The multi-functional converb -<i>GAš</i> and related forms in Sayan Turkic

Abstract

The multi-functional converb in -GAš is a salient and defining feature of complex sentence and narrative structure of the Sayan Turkic. The range of functions associated with this converb element includes temporal interpretations of complex sentences, including anteriority (and simultaneity), and some situations in individual Sayan Turkic languages that appear to be pushing the -GAš form into the finite verbal system as an anterior TAM marker as well. Perhaps the most salient and common feature across the Sayan Turkic dialects is its propulsive function in advancing narrative discourse. In some of the taiga varieties of Sayan Turkic, further specialization is found, namely the grammaticalization of the element as a same-subject marker within a system of switch-reference, and another path in yet other Sayan Turkic varieties is found in a system of tail-to-head linkage. In some of the endangered Sayan Turkic lects, -GAš is replacing the -p converb in certain auxiliary verb constructions. Other functions include both causal and purposive formations expressed by forms using the -GAš converb. The paper concludes with casemarked forms of the -GAš converb and a comparison of the Sayan Turkic uses of -GAš with cognate forms in other Turkic languages.