Temporal Interpretation Research Articles

Non-canonical word order and temporal reference in Vietnamese

Abstract The paper revisits Duffield’s (2007) (Duffield, Nigel. 2007. Aspects of Vietnamese clausal structure: Separating tense from assertion. Linguistics 45(4). 765–814) analysis of the correlation between the position of a ‘when’-phrase and the temporal reference of a bare sentence in Vietnamese. Bare sentences in Vietnamese, based on (Smith, Carlota S. & Mary S. Erbaugh. 2005. Temporal interpretation in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics 43(4). 713–756), are argued to obtain their temporal interpretation from their aspectual composition, and the default temporal reference: bounded events are located in the past, unbounded events at present. It is shown that the correlation so observed in when-questions is superficial, and is tied to the syntax and semantics of temporal modification and the requirement that temporal adverbials denoting future time is base generated in sentence-initial position, and past time adverbials in sentence-final position. A ‘when’-phrase, being temporally underspecified, obtains its temporal value from its base position. However, the correlation between word order and temporal reference in argument wh-questions and declaratives is factual, depending on whether the predicate-argument configuration allows for a telic interpretation or not. To be specific, it is dependent on whether the application of Generic Modification (Snyder, William. 2012. Parameter theory and motion predicates. In Violeta Demonte & Louise McNally (eds.), Telicity, change, and state. Acrosscategorial view of event structure, 279–299. Oxford: Oxford University Press) or accomplishment composition is realized. Canonical declaratives, and argument wh-questions, with telicity inducing material, license GM or accomplishment composition, yielding bounded events, hence past; by contrast, their non-canonical counterparts block GM or accomplishment composition, giving rise to unbounded event descriptions, hence non-past.

Population Spatial Mobility: Monitoring, Methodology of Formation, Features of Regulation

Spatial mobility is a topical concept of analytical migration science, which makes it possible to assess the desires, readiness and capabilities of the population to move over certain distances and time. In the management of spatial mobility assessment requires the organization of systematic monitoring, which includes identifying the mobility potential in spatial and temporal interpretation, the status of its implementation in migration and tourism directions, the causes of displacement with an assessment of the deprivation level, as well as the consequences of displacement, in particular in the context of achieving human development goals and capitalizing on human potential. The quality system of monitoring of population spatial mobility should be the basis for mobility regulation. The formation of such systems should be carried out in several stages: development of unified approach to the formation of accounting and mobility statistics; development of methodology and conducting selective sociological survey on the population spatial mobility with the participation of state statistics authorities and the International Organization for Migration (internal and external mobility); development of a indicators system for the monitoring of population spatial mobility in context of achieving human development goals. One of the main results of the monitoring of population spatial mobility is to find out the main groups of the potentially active population in the coordinates of space and time: internal mobility, including intra-settlement, intra-regional, inter-regional (the main purpose of regulation is the development of transport infrastructure); middle-distance mobility, including cross-border, intra-state (the main purpose of regulation is the effective use of migration capital and tourism costs); long-distance mobility, including continental, remote (the main purpose of regulation is to ensure circulating migration; keeping in touch through the Diaspora Institute). Formation of high-quality system of information support for migration regulation through the monitoring of population spatial mobility will allow to depart from the practice of biased accounting of migration processes with limited and non-systematic presentation of statistics.

Then Sang Moses – A Situation Based Approach to the Understanding of 'ˀaz yiqtol' in Biblical Hebrew

