0C Temperature Research Articles

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM CRUDE COCONUT SEEDS OIL USING CAO/AL2O3 AS HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel derived from animal fats or vegetable oil through transesterification with methanol. Base catalyzed transesterification is the most commonly used technique as it is the most economical process. Presently, a lot of heterogeneous catalysts have been formulated that are more effective than the homogeneous catalysts. CaO/Al2O3 was synthesized using incipient wetness impregnation method. The biodiesel was developed and optimized using Box-behnken response surface methodology (RSM) design provided using MINITAP-17 statistical software. The four independent variables considered are: reaction time, methanol to oil ratio, reaction temperature and catalyst concentration. The response chosen was fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yields which were obtained from the reaction. The result from analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a satisfactory result. Moreover, the input variables showed greater significance on the response which are reaction time and temperature base on F and P-value. The statistical models developed for predicting biodiesel yield revealed a significant agreement between the experimental and predicted values (R = 0.9686). An optimum methyl ester yield of 93.29 % was achieved with optimal conditions of methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, temperature of 600C, reaction time of 120 min and catalyst concentration of 1.0 wt%. The properties of the biodiesel produced also falls within the range prescribed by ASTM standard

Utilization of mangosteen extract as a corrosion inhibitor of carbon steel in acid environment (HCl)

Utilization of mangosteen rind extract as carbon steel inhibitors in the environment of hydrochloric acid (HCl) 0.1M, 0.5M, and 1.0M. Extracts were carried out by extraction using ethanol solvent at a temperature of 600C with a time of 80 minutes. The variation of extract concentration (100 ppm to 1000 ppm in 3 days and the effect of time of corroding the carbon steel with the addition of 1000 ppm extract. Corrosion rate is calculated based on the difference in weight and corrosion products shown by microscope optics. The objective was investigated corrosion inhibition efficiency that could be prevented by mangosteen peel extract as inhibitor. The results showed inhibitory properties of mangosteen peel extract for three (3) days increased with increasing extract concentrations up to 76.53% in 0.1M HCl solution and 28.83% in 1.0M HCl solutions. For the addition of 1000 ppm mangosteen peel extract showed inhibitor efficiency reached about 90% at 3 days of corrosive time in HCl 0, 5 M, 87% in 1.0 M HCl solution, and 81% in 0.1 M HCl solution. The experiment showed that the process of diffusion of compounds in extracts on the surface of carbon steel and react with ferro ions (Fe2 +) to form chemical covalent coordination coordinate with a thickness of 76 µm was succesfully done.

New Method of Fabrication of Fe80Cr20 Alloy: Effect of its Technique on Crystallite Size and Thermal Stability

This paper focuses on the effect of the new method on the crystallite size and thermal stability of Fe80Cr20 alloy powder. Generally, the ball milling sample and ultrasonic technique sample have dissatisfaction result when applied at high temperature. In addition, the combination of both techniques not yet carried out. Therefore, this study aim to investigate an appropriate technique to produce smallest crystallite size in order to improve the thermal stability. The new method of mechanical alloying (mill) and ultrasonic technique (UT) were applied in order to reduce the crystallite size and improve thermal stability. The new method is called as combination treatment. This condition allows the enhancement of thermal stability of Fe80Cr20 alloy powder. In this study, mechanical alloying process was carried out by milling time of 60 hours. Then, the ultrasonic technique was performed at frequency of 35 kHz at 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, and 5 hours. From XRD analysis, it was found that the broader peaks indicated the smaller crystallite size. It shows that the combination treatment (milled and UT) reduce the crystallite size up to 2.171 nm when mechanically alloyed for 60 hours (milled 60 h) and followed by ultrasonic treatment for 4.5 hours (UT 4.5 h). Smallest crystallite size enhance the thermal stability up to 12.7 mg which shown by TGA analysis during 1100 0C temperature operation. The combination treatment is method which is effective to fabricate Fe80Cr20 alloy powder.

