Temporal Conjunctions Research Articles

ANALISIS KESALAHAN KEBAHASAAN DALAM TEKS PROSEDUR TABLOID NOVA

The phenomenon of language errors is still found in several tabloids, one of which is the Nova tabloid. There are still many grammatical errors found in the procedural text presented in the Nova tabloid, especially in the “Sedap Sedap” section. This study aims to explain the form of language errors in the procedural text of the Nova tabloid "Snack Sedap" rubric, May 26-June 22, 2022 edition. This study used a qualitative descriptive method with a type of literature study. The results of research and data analysis in this study found 226 language errors. The mistakes are the use of imperative sentences, the use of temporal conjunctions, the use of final conjunctions, material verbs and errors in the use of diction.

Do Mind Maps Really Catalyze EFL Grammar Learning? Conjunction as a Case

This study examines the potential effect of mind mapping-based instruction on Jordanian EFL tenth-grade students’ use of additive, adversative, causal and temporal conjunctions. A purposeful sample of two tenth-grade sections was drawn from a public school in Mafraq, Jordan. The two sections were randomly assigned into an experimental group of 14 students, taught through mind mapping, and a control group of 13 students, taught per the guidelines of the prescribed Teacher’s Book. Following an eight-week treatment, the data were collected by means of a post-test. The findings revealed that the experimental group scored significantly higher than the control group in the use of the four types of conjunctions and overall. The study concludes with several pedagogical implications and recommendations for further research.

KRITIK SASTRA FEMINIS DALAM NOVEL THE PERFECT WORLD OF MIWAKO SUMIDA SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF BAHAN AJAR MENGANALISIS ISI SERTA KEBAHASAAN NOVEL PADA KELAS XII SMA

This study aims to determine the content, structure, and linguistic elements in the novel The Perfect World of Miwako Sumida by Clarissa Goenawan; knowing the feminist literary criticism found in the novel The Perfect World of Miwako Sumida by Clarissa Goenawan as an alternative teaching material in learning Indonesian at the high school level. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques used include writing and reading techniques. The research results are: first, the content, structure, and linguistic elements contained in the novel The Perfect World of Miwako Sumida by Clarissa Goenawan have been fulfilled. This can be proven because there are stories, abstract structures, orientations, complications, evaluations, resolutions, and coda. In the novel there are also intrinsic elements in the form of characters, characterizations, plot, setting (place, time, atmosphere), point of view, and message. In the novel there are also linguistic rules in the form of the use of direct sentences, past sentences, material verbs, mental verbs, temporal conjunctions, and adjectives. Second, feminist literary criticisms contained in the novel The Perfect World of Miwako Sumida by Clarissa Goenawan have been fulfilled. This can be proven, because there is gender marginalization, gender subordination, gender stereotypes, gender violence, and gender workload. Third, the feasibility of the results of the analysis to be utilized as teaching materials. Based on these results the researcher concluded that, some of the findings in this analysis can be used and utilized for learning materials because they are in accordance with the demands of an independent curriculum or in accordance with Learning Outcomes.

Analysis of Conjunction Types Found in NATO General Stoltenberg’s Speech: Study of Discourse Analysis

This research was focused on investigating the types of conjunction used in NATO General Stoltenberg’s speech. To determine the types of conjunction the theory by Halliday and Hasan (1976) was employed. The research used qualitative method in analyzing the data. The speech used as a data source was NATO General Stoltenberg’s speech at 15 June about Russia’s aggression towards Ukraine. There are 67 conjunctions found in the speech which divided into 4 types. The additive conjunctions were the most type with 48 occurrences, followed by 14 Causal conjunctions, and 5 temporal conjunctions. The additive conjunction was not found in the speech. It can be conclude that the speech contains lots of information which unified into one single text. It can be said that the NATO General wants to emphasize many things that NATO already doing and planned ahead regarding Russia’s aggression towards Ukraine.