The paper provides an elaboration on previous situation-based proposals to a puzzle that is widely discussed in various investigations of Biblical Hebrew verbal forms – the juxtaposition of the adverb ˀaz and yiqtol forms. The interpretation of the usages of the yiqtol form in Reichenbachian terms of Reference Time and Event Time is shown to be an invaluable tool in accounting for the relative nature of this form. The analyses of examples of ˀaz +Verb illustrate the chronological relations in Biblical Hebrew, that are shown to be identical to the temporal functions of the same verb forms when they are not preceded by ˀaz. Thus, yiqtol and qatal forms are consistently used to express distinct meanings of posteriority, simultaneity, and anteriority, irrespectively of their syntactic contexts. The meaning of the adverb ˀaz is also explored, and is shown to indicate a transition point that summarizes the eventualities in the preceding discourse segment while at the same time providing the situational context (i.e., Reference-time) for the temporal interpretation of the subsequent verbal form. The paper identifies the English translation of yiqtol forms as a major source for the discrepancy found in previous analyses. It concludes by suggesting that the intricate details of the chronological situation encoded by Biblical Hebrew morphology should be the starting point for any attempt at interpretation, particularly when the target language of the translation lacks forms that encode equivalent meanings.

Analisando a Língua Brasileira de Sinais como uma língua sem-tense

Este artigo objetiva apresentar uma proposta de análise da Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras) como uma língua sem-tense. Com base em Lin (2012), nós demonstraremos que a Libras exibe propriedades morfossintáticas semelhantes àquelas encontradas em outras línguas sem-tense, como o chinês, a saber: i) verbo sem morfologia de tense e opcionalidade da expressão temporal ou do advérbio de tempo; ii) passado não marcado gramaticalmente no verbo; iii) futuro marcado por auxiliar; iv) presença predicados de nominais nu; v) ausência de sujeito expletivo; vi) ausência de distinção morfológica entre finito e não-finito; vii) ausência de movimento motivado por caso.; viii) interpretação de referência temporal baseada em aspecto.

Karachay–Balkar relative clauses: Implications for a special type of genitive/nominative alternation

Taking reduced relative clauses as the basis of comparison, this study investigates Karachay–Balkar non-subject relative clauses with two different patterns. The subject in the modifier clause can bear the genitive case in the presence of agreement morphology on the head noun, or the nominative case in the absence of agreement morphology. Based on binding and adverbial placement tests, the current study suggests that (i) Karachay–Balkar relative clause patterns with genitive or nominative subjects are deficient in the absence of CP and TP; (ii) in the absence of TP, temporal interpretation is a secondary effect of AspP; (iii) the genitive subject moves into the DP domain to check the definiteness feature; (iv) the genitive pattern is preferred when the referents of the genitive construction and the head noun are shared by the speaker and the hearer; and (v) in the absence of the definiteness feature and CP/TP, the nominative case is licensed as the default case. This study shows that Karachay–Balkar relative clauses are reduced with respect to the absence of CP/TP. However, the size of the structure does not differ in genitive and nominative patterns, and the patterns are not in free variation as a syntax–semantic interface is at play.

Analisis Tekstual dan Kontekstual Naskah Novel Al-Khubzh Al-Hafiy Karya Muhammad Syukri

ان الهدف من هذا البحث هو تحليل رواية الخبز الحافي نصياً وسياقياً لمحمد سكري. الطريقة المستخدمة في هذا البحث النوعية الوصفية. فأما مصدر البيانات هو البيانات الرئيسة هي نص رواية الخبز الحافي ، والبيانات الثانوية هي كتب ومقالات التي تحتوى على تحليل الخطاب النصي والسياقي. وأما نتائج هذا البحث هو تحليل النصي ينقسم إلى جانبين، من الناحية النحوية وجدت عليها شكل المرجع، والاستبدال، والقطع، والاقتران. ومن الناحية المعجمية وجدت فيها التكرار، المرادفات، المتناقض، التجميع، الاختصار، والتكافؤ. وفي فهم نص رواية الخبز الحافي بتحليل السياقي وجدت فيها المبادئ التي تستخدم كالمراجع منها مبدأ التفسير الشخصي ومبدأ التفسير الموضعي ومبدأ التفسير الزمني ومبدأ التفسير القياس.الكلمات الأساسية: تحليل الخطاب، النصي، السياقي، الخبز الحافي AbstractThis article discusses to analyze the al-Khubzh al-Hafiy novel by Muhammad Syukri textually and contextually. The method used in this article is descriptive qualitative. While the source of data is primary data, which is the text document of the al-Khubzh al-Hafiy novel, and the secondary data are books and articles that discuss textual and contextual discourse analysis. The findings of this article are that textual analysis is divided into two aspects, in which in grammatical terms, it is found in the form of a reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. And in lexical terms, it is found in the form of repetition, synonymy, antonymy, collocation, hyponym, and equivalence. In the contextual analysis in understanding the text of al-Khubz al-Hafiy novel, there are several principles that are used as a reference, including the principle of personal interpretation, the principle of locational interpretation, the principle of temporal interpretation, and the principle of analogy.

