Heating Temperature Research Articles

Honeycomb Cell Structures Formed in Drop-Casting CNT Films for Highly Efficient Solar Absorber Applications.

This study investigates the process of using multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) coatings to enhance lamp heating temperatures for solar thermal absorption applications. The primary focus is studying the effects of the self-organized honeycomb structures of CNTs formed on silicon substrates on different cell area ratios (CARs). The drop-casting process was used to develop honeycomb-structured MWCNT-coated absorbers with varying CAR values ranging from ~60% to 17%. The optical properties were investigated within the visible (400-800 nm) and near-infrared (934-1651 nm) wavelength ranges. Although fully coated MWCNT absorbers showed the lowest reflectance, honeycomb structures with a ~17% CAR achieved high-temperature absorption. These structures maintained 8.4% reflectance at 550 nm, but their infrared reflection dramatically increased to 80.5% at 1321 nm. The solar thermal performance was assessed throughout a range of irradiance intensities, from 0.04 W/cm2 to 0.39 W/cm2. The honeycomb structure with a ~17% CAR value consistently performed better than the other structures by reaching the highest absorption temperatures (ranging from 52.5 °C to 285.5 °C) across all measured intensities. A direct correlation was observed between the reflection ratio (visible: 550 nm/infrared: 1321 nm) and the temperature absorption efficiency, where lower reflection ratios were associated with higher temperature absorption. This study highlights the significant potential for the large-scale production of cost-effective solar thermal absorbers through the application of optimized honeycomb-structured absorbers coated with MWCNTs. These contributions enhance solar energy efficiency for applications in water heating and purification, thereby promoting sustainable development.

Ultra-low temperature heating system based on dual-source solar assisted heat pump using compound parabolic concentrator-capillary tube solar collector

The fifth-generation heating – ultra-low temperature heating benefits to reduce electricity consumption and achieve the net zero goal. The dual-source solar assisted heat pump based heating system has been demonstrated to be an attractive green heating technology for the domestic sector. However, the slower response speed of the low temperature heating to the variation of heating load in responding to the variations of weather conditions limits its thermal comfort performance. The enhancement in solar collector performance brings valuable improvements in response speed of the heating system. In the present work, a heating system based on solar assisted air source heat pump using a compound parabolic concentrator-capillary tube solar collector (CPC-CSC) is investigated with the set heating temperatures of 40, 45, 50, and 55 °C. This heating system works for both space heating and hot water under the weather conditions in London. The results suggest that using a concentrated solar collector improves the response speed of the heating system at low set heating temperatures. For such a heating system, the ultra-low heating temperature increases the application of renewable energy and passive heating (by 6.4%). Compared with the dual-source indirect expansion solar assisted heat pump using flat plate collector, the heating system using CPC-CSC can reduce TEWI by 4.6% with a slightly longer (1.9%) payback period. As the set heating temperature decreases from 55 to 40 °C, the seasonal and yearly system seasonal performance factors significantly increase by 17.1% and 20.5%, respectively.

Self-starting of induction motors at non-sinusoidal power source voltage

Subject of research: the process of self-starting of asynchronous electric motors in the presence of higher harmonics in the supply voltage network. Purpose of research: analysis of the influence of non-sinusoidal voltage on the duration of self-starting of asynchronous motors and the amount of additional heating during self-starting. Methods and objects of research: modeling of the self-starting mode of an asynchronous motor in the coordinate system α, β, 0; simulation modeling in Matlab Simulink. Main results of research: it has been shown that failure to take into account higher harmonics when the total harmonic distortion (THD) limit values are reached can result in an error in determining the self-start time by more than 20 % and the heating temperature by more than 10 %.

The Impact of Substrate Temperature on the Adhesion Strength of Electroplated Copper on an Al-Doped ZnO/Si System.

This research, which involved a comprehensive methodology, including depositing electroplated copper on a copper seed layer and Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin films on textured silicon substrates using DC magnetron sputtering with varying substrate heating, has yielded significant findings. The study thoroughly investigated the effects of substrate temperature (Ts) on copper adhesion strength and morphology using the peel force test and electron microscopy. The peel force test was conducted at angles of 90°, 135°, and 180°. The average adhesion strength was about 0.2 N/mm for the samples without substrate heating. For the samples with substrate heating at 100 °C, the average peeling force of the electroplated copper film was about 1 N/mm. The average peeling force increased to 1.5 N/mm as the substrate heating temperature increased to 200 °C. The surface roughness increases as the annealing temperature of the Cu/AZO/Si sample increases. These findings not only provide a reliable and robust method for applying AZO transparent conductive films onto silicon solar cells but also underscore its potential to significantly enhance the efficiency and durability of solar cells significantly, thereby instilling confidence in the field of solar cell technology.