Conjunction Analysis of Gramatical Cohesion on Christine Lindop’s Bridge and Other Love Stories

This study aims to describe the forms of grammatical cohesion conjunctions in a short story book entitled The Bridge and Other Love Stories by Christine Lindop. This study focused on the forms of conjunctions, meanings, and grammatical cohesion functions by using Halliday's theory to analyze the data. The approach used in this study was descriptive qualitative to analyze every word contained in the short story entitled The Bridge and other love stories by Christine Lindop. The results of this study indicate that the forms of grammatical cohesion conjunctions contained in the short story book with that title are Additive, Adversative, Causal, and Temporal conjunctions. The meaning and function of each cohesion are 1) meaningful as a sequential connecting time, 2) shows the cause of something, 3) shows the event that contrasts with the situation, 4) shows a choice. This research can be a reference for academics for further research in the same field with different objects in the future.

ВРЕМЕННЫЕ ИИЗЪЯСНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СОЮЗЫВ РАЗНЫХ ТЕКСТОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЧАСТЯХ КИЕВСКОЙ ЛЕТОПИСИ

The paper examines the ratio of synonymous temporal and expository conjunctions within the six parts of the Kievan Chronicle, previously defined by linguistic features. The author analyzes the proper temporal conjunctions egda and koli, as well as the multifunctional yako and kako and unique for the Kievan chronicle ako in terms of temporal function. The author follows the peculiarities of explanatory appendices with multifunctional conjunctions izhe, chto, ako(zhe), kako, azhe, ozhe and jako. The usage of temporal and explanatory conjunctions in different parts of the Kievan Chronicle can be compared with different Old Rus texts, including other chronicles, both using more and less bookish language – for example, with the bookish Galician Chronicle, the archaic Tale of Bygone Years, or, on the contrary, with the Volhynian Chronicle, whose language is close to the living Old Russian. The study shows that in the parts of the Kievan Chronicle, separated by previously found textual seams in the annals for 1144, 1150, 1152, 1171, and 1183–1184, the strategies for using synonymous subordinating conjunctions are also different. In particular, the contexts for temporal conjunctions change (narrative related to the activities of princes; religious narrative; direct speech of churchmen; direct speech of secular people) and the choice of predicate for the explanatory conjunctions differs ('think', 'know, 'speak/tell', 'swear', 'see', 'hear'). This shows that the Kievan Chronicle was probably composed by six different authors who followed different linguistic guidelines, including those concerning temporal and explanatory conjunctions.

Motor Compatibility Effect on the Comprehension of Complex Manual Action Sentences in L2: An ERP Study

Abstract Embodiment theories proposed that the comprehension of language involves sensory-motor simulation in the brain. The present study examined the brain response to motor compatibility effect in comprehending action-related linguistic materials for participants learning Chinese as a second language (L2). In this study, participants are required to read action-related sentences describing an agent performing two manual actions simultaneously or sequentially by manipulating temporal conjunctions. The sentences with simultaneous actions are marked by Chinese parallel structure 一边……一边…… (“while”) showing non-congruent motor condition while the sequential action sentences are marked by 先……然后…… (“after”) showing congruent motor condition. Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) were recorded with the second verb phrase. A larger fronto-central late positivity was observed for the sentences with simultaneous actions rather than the sentences with sequential actions due to body constraints, revealing that late L2 Chinese learners integrate embodied knowledge while processing action-related complex sentence despite demanding more cognitive resources, and longer processing time.

An Experimental study on the processing of two-clause sentences

Some temporal conjunctions can express a variety of meanings on a causal-temporal dimension. By inference, a when-clause may indicate a cause, an event prior in time, or even an event occurring simultaneously with the main clause event (Bever & Townsend, 1970). Using a self-paced reading experiment in the program Psyscope, we crossed the independent variables connective (when) and position (first position – Subordinate-Main – and second position – Main-Subordinate) to test if readers focus more on the main clause than on the subordinate clause and if readers use the order-of-mention strategy to interpret two-clause sentences conjoined with when establishing a causal-temporal relationship. Our results showed a significant effect of both structure and position factors. The online results showed that, in general, the main clause receives more reading times than the subordinate clause and that readers spent more time reading the main-subordinate sentences. The offline results indicate that the information about the first event is easier to recall if the when-clause is the first clause. Thus, the subordinate-main condition presented more accuracy rates. The order of mention strategy did not seem to be used during sentence reading processing, however, the accuracy rates were higher in conditions, in which the linguistic order mirrored the occurrence order. The main-subordinate order affected the ease of late comprehension, although it eased the reading processing. 