ANALISIS TEKS DAN KONTEKS TEKS DRAMA KARYA SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS

<em>This study aims to determine the textual and contextual aspects of the drama text by the class XI SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo school year 2016-2017. The research used in this study is analysis of the content analyses with a qualitative approach. The primary Data used in this study was a collection of drama text by the XI SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo class. The secondary Data used is the form of articles, books, journals and research results conducted by some researchers. The Data used is taken by the purposive sampling method. To test the validity/validity of data in this study using the source triangulation techniques, and triangulation theory. The results of the study were 179 reference data, 23 60 data for the The researchers found three reference data, i.e. persona, demonstrative, and comparative references. The details are as follows: There are 122 data-refering personas, 41 demonstration reference data, and 16 comparative refering. In the drama text by the class XI SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo also found a lexical aspect. The lexical aspects found are: (1) Reps, (2) Sinonimi, (3) Antonimi, and (4) collocations. Details are as follows: 37 data reps, 6 data Sinonimi, 12 data Antonimi, and 16 colocation data. In this study there were four principles that became a reference in the contextual analysis of the drama text, namely: 1) The principle of personal interpretation, 2) The principle of locational interpretation, 3) The principle of temporal interpretation, and 4) the principle of analogy. Based on this, it can be noted that there is a conjugual element in the collection of drama text by the students of the class XI SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo. The manuscript of a drama text by SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo is a textual aspect, lexical and grammatically. There are four principles that are referenced in the contextual analysis of the drama text, i.e. personal interpretation principles, locational interpretation principles, temporal interpretation principles, and analogy principles.</em>

Pragmatic Aspects of Tense in English and Arabic: Based on a Neo-SRE Theory

The hypothesis upon which this paper is based is that in both Arabic and English the notion of tense underdetermines the notion of time, and some pragmatic enrichment is needed to the get at the correct temporal interpretation. In both languages, beside the normal unmarked tense usages, some marked usages of tense are available wherein the tense constructions do not refer to their equivalent temporal intervals; this is done for the sake of rhetorical purposes as illustrated and exemplified. Even the unmarked cases to tense are proven to require, for sound interpretation, the inclusion of pragmatic givens. Many examples are given in both languages showing the pragmatic nature of the temporal interpretive process of tense in terms of the SRE theory where the interrelationship of the three-time intervals speech, event, and reference times (S/TU, E/TSit, R/TT) is based primarily on rather pragmatic parameters within the process of temporal interpretation. Some new treatment is given concerning the theory of tense interpretation which is related to a pragmatic conception of the speaker’s temporal projection or “virtuality” via which tenses’ inherent three-time points are pragmatically interrelated and arranged in terms of the potential existence of multiple virtual and non-virtual speakers.