Optimizing the grasping behavior of a soft robot's gripper

AbstractIn this study, smart composite materials based on 4D printing technology were used to determine the grasping ability of four‐claw gripper of soft robot. First, fused deposition modeling (FDM) is used to prepare polylactic acid (PLA) strips on the surface of a rectangular bamboo substrate to create a single‐claw gripper for a smart composite soft robot, while using stimulus (heat) to deform and recover its original shape. Here, the authors first evaluate the deformation and recovery angle of the single‐claw gripper of the smart composite soft robot, as well as various processing parameters such as heating temperature and time. This study then used FDM to print PLA ribbons on cross‐shaped bamboo sheets to design the four‐claw gripper of soft robot and its gripper technology was actuation type. Then, the four‐claw gripper of soft robot was used to grab the table tennis ball to test its grasping ability. Finally, four processing parameters (width of claw, pitch of PLA ribbon, heating temperature, and heating time) were applied to determine the grasping ability of the four‐claw gripper of soft robot. The optimal processing parameters for the grasping ability of the four‐claw gripper of soft robot were width of claw of 20.2 mm, pitch of PLA ribbon of 1 mm, heating temperature of 200°C, and the heating time of 15 s. The authors also applied the operation window of two processing parameters to discuss the success of the grasping ability of the four‐claw gripper of soft robot. The innovation of this study is the use of PLA/bamboo composite materials as the four‐claw gripper of soft robot and these materials are cheap, easy to obtain, and can be recycled naturally. This study uses a simple thermal stimulus to enable the four‐claw gripper of soft robot to easily grasp irregular objects.Highlights The innovative composite material of polylactic acid and bamboo fabricated by 3D printing. Width of claw and heating temperature are the key factors on grasping ability. Operating window of grasping ability appears on four‐claw gripper of soft robot.

Effect of peak temperature on microstructure and mechanical performances of ART-Flash processed medium Mn steel

The combination of ART and Flash annealing has been utilized to enhance the mechanical properties of medium Mn AHSS, demonstrating significant effectiveness. However, the industrial application was constrained by the absence of research on the impact of critical processing variables. In this work, the peak temperature of the flash heating was varied in the intercritical field to manipulate the microstructure and mechanical response of a 5 wt% Mn steel. The mechanisms of microstructural evolution during heat treatment and deformation were thoroughly discussed through interrupted tensile testing. A collection of ultrafine multiphase structures, consisting of retained austenite (RA), ferrite, and martensite with flexible phase constituents, were constructed, resulting in an ultrahigh YS increment (∼450 MPa) and exceptional strength-ductility combination (YS: 1125 MPa, UTS: 1544 MPa, TE: ∼21 %). The significant strengthening is primarily attributed to the increase in α′-martensite, while the sustained TRIP effect induced by stable retained austenite is responsible for the appropriate ductility. The interaction between austenite and adjacent phases and grain size exhibit a crucial influence on the mechanical stability of austenite. Benefiting from the “shielding” effect provided by the surrounding martensite, the Flash-810 sample achieved great ductility, despite possessing only a 5 % volume fraction of retained austenite. The YS of the experimental steels is sensitive to peak temperature, while the UTS and ductility remains relatively stable. Our work suggests the substantial potential of intercritical flash heating in enhancing the mechanical response of medium Mn steels and the profound significance of controlling the peak temperature.

