias through optical field modeling

Optical field distribution and electric field distribution in organic photodiodes (OPDs) are of great importance for exciton generation and photocurrent improvement. Therefore, the influence of the two factors on the properties of OPDs should be considered simultaneously to get optimal devices. In this research, we analyzed the dependence of the photocurrents of m-MTDATA/C60 heterojunction OPDs on the light absorption and electric field distribution. And then a model was set up for predicting the tendency of photocurrent changing with the thicknesses of devices. The validity of the model was well verified by the consistency of the simulated data and the experimental data. Devices built according to the simulated optimal configurations gained improved photocurrents as expected. Furthermore, based on the model, we also presented a simple method to estimate the diffusion length of C60, which may be suitable for other materials.

An Exploratory Research on PCC Application of Crystalline Limestone: Effects of Limestone Crystallographic Characteristicson Hydraulic Activity

Quicklime(CaO) is generally obtained through the calcination of limestone, the main component of which is calcium carbonate(CaCO₃). Quicklime generates high-temperature heat when reacting with water, forming slaked lime(Ca(OH)₂). The industrial sectors for limestone are determined by the hydraulic activity of slaked lime, which is obtained by measuring temperature changes during the hydration reaction. Accordingly, this study examined the different crystallographic characteristics of limestone as affected by the geological origins of the regions where the limestones were produced, and how these characteristics affected hydraulic activity. Six limestone samples were collected from the Jecheon and Cheongsong areas and the hydraulic activities were measured in accordance with KS E 3077. The results indicate that limestone produced in the Cheongsong area, recrystallized through metamorphism caused by hydrothermal alteration, hada larger grain size of calcite than that of the Jecheon area, and displays a tendency of changing to marble. Limestone from the Cheonsong area showed more radical reaction in the early stage of hydration compared to that ofthe Jecheon area. In addition, it was revealed that limestone having more impurities like SiO₂ have lower hydraulic activity.

Method for Testability Demonstration Test Based on Cost Optimization

Aiming at the problem that uncertainty risk loss is lacking of considering in testability demonstration test, a method for testability demonstration test based on cost optimization is proposed. In the method cost of fault injection, risk cost of producer and consumer is synthetically considered, and a model based on test cost is established. On the basis of binomial distribution theory, the calculation method of producers risk and consumers risk is provided, and the variation tendency of producers risk and consumers risk changing along with the test plan is analyzed. On this basis, optimization solving method of test cost model is presented under the principle of minimize the posterior expected cost. At last, an example is given to show the validity of the proposed method.

Internal bias field relaxation in poled Mn-doped Pb(Mn1/3Sb2/3)O3–Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 ceramics

The frequency, electric field cycling and temperature dependences of the polarization–electric field (P–E), strain–electric field (S–E) loops in poled Mn-doped 0.05Pb(Mn1/3Sb2/3)O3–0.50PbZrO3–0.45PbTiO3 ceramics have been investigated. The P–E and S–E loops are strongly asymmetric corresponding to the presence of an internal bias field Ei after poling and aging, indicating that the domain walls are strongly pinned by preferentially oriented defect dipoles formed by the acceptor dopant ions (Mn2+/Mn3+) and O2− vacancies. Whereas, the loops exhibit a tendency of changing from asymmetric shapes to normal symmetric ones with increasing electric field amplitude or decreasing frequency. Repeated electric field cycling as well as high temperature results in a similar effect. Meanwhile, the Ei reduces consequently, providing evidence of domain depinning or internal bias field relaxation. It is suggested that the reorientation of the defect dipoles and depinning of domain walls arising from high temperature or electric field cycling are responsible for this extrinsic internal bias field relaxation process.