Analisis Laju Perkecambahan Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogaea (L.) Merr.) yang Diberikan Kombinasi Perlakuan Suhu dan Lama Perendaman Asap Cair (Liquid Smoke)

The research aims to get to analyze the effect of temperature and liquid smoke soaking combination on the velocity of peanut germination. Parameters measure were; Mean Germinatin Time (MGT), Mean Germinatin Rate (MGR), Final Germintaion Percentage (GT), Coefficient Velocity Of Germination (CVG), Germination Rate Index (GRI). The treatment combinations used were temperature 250C (1), 300C (2), 350C (3) dan 400C (4) and liquid smoke in which the seeds were soaked for 1 hour (a), 2 hours (b) and 3 hours (c). This resulted in 12 treatment combinations. Results showed that the best treatments were control 1 (K0 250C), control 4 (K0 400C) and 4a (K1 400C), with germination velocity as folows: 1.67 cm.day-1, 1.50 cm.day-1 and 2.00 cm.day-1 respectively . However, it is recommended to use soaking in liquid smoke for an hour (1a) in order to further initiate germination development that could hopefully lead to a much higher peanut crop yield during cultivation.

Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri isolates from different agroclimatic zones of Maharashtra

Citrus is one of the important tropical and subtropical fruits in the world as well as in India which belongs to the family Rutaceae and sub-family Aurantioedae. Among all factors responsible for decline in citrus production, citrus canker is one of the most serious problem which is caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri was successfully isolated on the nutrient agar medium, from the fresh lesions on the leaves of naturally canker infected acid lime leaves collected from different agroclimatic zones of Maharashtra. The fourteen isolates were designated from Xcc-1 to Xcc-14 representing the agroclimatic zone. The studies on physiological characteristics of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Showed the maximum growth of pathogen observe at temperature 300C and at pH level 7. All isolates of bacteria were found negative test for gram’s staining while positive for starch hydrolysis, potassium hydroxide test, catalase test, hydrogen sulphide production, gelatin liquefaction, acid and gas, indole production and nitrate reduction. The genetic variability was studied by using five ISSR and RAPD primers. Among ISSR primers Isolate Xcc-11 (Nagpur) had higher value of similarity coefficient (0.85) with Xcc-10 (Wardha), whereas Xcc-12 (Gadchiroli), had lower value of similarity coefficient (0.42) with Xcc-1 (Sindhudurg). The result of RAPD primers reveal that Isolate Xcc-11 (Nagpur) had higher value of similarity coefficient (0.81) with Xcc-10 (Wardha), whereas Xcc-2 (Dapoli), had lower value of similarity coefficient (0.41) with Xcc-13 (Gondia).

Metal Organic Frameworks of CPL-4 and CPL-5 Synthesis and Characterization under Magnetic Fields

CPL-4 and CPL-5 were synthesized with used 2,3 pyrazine dicarboxylic acid as main ligand , 4,4’-azopyridine(Apy) as linker ligand for CPL-4 and 1,2-di-(4-pyridil)ethylene(Bpe) for CPL-5 in water-ethanol(1:1) and temperature 250C. Three methods used in various reaction time and dropping method to metal ion with no stir treatment and also stirring or shaking treatment. CPL-4 have no magnetic field effect shows same XRD pattern in all synthesis method. Otherwise, CPL-5 with used method#03 shows different XRD pattern in 0T and 6T. By changing concentration of Cu2+ to 0.02 M, 6T crystal also shown different XRD pattern if compared with 6T crystal with 2 hours to 1 hours reaction time. It indicate of changing reaction between Hpzdc and Bpe with metal ion or reactivity both of ligand with metal ion induce different route under 6T. This process may effect to new crystal structure during synthesis in 6T..