Refitting bones: Spatial relationships between activity areas at the Abric Romaní Level M (Barcelona, Spain)

Studies on spatial settlement patterns have shed important light on Neanderthal intra-site behavior. Spatial analysis of the human occupations through bone and lithic refitting has contributed to the reconstruction of their settlements, offering temporal interpretations and reconstructions of their activities. Often archaeological units are a consequence of an undetermined number of events, overlapped activities and/or accumulations produced by different taphonomical agents, involving in turn various post-depositional processes. Strict behavioral conclusions may only be valid at sites with a simple taphonomic history; however, biological and non-biological processes seem to alter the most of faunal sets after hominin activity involving even the destruction of some items. The result is a palimpsest that can lead to confusing and mixed events of different nature and independent activities. The deposit of the Abric Romaní site (Capellades, Spain), dated to MIS 3-5, was generated by a sequence of sterile travertine platforms of quick formation, among which silty and sandy units containing evidence of human occupations are located. These exceptional geological conditions allow us to isolate anthropogenic units along the sedimentary sequence. Spatial analysis and bone refits from Level M have shown a highly complex occupational organization. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the knowledge of Neanderthal occupations, suggesting that the inclusion of bone refits in the studies developed in the archaeological sites is a fundamental tool to reconstruct the social and spatial organization patterns.

Variation in Tense and Aspect, and the Temporal Interpretation of Complement Clauses

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the temporal interpretation of propositional attitude complement clauses in four typologically unrelated languages: Washo (language isolate), Medumba (Niger-Congo), Hausa (Afro-Asiatic), and Samoan (Austronesian). Of these languages, Washo and Medumba are optional-tense languages, while Hausa and Samoan are tenseless. Just like in obligatory-tense languages, we observe variation among these languages when it comes to the availability of so-called simultaneous and backward-shifted readings of complement clauses. For our optional-tense languages, we argue that a Sequence of Tense parameter is active in these languages, just as in obligatory-tense languages. However, for completely tenseless clauses, we need something more. We argue that there is variation in the degree to which languages make recourse to res-movement, or a similar mechanism that manipulates LF structures to derive backward-shifted readings in tenseless complement clauses. We additionally appeal to cross-linguistic variation in the lexical semantics of perfective aspect to derive or block certain readings. The result is that the typological classification of a language as tensed, optionally tensed, or tenseless, does not alone determine the temporal interpretation possibilities for complement clauses. Rather, structural parameters of variation cross-cut these broad classes of languages to deliver the observed cross-linguistic picture.

A multi-technique evaluation of hydrothermal hematite U[sbnd]Pb isotope systematics: Implications for ore deposit geochronology

Hematite (α-Fe2O3) is a common iron-oxide mineral known to incorporate U into its crystal lattice at up to wt% concentrations and has been previously used to date ore formation within iron-oxide copper gold and banded iron formation deposits. However, there has been no detailed evaluation of the potential challenges this novel mineral geochronometer may present for accurate temporal interpretation. We report a multi-technique UPb geochronological study comprising laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) and the first isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) procedure and analyses using an in-situ grain micro-sampling technique. We assess intra- and inter-sample data reproducibility, and examine the compatibility of spatial and analytical resolutions to texturally and compositionally diverse samples.Five samples of hydrothermal, primary, oscillatory-zoned hematite were analysed from distinct lithologies throughout the ~1.59 Ga Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag deposit, with typical U concentrations ranging between ~20 and 1000 ppm. LA-ICP-MS mapping of isotope distributions across mm-sized grains allows pinpointing of U-rich and relatively U/Pb isotopically ‘homogeneous’ domains. Micro-domains were extracted via laser-cut square shaped trenches (100 × 100 μm). UPb datum range in complexity, with concordant age domains measured by ID-TIMS indicating that hematite can retain a near-closed UPb system over ~1.6 Ga, while also demonstrating that younger Pb-loss events may be recorded. Significant reverse discordance is common in the data, likely to be a real feature due to both internal decoupling and mobility of Pb within a single grain and UPb fractionation during microbeam analysis. These effects will obscure the interpretation of real ages for Proterozoic samples where non-zero age Pb-loss events occur, and restricts the evaluation of common Pb mixing components. As a result, microbeam analyses may be biased younger or older in terms of 207Pb/206Pb dates in samples with complex histories. Microbeam datum compare favourably with high precision ID-TIMS ages. Although reproducible ID-TIMS UPb dates were generally not obtained, in the best-case example, a 207Pb/206Pb weighted mean age of 1589.91 ± 0.91 Ma (MSWD = 1.3, n = 5), within 0.2% of the Olympic Dam granite host rock age (1593.87 ± 0.21 Ma) was generated. All five hematite samples dated by LA-ICP-MS and SHRIMP yield weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb dates within 2% of the host granite age after small degrees of data rejection. The results demonstrate that with careful sample petrography, screening and data interpretation, hematite can be considered a very useful UPb mineral geochronometer, with potential application to all U-bearing Fe-oxide rich mineral systems.