Distribution and transmission tendency of trichinellosis in wild boars (Sus scrofa) at the territory of Serbia

Trichinellosis (trichinellosis) is a disease common for both people and animals, which was mentioned in even some several centuries old notes. As well as domestic pigs, wild boars, being omnivores and the animals that broadly cover the territory of Serbia, could definitely be considered as one of possible trichinellosis indicators, and that is the main reason for starting this investigation with the objective to perceive the level of infection of wild boars in different hunting areas at the territory of the Republic of Serbia. In this work it is presented the distibution of T. spiralis in wild boars at the territory of Serbia in the period from 2006. to 2010. Besides the distribution of trichinellosis in wild boars, we have also calculated the tendency of changing in the number of infected wild boars at the territories of different hunting associations, in the period from 2006. to 2010. The distribution of T. spiralis in shot wild boars showed that trichinellosis appeared at the total of 24 hunting associations territories during the investigated period. Only at the territories of Pirot and Dimitrivgrad hunting associations, there was diagnosed at least one case of trichinellosis in shot wild boars in all five years. Out of the total of shot and inspected wild boars (20.250) in 123 of them, there was diagnosed the presence of T. spiralis infectious forms (0,61%). The greatest number (29) of the infected wild boars was shot in 2007. By analysing the change in number of positive wild boars in the interval from 2006. to 2010. it was found out that there is a constant tendency of growth, namely 1,1 head of boar per year. Change in number of trichinellosis wild boars by years of observation is a second degree polynomial (Y=-0,6+17,81xi-2,79xi2) with correlation coefficient of 0,69. On the basis of the obtained analysis, that were carried out, it can be concluded that the occurence of trichinellosis is most frequent in border areas towards Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Croatia and Bosnia and Hercegovina.

A Review of Malaysian Terraced House Design and the Tendency of Changing

The construction of terraced houses is the main contributor to the successful development of housing industry in Malaysia but illegal changes and modifications by buyers and occupants may diminish its original identity or characteristics. The physical adaptation and adjustment made by the occupants to fit their utilitarian needs could result in the extensive modification of the housing facilities and the relocation of spatial distribution. Since alteration and renovations are always done and made without proper control, terraced house in Malaysia has lost its originality. This paper provides literature reviews on housing modifications specifically in terms of design consideration and changes in design. It describes the relationship between human and their territory and space which then leads to changes in lifestyle and design. Finally, a conclusion is drawn on the effect of altering the appearance and the change of the original architectural character.

Study on the Deformation of Supporting Structure for Foundation Pit in Strata with Rock-Soil Combination

Taking the deformation of row pile supporting structure of foundation pit in strata with rock-soil combination as the research target and taking an open cut metro deep foundation pit as an example, by in-site monitoring and numerical simulation, analyze the horizontal displacement of retaining piles and the change law of steel support axial force in the strata with rock-soil combination, and summarize the change law of row pile supporting structure in the process of excavation under the conditions of this strata, so that to provide experience and guidance for similar engineering design and construction. The results show that: the structure of foundation pit has obvious effects on deformation and internal force of supporting structure, the result obtained from numerical simulation fits well with the tendency of monitoring data changing. In which, the deformation of row pile supporting structure in the middle and upper part of soil strata is larger, the deformation of middle and lower part of soil strata is comparatively smaller, the lateral deformation of row piles to basement has a tendency of gradual decreasing by taking the interface of rock-soil as a boundary.

Tin induced crystallisation of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films

The present article focuses on the effect of annealing temperatures about the Sn induced crystallisation of hydrogenated amorphous Si (a-Si:H) thin films, which are used to fabricate polycrystalline Si (poly-Si) film. The a-Si:H thin films are coated onto Sn metal thin film and subsequently annealed from various temperatures. These are crystallised by annealing for 1 h at 300°C and identified by XRD spectroscopy for the investigation of each phase. Process temperature for crystallisation should not be high because a eutectic temperature of Si–Sn is ∼232°C. Si crystal patterns of the prepared samples showed the tendency of changing from (111) to (002) with increasing temperature. It indicates that the crystal phases depend strongly on the annealing temperature of Sn induced a-Si:H thin films for the preparation of poly-Si film. Semiconducting type of Sn induced poly-Si films were shown in n-type through Hall effect measurement.

Organization of On-line Information Analysis in the System of Decision Making by Results of Factory Testing of Products

The article is about peculiarities and principle of operative information analysis in the system of decision making support for industrial testing of devices are considered. The main goal of the device assessment is to select devices capable of utilization. The information analysis orientates on detection and consequent tracking of the joint tendency of device parameter changing. The vector autoregression which connects current and past values of parameters is used to model the devices during their industrial testing.