On the nature of the conjunction dok (‘while’) denoting opposition (contrast)

The article first discusses whether the conjunction dok (?while?) belongs to the category of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions. The analysis demonstrates that this conjunction possesses some of the properties characterizing the most typical coordinating conjunctions (i.e. it indicates a contrast and the clauses can ?revolve around? it), some properties which make it a marginal member of this category (i.e. it cannot coordinate syntactic units other than independent clauses and the part of the second clause which this clause shares with the first clause cannot be omitted from the sentence), but that it also has a feature that the other coordinating conjunctions do not exhibit and which would even place it outside this category (i.e. it can also come before the first clause). Nevertheless, the fact that its position in a sentence can vary without changing the position of the clauses, that is to say, the position of the clauses can change while that of the conjunction remains the same, clearly indicates that this conjunction does not belong to either of them; hence, it is not a subordinating conjunction. This can be inferred from some other features as well - for instance, the predicate of the clause following this conjunction - when referring to the future - can only be used in the Future 2 tense, and not the Future 1. It simultaneously has a strong tendency to come between the two clauses, in which case it is preceded by a pause, i.e. a comma. The conjunction dok thus shows that when it comes to two contrasting categories, membership in one of them can depend not only on the features which are typical of this particular category, but also on those unacceptable to the other one. More generally, this conjunction additionally shows that grammatical classifications, which are essentially based on dichotomies, in some cases do not accurately reflect actual linguistic phenomena. The second part of the article discusses how dok developed the meaning of contrast. In relation to this, pseudo-subordinate temporal dok-clauses are identified, in which dok still refers to simultaneity, but the situation expressed in the dok-clause does not represent the reference point relative to which the event in the main clause can be temporally located; dok then means ?meanwhile?. The analysis suggests that the separation of the two domains in which this conjunction can be interpreted is pivotal to the development of the meaning of contrast - namely, the temporal domain (when it is interpreted in its temporal sense, i.e. indicating simultaneity) and the domain of comparison (when it is interpreted as adversative). The aforementioned separation is possible in ambiguous examples, where, in addition to the simultaneity of two situations, there is also a contrast - either a contrast between these two situations or between some of their components. It should also be added that, if the conjunction has a temporal meaning, the possible element of contrast is still present; but if its meaning is that of contrast, the temporal component fades completely. Finally, the article provides a possible explanation for why the conjunction dok in particular, unlike the other temporal conjunctions, or other conjunctions for that matter, has developed the potential to denote a contrast as well: it is when two events occur simultaneously that the contrast between them is most noticeable - they are ?before our eyes? at the same time.

Analisis Tipe Teks Rekon pada Teks Berita Media Center Kota Bengkulu

The purpose of this study is to find out the structure and linguistic aspects of recon text type in the online news text of Media Center Bengkulu issued in December 2019. This research uses descriptive method with qualitative approach. The data in this study is 60 news texts. The data source is media centre online site of Bengkulu https://mediacenter.bengkulukota.go.id. issue of December 2019. Based on the analysis of the structure and linguistic aspects of the type of recon text found the recon structure used by the author of online news Media Centre Bengkulu, namely the recon structure used by the author of online news Media Centre Bengkulu city did not meet the criteria of factual recon text, due to the description of the event that is the core of the text, the tendency of the author to only relay back the ujuran from the source of the event description, but to answer "how" is almost unanswered, thus giving a less interesting impression. In the language characteristics section is found; (1) Past storytelling, (2) The use of words that indicate the sequence of events / chronologically that is marked by the existence of temporal conjunctions and subordinate conjunctions, (3) The use of words that indicate who (participants: me, us, them, him, and so on) what, when, where, but barely seen in the "how and why".Keywords: news,text, recount

Inside out: The UK press, Brexit and strategic populist ventriloquism

This article examines how and when populist discourses were mobilised within the 2016 UK European Union (EU) Referendum campaign, by examining the specific temporal conjunctions between the changing strategy of the official ‘Vote Leave’ campaign, British national newspaper reporting of the Referendum and shifts in public opinion. Our analysis shows that Vote Leave only started to utilise anti-elitist and exclusionary populist rhetoric at the mid-point of the campaign, in response to constricting political opportunities, but by so doing transformed the dynamic of the Referendum. We term this an example of ‘strategic populist ventriloquism’, where elite politicians appropriate the language of insurgency for political advantage, and argue that current conceptual frameworks on media and populism need to be broadened to accommodate these occasions.