Quantifying the impact of AGN feedback on the large-scale matter distribution using two- and three-point statistics

Abstract Feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) plays a critical role in shaping the matter distribution on scales comparable to and larger than individual galaxies. Upcoming surveys such as Euclid and LSST aim to precisely quantify the matter distribution on cosmological scales, making a detailed understanding of AGN feedback effects essential. Hydrodynamical simulations provide an informative framework for studying these effects, in particular by allowing us to vary the parameters that determine the strength of these feedback processes and, consequently, to predict their corresponding impact on the large-scale matter distribution. We use the EAGLE simulations to explore how changes in subgrid viscosity and AGN heating temperature affect the matter distribution, quantified via 2- and 3-point correlation functions, as well as higher order cumulants of the matter distribution. We find that varying viscosity has a small impact ($\approx 10~{{\%}}$) on scales larger than 1h−1 Mpc, while changes to the AGN heating temperature lead to substantial differences, with up to 70% variation in gas clustering on small scales (≲ 1h−1 Mpc). By examining the suppression of the power spectrum as a function of time, we identify the redshift range z = 1.5 − 1 as a key epoch where AGN feedback begins to dominate in these simulations. The 3-point function provides complementary insight to the more familiar 2-point statistics, and shows more pronounced variations between models on the scale of individual haloes. On the other hand, we find that effects on even larger scales are largely comparable.

Thermodynamic Calculations of the Main Characteristics of the Combustion Process of Pyrotechnic Nitrate-Metallized Mixtures with Additives of Organic and Inorganic Substances under External Thermal Influences

The aim of the article is to determine the dependencies of the combustion product temperatures of four-component mixtures, the content of high-temperature condensate, and unoxidized metal on the excess oxidizer coefficient, the number of additives, and external pressure using thermodynamic calculations. Modern methods of physicochemical analysis (such as cinephotography and microcinephotography methods, X-ray analysis methods, non-contact and contact temperature measurement methods), nonlinear thermal conductivity and thermal stability methods, as well as mathematical and experimental-statistical modeling, were employed to investigate the influence of elevated heating temperatures (up to 800 K) and external pressures (up to 107 Pa) on the ignition and combustion processes of pyrotechnic products. Standard pyrotechnic equipment was used to test pyrotechnic product samples under specified conditions. Calculations based on models were conducted in real-time and dialog mode on computer devices that meet modern requirements for the use of specialized software. The results of thermodynamic calculations are presented for the dependencies of combustion product temperatures of multicomponent pyrotechnic mixtures based on powders of metal fuels (magnesium, aluminium), nitrate oxidizer (sodium nitrate), additives of organic and inorganic substances (paraffin, sodium fluoride), and the content of high-temperature condensate and unoxidized metal depending on the excess oxidizer coefficient α = 0.1…4.0, the amount of paraffin additive εp = 0…0.2, sodium fluoride additive εf = 0…0.06, and external pressure P = 105…107 Pa. Based on the obtained results of thermodynamic calculations, statistical models in the form of regression dependencies of the specified combustion characteristics on their technological parameters and external conditions have been developed. These models enable the determination of fire hazardous properties of mixtures in real-time dialog and PC-based scenarios, considering premature initiation of products based on them under external thermal actions.

Deformation Heat in Tension of Steel Elements

The purpose of the work is an approximate computational and experimental assessment of the specific energy intensity and heat generation at various stages of the material’s operation when the sample is stretched. The paper discusses an approximate method for estimating the specific energy intensity and heat generation at four stages of tensile deformation of a steel sample. Finite element modeling of the work of the manufactured sample under elastic-plastic tension was performed in the ANSYS multifunctional software package. The load in the digital model of the sample was applied according to the full-scale test program. The experiment used flat samples in accordance with GOST 1497, a WAW-1000 testing machine with a 100T microcomputer, and a testo 875i thermal imager with a temperature sensitivity of 0.05 °C at 30 °C. We compared the obtained values on graphs of full-scale tests and a digital model of the samples, identifying critical points and deviation values. Phased loading revealed that the development of destruction occurs on the descending branches and is accompanied by the gradual development of local instability of plastic deformation in the form of a “neck”. It is shown that the heating temperature of the tensile metal can be calculated using the formulas proposed in the paper or by calculation using the ANSYS software package. The test results showed that the surface temperatures of the samples at each stage differ significantly. Four main areas were identified on the graph of changes in the sample surface temperature at a point. An analysis of the existing database of measuring instruments and the ability to obtain and process data was carried out. Experimental values of surface temperatures during continuous quasi-static deformation exceed their calculated values (up to 5 times). The kinetics of changes in the temperature field of the sample surface was carried out using thermographic instruments.