Effect of B-site equal-valent doping on ferroelectric properties of SrBi4Ti4O15 ceramics

The structures and properties of Zr and Hf-modified SrBi4Ti4O15（SBTi） ceramics were investigated. We find that the basic crystal structure is not changed after the substitution of equal-valent cations Zr4+ and Hf4+ for the Ti4+ ions at B site in SBTi. Compared with the higher-valent cation doping （V, Nb）, Zr4+ and Hf 4+ substitution can also improve the ferroelectric property of SBTi. The enhancement of remnant polarization （2Pr） by Hf4+ doping is obviously larger than that by Zr4+ doping, though these two cations have almost the same radius. This indicates that the reduced concentration of oxygen vacancy is not the only reason responsible for the improvement of the 2Pr in the B site doping, and other uncertain reasons should also be considered. The piezoelectric properties of these ceramics are investigated briefly. The tendency of piezoelectric constant changing with the doping dosage is nearly consistent with the tendency of 2Pr. Meanwhile, the dielectric properties of these ceramics are investigated, the Curie temperature of the samples varieds slightly with the doping amount, which implies that the good thermal stability of SBTi is not sacrificed.

Ectomycorrhizal Fungus-Induced Changes of Cu and Cd Speciation in the Rhizosphere of Chinese Pine Seedlings

To understand the role of ectomycorrhizas in improving the tolerance of its host to excessive heavy metals in soil, this study was conducted to exam the patterns of four fractions (the exchangeable, the carbonate-bound, the Fe-Mn oxide-bound and the organically bound) of both Cu and Cd in the rhizosphere of Chinese pine ( Pinus tabulaeformis) seedlings grown in excessive Cu and Cd environment. The results showed that the speciation of Cu and Cd in the rhizosphere was significantly influenced by inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungus Boletus edulis. Compared to the rhizosphere, the content of exchangeable Cu slightly decreased in the mycorrhizosphere of the seedlings grown in 166 and 400 mg kg −1 Cu contaminated soil, whereas the exchangeable Cd in the mycorrhizosphere decreased remarkably to only 33% and to 60% that of the rhizosphere at 0.75 and 1.50 mg kg −1 Cd levels, respectively. These indicate the potential capacity of mycorrhizas to alleviate the damage of heavy metals to the host plants by reducing the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil. Distribution of the 4 tested fractions of Cu and Cd at different contamination levels showed that there was a strong tendency of changing from loosely associated fractions to strongly associated fractions in the mycorrhizosphere. The most stable Cd fraction, organically bound Cd, was significantly larger in the mycorrhizosphere than in the rhizosphere at different Cd contamination levels. This phenomenon was also observed for Cu but the difference was not statistically significant.

Crystallization Behavior of Poly(Trimethylene Terephthalate)/Polycarbonate Blends

The crystallization behavior of poly(trimethylene terephthalate (PTT) in compatibilized and uncompatibilized PTT/polycarbonate (PC) blends are investigated in the research reported in this paper. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the crystallization behaviors of PTT/PC blends were very sensitive to PC content. The onset (Tci) and the peak (Tc) crystallization temperatures shifted to lower temperatures whereas the area of the exotherm decreased quickly as the PC content was increased. The Avrami exponent, n, decreased from 4.32 to 3.61 as the PC content was increased from 0 to 20 wt %, and the growth rate constant, Z c , decreased gradually as well. This suggests that the nucleation mechanism exhibits the tendency of changing gradually from a thermal nucleation to an athermal mode although the growth mechanism still remains three‐dimensional. When epoxy (2.7 phr) was added as a compatibilizer during melt blending, the Tci and Tc shifted slightly to higher temperature (≤2°C), and the crystallization enthalpy, however, exhibited an increased crystallinity with the exception of the 90/10/2.7 phr PTT/PC/Epoxy. This suggests that the epoxy make a positive contribution to the PTT crystallization. Moreover, the influences of epoxy on the crystallization behaviors of PTT/PC blends are related to the epoxy content. By contrast, the compatibilizer of ethylene‐propylene‐diene copolymer graft glycidyl methacrylate (EPDM‐g‐GMA, ≤6.3 phr) had little effect on the crystallization behavior of PTT/PC blends. For PTT/PC/Epoxy (2.7 phr) blends, the Avrami exponent, n, decreased to near 3, while the growth rate constant, Z c , increased slightly as PC content was increased from 0 to 20 wt %. It is suggested that epoxy accelerated the process of the nucleation mechanism changing from thermal nucleation to an athermal mode. The EPDM‐g‐GMA had little effect on the nucleation mode and spherical growth mechanism. The PTT spherulite morphologies in PTT/PC blends were very sensitive to blend composition. Completely different morphologies were observed in pure PTT, PTT/PC, PTT/PC/Epoxy, and PTT/PC/EPDM‐g‐GMA blends.