Free choice sequences: A temporal interpretation compatible with acceptance of classical mathematics

This paper sketches a way of supplementing classical mathematics with a motivation for a Brouwerian theory of free choice sequences. The idea is that time is unending, i.e. that one can never come to an end of it, but also indeterminate, so that in a branching time model only one branch represents the ‘actual’ one. The branching can be random or subject to various restrictions imposed by the creating subject. The fact that the underlying mathematics is classical makes such perhaps delicate issues as the fan theorem no longer problematic. On this model, only intuitionistic logic applies to the Brouwerian free choice sequences, and there it applies not because of any skepticism about classical mathematics, but because there is no ‘end of time’ from the standpoint of which everything about the sequences can be decided.

Future reference with and without future marking

AbstractThe nature of future temporal reference has long posed a challenge to linguistic theories of temporal interpretation. On the one hand, the future would seem to be the mirror image of the past on a linear timeline. On the other hand, the future is inherently non‐factual, suggesting a modal analysis of the future that is non‐symmetrical with the past and the present. Cross‐linguistic studies of temporal reference have furthermore uncovered much variation in the strategies used to express future interpretation, and this variation cross‐cuts the tensed/tenseless language divide. This article focuses on two aspects of future interpretation: (a) the semantics of future markers and the division of labor between the temporal and modal semantics encoded in them and (b) the availability of future interpretations without overt future morphology. The cross‐linguistic picture suggests that a modal treatment of the future may be a semantic universal, though certain cases that appear to challenge this generalization will be discussed and require future research.

Cechy składniowe i semantyczne 'dotąd'

Syntactic and Semantic Features of dotądThe paper discusses the expression dotąd. The author makes a distinction between contextual (endophoric) and consituational (exophoric) uses. The analysis is limited to the latter because exophoric uses allow for a locative and temporal interpretation. The author distinguishes two units of language: a pronoun which replaces a temporal or locative expression, and the relator dotąd, aż which indicates a temporal relation between the events described in component sentences.

О новом выпуске Общеславянского лингвистического атласа «Личные черты человека» (ареалогический комментарий)

The article deals with spatial and temporal interpretation of the vocabulary, which is represented on the maps of new 12th volume “Personal characteristics of a human” of “Slavic Linguistic Atlas” (SLA). It gives the answer for the question what the Atlas maps tell. The article is based on the SLA materials that ensure reliability and truthfulness of the research results. The author interprets the revealed lexical isoglosses in terms of genetic, areal and typological aspects. 
 Analyzing the maps of “Slavic Linguistic Atlas”, the author states that three factors played an important role in the historical evolution of the Slavic dialect continuum, specifically the factor of genetically inherited, the factor of universal typological and the factor of contact convergence. This conclusion is affirmed with the vast materials and allows to reveal a complex pattern of areal relations between Slavic dialects.

Contradictory (forward) lifetime effects and the non-future tense in Mandarin Chinese

Lifetime effects refer to the inferences about the life/death of the individual in sentences with individual-level predicates like ‘Mary is/was blue-eyed’. In English, contradictory lifetime inferences arise when the subject denotes one living and one dead individual (e.g. Saussuredead and Chomskyliving #are/??were both linguists.), but no such inferences arises in Mandarin Chinese, a language that has been considered “tenseless” due to the lack of past tense morphemes. This paper investigates the online processing of contradictory lifetime effects and presents additional empirical observations about “forward lifetime effects”, which suggest that both covert past tense and tenseless accounts of Chinese are inadequate for capturing temporal interpretations in this language; instead, finite clauses in Chinese display a Future/Non-Future distinction and are likely to possess a tense node. We discuss our findings in relation to the typology of tense as well as implications for other superficially tenseless languages.