Synthesis of Magnesia–Hercynite-Based Refractories from Mill Scale and Secondary Aluminum Dross: Implication for Recycling Metallurgical Wastes

This study investigates the synthesis of magnesia–hercynite-based refractories using blends of magnesia powder, aluminum dross (AD), mill scale (MS), and graphite, focusing on the effects of carbon concentration and heating temperature. The results demonstrate successful synthesis at 1550 °C and 1650 °C, with high magnesia content (C80 and D80) leading to the formation of distinct phases, including MgO, FeAl2O4, MgFeAlO4, CaMg(SiO4), and Ca3Mg(SiO4)2, which influence the ceramic’s microstructure and mechanical properties. Increased magnesia content reduces porosity and enhances crushing strength, while heating to 1650 °C significantly improves densification and nearly doubles cold crushing strength, from 43.77–58.97 MPa at 1550 °C to 76.79–95.67 MPa at 1650 °C. These findings suggest that the synthesized refractories exhibit properties comparable to commercial magnesia–hercynite bricks, with potential for the further development for industrial rotary kiln applications.

Research on the impact mechanism and parameter optimization of RTP structure layer fusion process

Fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite pipes (RTP) possess a complex multilayer structure. Apart from the melting process of the reinforced layer, the melting process between the inner and outer layers and the reinforced layer is equally crucial. Factors such as heating time, heating temperature, and pipe diameter significantly influence the degree of tight bonding between these layers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence mechanism of the fusion process between the three main layers of RTP and to perform parameter optimization analysis. First, Box-Behnken response surface method and finite element analysis were used to obtain the softened layer thickness under different parameters and to couple the influence mechanism of process parameters on the softened layer thickness. Then, single parameter sensitivity analysis was used to reveal the influence mechanism of each parameter change on the softened layer thickness of the pipe, and then the coupling analysis of the process parameters was carried out. The analysis results show that the softened layer thickness is most sensitive to the change of heating temperature, followed by heating time and pipe diameter. Finally, the optimal parameter combination was obtained through the expected function method, and experiments were conducted on finished pipes.

Experiment and Numerical Prediction on Shock Sensitivity of HMX–Based Booster Explosive with Small Scale Gap Test at Low and Elevated Temperatures

In order to analyze the effect of temperature changes on the shock initiation performance of HMX–based booster explosive, which consists of 95% HMX and 5% FPM2602 by weight, a temperature calibration test of acceptor was designed. The temperature changes in the booster at low and elevated temperatures under the constraint of steel sleeve were obtained. Based on the temperature calibration results, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was selected as gap material to conduct a small scale gap test (SSGT) of HMX–based booster under different temperature conditions. The corresponding critical gap thickness was tested. Based on SSGT results at different temperatures, the shock initiation processes were simulated by adjusting parameters of ignition and growth reactive rate model. The critical gap thickness and critical initiation pressure of HMX–based booster at different temperatures were numerically predicted. By combining SSGT experimental data and simulation results, the attenuation law and fitting prediction formula of the critical initiation pressure of HMX–based booster were proposed. The mechanism of temperature effect on the shock sensitivity of HMX–based booster explosive was analyzed. The research results indicate that the critical gap thickness of HMX–based booster gradually increases with the rise in temperature, and the critical initiation pressure gradually decreases during the shock initiation process under the heating temperature conditions. In addition, the simulation results show that the heated HMX–based booster under steel constraints becomes more sensitive at high temperatures (>120 °C), while the cooled booster is more insensitive, but its critical initial pressure does not change significantly between 88 °C and 120 °C. The experimental and numerical prediction results are important for the shock initiation safety and design of an insensitive booster explosive.

Improvement of Properties Jet Mechanics in A3S High Strength Steel

The objective continued in this work is to improve the characteristics mechanical properties of high- strength A3S steel produced at the Panda Central Workshops of Gecamines. The steel grade studied contains quantities​ important manganese​ in proportions ranging from 2 to 4.6%. Various treatments thermal has summer realized in view to improve machinability while​ designing properties​ mechanics that meet the requirements of their use.Samples in the raw casting state have presented a hardness of 407.8 HB and a resilience of 4.3 J/cm 2. Annealing at 773°C followed by holding for 4 hours and slow cooling in the furnace to a speed of 20°C per hour helps to reduce hardness​ up to 200HB with increased resilience up to 28.3 J/cm 2. A quench was then carried out and made it possible to retain a heating temperature of 900°C and water as a cooling medium; which allowed to increase hardness and resilience until values respective of 343 HB and 19.7 J/cm 2. The final result obtained after tempering leads to a hardness of 217 HB and a resilience of 19.7 J/ cm2.It emerges from the tests realized that it is possible to modify and improve the hardness and resilience of the studied grade using thermal cycles appropriate.