대형트럭 프레임의 비틀림 강성 평가를 위한 유한요소 모델 개발

This paper develops a finite element model of a cabover type large truck. The finite element model is for evaluating torsional stiffness of the frame of the large truck. The torsional test of the frame is conducted in order to validate the developed finite element model. A load cell is used to measure the load applied to the frame. An angle sensor is used to measure the torsional angle. An actuator is used to apply a load to the frame<br/> A vertical upward load and a vertical downward load are applied to the frame in the torsional test. The frame’s torsional stiffness is computed with the measured load and torsional angle in the torsional test. The finite element model of the large truck includes cab, deck and payload, suspension, and tire, Cab, deck, and suspension are modeled not to affect the frame’s torsional stiffness. The simulation is performed with the developed finite element model for evaluating the frame’s torsional stiffness. The simulation results show a very good correlation with the torsional test results in the tendency of changing of the frame’s torsional stiffness not only with the direction of the applying load but also with the amount of the applying load. In addition, the simulation results predict the measured torsional stiffness of the frame with about 5% error.

The influence of an anionic additive on the properties of cation-exchanger based calcium-selective electrodes

Potentiometric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic investigations of calcium-selective membranes containing poly(vinylchloride), dioctylphenylphosphonate, calcium (bis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl] phosphate) and different amounts of the lipophilic anionic additive tridodecylmethylammonium chloride were carried out. The addition of the lipophilic additive changes the properties of calcium-selective electrodes, e.g. slope and calcium selectivity. The selectivity for calcium in presence of H+, Na+, K+, NH4 +, Mg2+, Ba2+, Sr2+ and (C2H5)4N+ was measured by three different methods, namely separate solution method, fixed interference method and matched potential method. Membranes with different concentration ratios between the calcium-exchanger and tridodecylmethylammonium chloride were investigated within half a year. The tendency of changing from cationic into anionic response for membranes containing nearly equivalent concentrations of cation- and anion-exchanger was shown. This inversion of the electrode response depends not only upon the concentration ratio of both ion-exchangers but also upon the total concentration of calcium-exchanger. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used for monitoring the development of membrane resistances during a soaking period of one month. Based on these results dielectric constants for the calcium-selective membranes depending on the membrane composition were determined. Furthermore, the dependence of the membrane resistance on the membrane thickness and the concentration of tridodecylmethylammonium chloride was evaluated.

Influence of intrapatch experiences and temperature on the time allocation of the whitefly parasitoidEncarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

The effect of experiences, such as contact with honeydew, rejections of hosts, and ovipositions in hosts, and of temperature on the time allocation of individualEncarsia formosa female parasitoids on tomato leaflets have been studied. Behavioral records were analyzed by means of the proportional hazards model. Analyses were carried out at two levels: (1) the tendency of leaving and (2) the tendency of changing from one leaf side to another. The patch-leaving behavior ofE. formosa can be described by a stochastic threshold mechanism, which is characterized by a certain tendency (probability per time) to leave. The median time from being placed on the leaflet or, if it occurred, from the latest encounter with a host until leaving was 18.6 min. The median time for changing from one leaf side to the other was initially 11.6 min and dropped to 5.7 min after both leaf sides had been visited. The effect of temperature, ranging from 20 to 30°C, was negligible. The presence of honeydew as well as the first oviposition in an unparasitized host decreased the tendency to leave, thus increasing the giving up time (GUT) since the latest encounter with a host. Encounters with parasitized hosts did not affect the GUT since latest encounter; as a result, the total residence time increased. After the first oviposition in an unparasitized host the tendency of changing from the lower leaf side on which hosts were present to the upper side was decreased. The presence of honeydew did not affect the tendency of changing leaf sides.