日本人英語学習者におけるthat節補文と関係節内の時制解釈について(実証研究,全国英語教育学会第38回(愛知)大会)

日本人英語学習者におけるthat節補文と関係節内の時制解釈について(実証研究,全国英語教育学会第38回(愛知)大会)

Temporal interpretations of definite DPs: The view from European Portuguese child language

ABSTRACTSentences involving definite DPs can give rise to a “simultaneous” reading where the property expressed by the DP holds at the time introduced by the verb’s tense or an “indexical” reading where the property expressed by the DP holds at the utterance time. This article discusses an experiment showing that children prefer simultaneous readings to indexical readings. I argue that the findings can be explained once we assume that the simultaneous reading arises from a bound variable analysis of a temporal pronoun inside the DP, whereas the indexical reading arises from a free variable analysis of this temporal pronoun. Under the view defended here, children have preferences for bound variable interpretations in the temporal domain that are to be assimilated to preferences cited in previous studies for bound variable interpretations in the nominal domain.

On the Grammatical Status of Le in Mandarin

Le is a functional morpheme in Mandarin, which can appear in two places, immediately after the verb (verb-le) or in a sentence-final position (sentence-le). Traditionally, verb-le is often referred to as a perfective aspect marker denoting completion, while sentence-le is generally considered as a sentence final particle which signals a change-of-state meaning. Based on Smith’s aspect theory, which calls the grammatical aspect the viewpoint aspect and the lexical aspect the situation aspect, this paper argues that both les are perfective aspect markers derived from one super-le. Besides, it also compares le with guo, which is another post-verbal perfective aspect marker whose aspectual status has been well-established in the literature, and points out that guo differs from verb-le in that it always denotes the completion of event. It is further argued that the reason why le conveys distinct meanings lies in its position in the sentence. And thus, the conclusion is drawn as: although verb-le and sentence-le denote different meanings, they are essentially the same in terms of the three following aspects: (1) Both of them are perfective aspect viewpoint markers. (2) They have the same temporal interpretations. (3) They show the same variance from guo. Therefore, there is just one le which is a perfective aspect marker. If it is placed after the verb, it will have the terminative reading. If it is in the sentence-final position, it will form a Perfect and have a change-of-state reading. Given such difference, a syntactic representation of le in the clausal structure is proposed, in which verb-le is generated in the AspP lower within vP while sentence-le resides in the AspP adjoined to TP. The reason why guo cannot occur with verb-le is the different aspectual meanings they convey. Guo is concerned with the experience the subject has while sentence-le is about the state change.

The multi-functional converb -<i>GAš</i> and related forms in Sayan Turkic

The multi-functional converb in -GAš is a salient and defining feature of complex sentence and narrative structure of the Sayan Turkic. The range of functions associated with this converb element includes temporal interpretations of complex sentences, including anteriority (and simultaneity), and some situations in individual Sayan Turkic languages that appear to be pushing the -GAš form into the finite verbal system as an anterior TAM marker as well. Perhaps the most salient and common feature across the Sayan Turkic dialects is its propulsive function in advancing narrative discourse. In some of the taiga varieties of Sayan Turkic, further specialization is found, namely the grammaticalization of the element as a same-subject marker within a system of switch-reference, and another path in yet other Sayan Turkic varieties is found in a system of tail-to-head linkage. In some of the endangered Sayan Turkic lects, -GAš is replacing the -p converb in certain auxiliary verb constructions. Other functions include both causal and purposive formations expressed by forms using the -GAš converb. The paper concludes with casemarked forms of the -GAš converb and a comparison of the Sayan Turkic uses of -GAš with cognate forms in other Turkic languages.