Flow characteristics in a horizontal reactor for continuous preparation of carbon nanotubes

This study focuses on a sophisticated horizontal reactor designed to facilitate the continuous growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) through chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Experimental observations reveal that carbon production varies at different locations within the reactor, with higher yields typically found in the middle and rear zones. The flow dynamics within the reactor play a pivotal role in CNT growth, prompting a detailed simulation of the flow field using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). This simulation leverages fluid dynamics principles to assess the impact of various parameters on the flow field, ultimately identifying the optimal operating conditions. Findings indicate that temperature-induced density contrasts create cyclic flow patterns that can negatively affect CNT growth rates. However, the gas flow inside the horizontal continuous preparation reactor can be improved and optimized by adjusting and controlling the preparation parameters. Appropriately lowering the heating temperature and the mole fraction of propylene in inlet 2, within the range of conditions suitable for the growth of CNTs, while minimizing the perturbation of the flow field by the shape of the carriers, can promote more favorable CNTs growth.

Solubilization of platinum in KOH-B2O3 molten medium

Platinum (Pt) was converted into water-soluble compounds in a KOH-B2O3 molten medium. By controlling the heating temperature and shape of the alumina reaction container, the Pt compounds were synthesized efficiently. The reaction with the alumina container generates Al–O–Al linkages in the compound, resulting in the formation of an insoluble Pt compound. Fluoride addition to the medium prevented insolubilization of the compounds.

Differences in Heating Temperature and Type of Phytase Enzyme on Enzyme Activity, Calcium and Phosphorus Levels in Complete Poultry Feed

Phytic acid is an antinutritional factor that can negatively affect livestock productivity by reducing the bioavailability of essential nutrients. Its content in feed ingredients can be minimized or even eliminated through various processing techniques, such as the addition of phytase enzymes. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different heating temperatures and types of phytase enzymes on enzyme activity, calcium, and phosphorus levels in complete poultry feed. The research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial arrangement. The treatment consisted of two factors: factor A (phytase enzyme addition at three levels: no enzyme (0 FTU), commercial enzyme A (800 FTU), and commercial enzyme B (800 FTU), and factor B (heating temperature levels of 65°C, 70°C, 75°C, and 80°C). Each treatment combination was replicated three times. Data were analyzed using Minitab software, followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to determine significant differences between treatments at a 5% significance level. The results indicated that the addition of phytase enzymes significantly affected (P0.05) enzyme activity, calcium, and phosphorus levels in the feed. The best results for enzyme activity were observed with the treatment EAT3 (commercial phytase enzyme A at a heating temperature of 75°C), while the best results for calcium and phosphorus levels were achieved with treatment EBT3 (commercial phytase enzyme B at a heating temperature of 75°C).

Optimization of material properties and performance of flexible thermoelectric generators with/without graphene

With the advancement of energy harvesting methods, the power level consumed by electronic circuits and sensors has been reduced so that self-sufficiency in power can be achieved, and the use of flexible thermoelectric generators to supply electrical energy is one of these methods. In this study, the manufacture of flexible thermoelectric generators is successfully developed and verified using a numerical method. The process follows the sandwich method of the conventional thermoelectric module and utilizes two different elastomers (polydimethylsiloxane and Eco-Flex) and thin copper sheets. Among the nine cases designed by the Taguchi method, the maximum tensile strength of the elastomer is 0.967 MPa, stemming from the operation conditions of 6 min stirring time, 85 °C heating temperature, and 3 h heating time. This strength is substantially higher than those of the other eight cases. The open-circuit voltage of the manufactured flexible thermoelectric generator with an internal resistance of 1.5 Ω is 0.011 V. The output power under a temperature difference of 75 °C is 11 μW. After blending graphene into polydimethylsiloxane, the elastomer’s thermal conductivity at 370 K rises by 9.6 folds. This results in the output power being lifted to 0.0515 W (75 °C temperature difference), accounting for an amplification of 4,681 times. Numerical simulations are also performed to aid in figuring out the detailed performance of the flexible thermoelectric generator. The errors between numerical simulations and experiments are between 4.6 % and 5.2 %, showing the reliability of the numerical predictions. The fabricated flexible thermoelectric generators can be practically used for green power generation by harvesting industrial low-temperature waste heat and biothermal energy, potentially driving sensors on industrial devices, the human body, and animals.