Temporal Conjunctions and Their Semantic Extensions: The Case of in Biblical Hebrew

Abstract Past analyses of have tended toward descriptive taxonomies or proposals of a highly abstract semantic core. Taxonomic approaches have the strength of descriptive rigour while proposals of an abstract core have the strength of offering a coherent analysis of its various uses. However, the former offer little or no explanation for the semantic variation of , and the latter simply attribute such variation to context. This paper argues that the best analysis of (or any such polysemous word) will both account for real variation in meaning without simply attributing it to context, and will also explain the principled connection between seemingly unrelated uses. Utilizing insights from cognitive semantics and grammaticalization theory, this paper will argue that temporal spans an internally complex semantic category, the various points of which served as the source for semantic extensions into its causal and conditional uses.

Subordinating Conjunctions as Discourse Markers in Lithuanian

Over the last decades the development of conjunctions into discourse markers has been researched by a number of scholars. In Lithuanian, studies on discourse markers are fragmented and lack the application of efficient qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis. The paper focuses on the Lithuanian discourse markers kad ‘that’ and net ‘until, even’ as well as their combinations with other particles and/or conjunctions (such as tai kad; bet kad; kad ir; taip kad; net ir etc.), which have not received an in-depth analysis so far. In Old Lithuanian, both kad and net mainly function as temporal conjunctions, which, over time, developed discourse functions and came to serve as discourse markers. Adopting both a synchronic and diachronic perspective and applying corpus-driven methodology, the present study aims at investigating the semantic functional potential of kad and net as well as their position and structural status in discourse. The data set analyzed includes written and spoken Present-day Lithuanian as well as Old Lithuanian texts (the 16th century). In the earliest Lithuanian texts, kad is most often used in different types of adverbial clauses, including time, purpose and condition; net, in its turn, functions as a conjunction marking time or contrast or as a particle. However, in Present-day Lithuanian, kad and net are multifunctional: kad can be used either as a conjunction or a discourse marker with a clear discourse function—to signal a discourse shift and to preface a response or reaction of the speaker. Net, as a discourse marker, is positionally mobile and primarily marks the speaker’s surprise or functions as a hedging device.

Temporale und modale Konjunktionen und ihre individuellen Verarbeitungsweisen

The paper presents a study within the scope of cognitive linguistics. The aim is to relate Langacker’s assumption about language as meaning to grammatical language items and to examine it, taking the already existing research into consideration, by analysing selected temporal and modal conjunctions. The research object in this comparative analysis are selected German conjunctions and their Polish counterparts. The study provides answers to the following questions:
 
 Is meaning content activated by conjunctions in language processing?
 Which emotions are triggered in the participants of the study?
 How are the conceptualized meanings and emotional values that are ascribed to the conjunctions influenced by particular contexts of the utterances?
 
 The method of intersubjective introspection makes it possible to trace the allegedly finished processing mechanisms in participants.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ В МАРИЙСКОМ И НЕМЕЦКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ

The article examines the category of comparison at the syntactic level, in particular, by the example of the subordinate clause of comparison in the languages of different language families, Mari and German. The Mari and German complex sentences with the subordinate clause of comparison are productive means to express comparison because they help to transfer more adequately the meaning of a sentence. The findings indicate that subordinate clauses of comparison in the Mari and German languages have similar meanings and formative models. The difference lies in the number of temporal conjunctions, the ways to express the shades of comparison and the sphere of usage.