Làm mất ảnh hưởng của quang kỳ trên giống lúa Nàng Thơm Chợ Đào

Traditional rice in the Mekong Delta is only able to flower after exposing to a short-day period due to its photoperiod sensitivity. Therefore, deflecting the photoperiod of these good quality, good adaptability and salinity tolerance seasonal rice varieties is an urgent requirement now, serving production in the saline affected areas in the Mekong Delta. This study was carried out with a traditional rice rice variety: “Nang Thom Cho Dao”, by treating 1,000 seeds at the germination stage at temperature of 500C during 5 minutes. The treated seeds were planted and selected mutant lines from generation M1 to M5 in the greenhouse in the condition alternative long- and short-day lighting time. The results showed that mutant frequency was 2‰, the particle length changed in compared to the original variety (increased by 0.1 to 0.2 mm). Two of mutant rice lines were selected, photoperiod-insensitive, with short duration (

Biometric studies of <em>Corcyra cephalonica</em> (Stainton) at different temperature levels

The observed progression factors for larval head capsule width, body length, body width and body weight at 20 0C temperature were 1.05, 1.25, 0.97, and 1.32, respectively. The corresponding values at 25 0C, 30 0C and 35 0C temperature were (1.16, 1.40, 0.99 and 1.38), (1.23, 1.38, 0.99, and 1.37) and (1.16, 1.25, 0.99 and 1.48), respectively.

Stethoscope, A Unique Home of Staphylococcus Aureus in Hospitals.

Background: Nosocomial infections are the hospital acquired infections which are leading cause of mortality and disability among patients admitted in hospitals. Microorganism colonization on stethoscope’s diaphragm is the main cause of disease spread. Stethoscopes are well known medical equipment fomites for Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In Pakistan and India nosocomial bacterial infections, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has much higher prevalence as compared to Northern Europe. Moreover, in Pakistan, the prevalence rate of MRSA is estimated as 35-45 %. Objective: To determine the frequency of Staphylococcus aureus present on diaphragms of stethoscopes in a tertiary care hospital, Islamabad. Methodology: The descriptive cross-sectional study was performed at tertiary care hospital in Islamabad. consecutive non-probability sampling technique was used and total sample size of 76 stethoscopes was calculated. Microbial samples were taken by rubbing on whole diaphragm of stethoscope. Later, the sample was incubated with a suitable growth medium for 48-72 hours at 36-37 0C temperature. Staphylococcus aureus appeared and these isolates were placed on agar plates with pre-impregnated antibiotics in different zones and incubated overnight and bacterial growth was observed. The species of staph. aureus which showed resistance to penicillin’s and cephalosporin were known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Conclusion : Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA related nosocomial infections are one of the common cause of prolong stay of patients in the hospitals. Contaminated stethoscope in hospital settings can transmit Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in patients. Proper and frequent disinfection of stethoscopes prevents the cross infection of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA.

Effect of Curing Conditions on the Compressive Strength of Self Compacting Concrete Incorporating Slag and Steel Fibres

The influence of different curing conditions on the compressive strength of Self compacting concrete in combination of Slag and Manufactured sand (MSand) is only little known, especially when subjected to steam accelerated curing process.Water immersion curing, Sealed curing, Curing compounds, Air Curing, Curing at site conditions and curing with steam were considered for the present study on the compressive strength of Self compacting concrete (SCC).The specimens were tested for 3,7,28&90 days. Out of the various curing methods, the highest compressive strength achieved is for Water immersion curing followed by Sealed curing (95%), curing compounds (93%), curing at site conditions (89%) and air curing (75%).Curing using steam was introduced to optimize the steam curing cycle for SCC. 36 different steam curing cycles were considered with varying temperatures of 50, 60 and 700C.The treatment period considered for the study were 8, 10, 12 &14 hours. From the experimental investigation, it is observed that increase in temperature and total cycle time led to higher immediate compressive strength. Out of the 36 curing cycles, the optimum cycle is having a temperature of 600c, delay period of 5 hours and a treatment period of 12 hrs.

EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL AGEING ON TEXTILES' PROPERTIES

In the present paper work it was evaluated the degradation degree of textile material after different types of exposure using micro-destructive methods such as: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), stereomicroscope and Datacolor spectrophotometer. Thus, samples of cotton fabrics were exposed in three different methods: first – outdoors, to natural conditions, second – at a temperature of 60⁰C in an oven and third – buried in commercial plant soil in closed recipients. After 72 hours and 216 hour, specimens of the samples were taken and evaluated. Thereby, microscopic analyzes revealed that the cotton materials are more degraded after burial. The results obtained were correlated with chromatic parameters (DL*, DC*, DE*) and white degree (Berger and CIE). All the samples have color differences in comparison with the unexposed samples; they also present more saturated color and are darker. Cultural heritage represents our history, thus it is important to know how the environment works on textile materials and this way we can manage better the conservation requirements. Future studies will also be carried out on linen and woolfabrics.

POTENTIAL OF CELLULASE OF CHAETOMIUM GLOBOSUM FOR PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE FROM WATER HYACINTH (EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES)

Objective: This study aimed to increase the yield of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) made from water hyacinth ɑ-cellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis by using purified enzyme and to find it’s characteristics compared to the reference.
 Methods: In this research, MCC was prepared from water hyacinth powder through the chemical isolation process of ɑ-cellulose, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with purified cellulase from Chaetomium globosum. The yield of MCC was improved by using purified enzyme and optimization of temperature, pH, and hydrolysis time. Identification was carried out by using ZnCl and infrared spectrophotometry, followed by characterization of MCC include particle size analysis (PSA) and diffracto­gram pattern (X-Ray Diffraction) compared to reference Avicel PH 101.
 Results: Purified enzyme from Chaetomium globosum has high activity with a clear zone area of 45 mm with cellulolytic index 6.5 that almost same as Trichoderma reesei (50 mm), with the cellulase enzyme activity of 6.691 U/ml. The optimum condition was at a temperature of 50⁰C and pH 6.0 with the hydrolysis time of 2 h, which produced 95% yield of MCC. Identification with ZnCl and FTIR spectrum showed positive results, similar to the reference. The results of organoleptic test, particle size analysis, and diffracto­gram pattern (X-Ray Diffraction) showed crystalline characteristic similar to reference (Avicel PH 101).
 Conclusion: Enzyme from Chaetomium globosum has a higher activity of cellulase than Trichoderma reesei with MCC obtained was 95%. Based on the comparison of the organoleptic test, particle size analysis, and diffracto­gram pattern, MCC from water hyacinth has a great potential which showed similar characteristic to reference (Avicel pH 101).

MEDITERRANEAN SEA FRY; A SOURCE OF ISOPOD INFESTATION PROBLEM IN EGYPT WITH REFERENCE TO THE EFFECT OF SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE ON THE SURVIVAL OF LIVONECA REDMANII (ISOPODA: CYMOTHOIDAE) JUVENILE STAGES.

Parasitic isopods have received considerable attention as they cause series impacts on their hosts either alone or with other environmental stresses such as water pollution. The present study investigated the infestation status with isopods among the fry collected from the natural sources .Also to demonstrate the effects of different salinity and temperature combination on the survival rates of the identified isopods under the laboratory conditions. In March 2017,a total of 16 thousand mugiliid fry were sampled from The Fry Collection center at Al Behera Governorate ,Egypt and examined for the presence of isopods .Samples were found infested with a rate of 10.6% , the result which practically documented that isopods were introduced into lake Qarun through dumping millions of infected fry from this source without biosecurity procedures. The isolated juvenile isopods were morphologically and molecularly identified as Livoneca redmanii species by using 16S rRNA gene and recorded in the GenBank with accession number: MK584629. The effects of variables of salinity/ temperature combination on the survival% of the identified juveniles showed that the best survival rate(100%) was recorded in salinity 15 -20% at temperature 25⁰C while the lethal combination was in salinity 10, 20,50 and 60% at temperature 35⁰C . Statistical analysis using A-two way ANOVA indicated a significant interaction between the effect of different degree of temperature and variance of salinity% on the survival of L. redmanii juveniles. Analysis of one way ANOVA indicated that the most effective temperature of overall mean temperature affected on survival of juvenile stage was 35 C⁰ while the most effective salinity percentage on survival of Juvenile from overall mean of salinity % was 10%. Results of this study provided applicable procedures which can be recommended as a precaution measures and for eliminating the isopod juvenile stages among the mugiliid fry.