Effect on heat treatment on the physical stability, interfacial tension and in vitro digestion of whey protein-stabilized ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid balanced pumpkin seed oil complex condensate

Despite the fact that whey proteins (WP) have shown diverse functional and nutritional properties, they exhibit poor stability when exposed to temperatures above the thermal denaturation point. Therefore, in this study, a complex coacervation layer of formed by WP treated at different heating temperatures (55, 65, 75 and 85 °C) and gum arabic (GA) was used as a wall material to microencapsulate ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid balanced pumpkin seed oil (MPO) with a view to exploring the effect of heat treatment temperatures on the nature of microencapsulation stabilized by WP-GA complexes. At pH 3.6, WP and GA formed a strong electrostatic complex. When the heat treatment temperature reached 65 °C, the WP-GA complexes exhibited more excellent particle size, absolute potential, emulsification properties and structural changes, which made them more suitable as hydrophilic emulsifiers to stabilize oil/water (O/W) systems. Further research into the physical properties and interfacial characteristics of O/W emulsions formed by the WP-GA complex was conducted. When subjected to a heat treatment temperature of 65 °C, the O/W emulsions achieved a higher interfacial protein content (3.17 ± 0.08 mg/m2), along with a lower interfacial tension (15.52 mN/m). Additionally, the encapsulated MPO demonstrates superior oxidative stability compared to its unencapsulated counterpart. In-vitro simulated digestion experiments revealed that only small fraction (17.70 ± 1.13%) of the encapsulated oil was released in simulated gastric fluid, while the majority (76.70 ± 1.47%) was released in simulated intestinal fluid, which suggested that the WP-GA composite coacervates was a promising encapsulation shell material, capable of maintaining integrity in the gastric phase and effectively delivering the encapsulant to the intestinal phase.

Properties of CaO-MgO-SiO2 insulating refractories prepared from phosphorus tailings

CaO-MgO-SiO2 insulating refractories were prepared using phosphorus tailings through in-situ pore-forming technology in this work, aiming to achieve the efficient utilization of solid waste phosphorus tailings. microsilica was used to react with free CaO generated by the decomposition of dolomite from phosphorus tailings during the calcination in order to prevent the hydration of CaO in the materials. The influence of microsilica addition and heating temperature on the properties of insulating refractories prepared from phosphorus tailings was investigated. The results showed that CaO-MgO-SiO2 insulating refractories with 8.8 wt% microsilica addition exhibited excellent comprehensive performance after heating at 1300 °C for 3 h. The insulation refractories prepared from phosphorus tailings were anti-hydration, had lower thermal conductivity, and could be used as insulation refractories for high-temperature kilns.

The Influence of Cuprum (II) Acetate (Cu (CH3COO)2) Dopant and Heating Temperature in The Fabrication of Thin Films of Barium Strontium Titanate (Ba0.4Sr0.6TiO3)

Abstract Barium Strontium Titanate (BST), or BaxSr1-xTiO3, is an excellent ferroelectric material that is widely used on thin film applications in microelectronic devices, making BST very essential to the tech industries. This research aims to fabricate Cuprum doped BST thin films at low temperature using the Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD) and spin coating technique, and then to analyze the thin film’s band gap energy from the UV-Vis curve, XRD Spectral and EDAX. The advantage lies in the use of low temperatures in which it allows a significant energy savings compared to other studies. Using the Kubelka-Munk method with the Tauc Plot relation, the bandgap energy values for each BST substrates were obtained. Without Cuprum (II) Acetate dopant, the Band Gap values of the thin film samples are 3.84 eV and 3.77 eV. With 3% concentration of Cuprum (II) Acetate dopant, we obtained smaller Band Gap values, which are 3.74 eV and 3.71 eV. Based on the XRD spectral analysis, the lattice parameters were determined with a tetragonal crystal structure. However, according to the EDAX analysis, the elemental composition obtained is not yet stoichiometric. This research is important to serve as a reference for other researchers and manufacturers to opt into fabrication of thin films with lower energy cost, provide guidance for researchers to have more flexibility in their own thin film fabrication.