Quasi-synonymy of Danish temporal conjunctions from the anthropocentric point of view

Quasi-synonymy of Danish temporal conjunctions from the anthropocentric point of view

TEKNIK PENERJEMAHAN UNSUR KOHESI GRAMATIKAL KONJUNGSI PADA NOVEL FĪ SABĪLI A'T-TĀJ

This research will elaborate deeply about the variant of conjunction in Arabic language and its techniques of translation. The investigating of translation techniques had the significant role in the process of translation. The translation problems had been found in the process of translation, especially related to the arabic conjunction. The analysis of variant techniques of translation towardsthe arabic conjunction can be investigated by the theory of gramatical equivalence between Arabic (L1) and Bahasa Indonesia (L2). This research aims to elaborate comprehensively about the variant construction of cohesive conjunction in Arabic language and its variant models of translation into Bahasa Indonesia. The second aim of this research is to investigate the techniques of translation toward the construction of cohesive conjunctions, especially in the Arabic prose Fi Sabiili At-Taaj which had been translated by Choirul Anwar into Bahasa Indonesia as "Ambisi Meraih Mahkota" published by Fajar Pustaka (2001). This research had been classified as descriptive qualitative model. The data had been classified using the random sampling method. The result of the research had been concluded that: (1) the Arabic adversative conjunctions had been translated into "tidak", "tetapi", and "bahkan" in Bahasa Indonesia. (2) the Arabic additive conjunctions had been translated into "dan", "lalu", and "maupun" in Bahasa Indonesia. (3) the Arabic temporal conjunctions had been translated into "kemudian" and "akhirnya" in Bahasa Indonesia. (4) the Arabic causal conjunctions had been translated into "sehingga" and "sampai" in Bahasa Indonesia. (5) several techniques had been implemented in the translations of Arabic novel FiiSabiili At Taaj, such as: literal, reduction, discursive creation, linguistic amplification, established equivalence, transposition, linguistic compression, and calque.

Temporarily Out of Order: Temporal Perspective Taking in Language in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Clinical reports suggest that children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) struggle with time perception, but few studies have investigated this. This is the first study to examine these children’s understanding of before and after. These temporal conjunctions have been argued to require additional cognitive effort when conjoining two events in a clause order that is incongruent with their order in time. Given the suggested time perception impairment and well-established cognitive deficits of children with ASD, we expected them to have difficulties interpreting temporal conjunctions, especially in an incongruent order. To investigate this, the interpretation of before and after in congruent and incongruent orders was examined in 48 children with ASD and 43 typically developing (TD) children (age 6–12). Additional tasks were administered to measure Theory of Mind (ToM), working memory (WM), cognitive inhibition, cognitive flexibility, IQ, and verbal ability. We found that children with ASD were less accurate in their interpretation of temporal conjunctions than their TD peers. Contrary to our expectations, they did not have particular difficulties in an incongruent order. Furthermore, older children showed better overall performance than younger children. The difference between children with ASD and TD children was explained by WM, ToM, IQ, and verbal ability, but not by cognitive inhibition and flexibility. These cognitive functions are more likely to be impaired in children with ASD than in TD children, which could account for their poorer performance. Thus, the cognitive factors found to affect the interpretation of temporal language in children with ASD are likely to apply in typical development as well. Sufficient WM capacity and verbal ability may help children to process complex sentences conjoined by a temporal conjunction. Additionally, ToM understanding was found to be related to children’s interpretation of temporal conjunctions in an incongruent order, indicating that perspective taking is required when events are presented out of order. We conclude from this that perspective-taking abilities are needed for the interpretation of temporal conjunctions, either to shift one’s own perspective as a hearer to another point in time, or to shift to the perspective of the speaker to consider the speaker’s linguistic choices.

The Use of Conjunctions as Grammatical Cohesion in the Speeches of Her Majesty Queen Rania of Jordan

Halliday and Hasan (1976) differentiated between four types of conjunctions namely, additive, causal, temporal and adversative. Thus, conjunctions are words used to combine two sentences, this paper examines the conjunctions in the speeches of Her Majesty Queen Rania of Jordan based on Halliday and Hasan (ibid). The investigator in this current study selected four different speeches which were delivered by Queen Rania in Jordan and USA in the years 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013. The results show that there are some differences in the frequency of additive, causal, adversative and temporal conjunctions. The study concluded that, additive conjunctions were the most frequent conjunctions followed by adversative conjunctions and then causal conjunctions and finally the least occurrences were for temporal conjunctions.

Effects of previewing intrinsic color-shape conjunction on temporal illusory conjunctions

Effects of previewing intrinsic color-shape conjunction on temporal illusory conjunctions