Enzymatic Decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue Royal (RB 19) textile dye by White Rot Fungi

Synthetic dyes are widely used by different industries with over 7 ×105 metric tons produce globally each year. Dyes pose adverse effects including chemical oxygen demand, visual pollution, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity on various types of living organisms. The versatile white rot fungi (basidiomycetes fungi) have developed specialized ligninolytic enzymes for reductive cleavage of dyes and xenobiotics. The present study optimized the decolorization of Remazol brilliant blue royal (RBBR) dye by enzymatic extracts of Coriolus versicolor and Pleurotusostreatus. Experiments were carried out by varying one parameter i.e. pH (2.5-6.5), temperature (30oC-60oC), enzyme activity (3.3U-20U), dye concentration (10mg/L-125mg/L) and time (0-480mins), while others constant to study its effects on decolorization of RBBR. From the results obtained, the optimum conditions for decolorization of RBBR by extracts of C. versicolor and P. ostreatus were pH 4.0, temperature of 300C, enzyme activity 20U, dye concentrations of 100mg/L and 50mg/L for C. versicolor and P. ostreatus respectively at the end of 480 minutes. At the optimized conditions, decolorizations for C. versicolor and P. ostreatus were 80.42% and 70.42% respectively. Highest laccase activity (19.50U) was recorded in C. versicolor compare to P. ostreatus (1.41U).

A Study on Moisture Content of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced HDPE Composite at Different Temperature

Natural fibers are becoming a competitive option as reinforcement of polymeric composite materials due to their bio-based character, good specific mechanical properties, low cost and inexhaustible supply. The aim of this study was to make the Bamboo fiber and high density polyethylene (HDPE) composite and to measure the wet loss of the composite due to removal of moisture content at 105 0C, 125 0C and 135 0C temperature. Bamboo fiber were extracted from bamboo culm and treated with 0.5 M NaOH. Bamboo fiber-reinforced HDPE composites were prepared employing melt blending technique followed by heat press molding with various weight fractions (5, 10, 30 and 40 wt. %) of the treated bamboo fiber with HDPE. A systematic investigation of the thermal behavior on the moisture content of the composites was carried out. It was observed that at 135 0C temperature more moisture removed from the composite compared to 105 0C and 125 0C temperature. It also revealed that the weight loss of the composite increased with the increase in the Bamboo fiber loading (5% to 40%).

Influence processes freezing and thawing of permafrost soils on underground pipeline’s stress-strain state

The positions of the underground routing pipeline under conditions of the effect of the freeze-thaw processes in the permafrost soils are simulated in the paper. The change in seasonal temperatures leads to the emergence of thermokarsts, heaving and soil failures along the oil pipeline route, which negatively affects the performance of the object. The paper presents the calculation of 520 mm outer diameter (355 JR steel), 30 m length oil pipeline of underground routing (1.5 m depth of burial) in the permafrost soil conditions, which runs 25 ⁰C temperature oil under 5 MPa pressure, with 0 ⁰C temperature pipe casing. Modeling carried out in SolidWorks software using Simulation package. The stress-strain state and travels occurred during the seasonal changes in the soil are determined. According to the results of the study, the methods of reducing the influence of freezing and thawing processes to prevent the negative impact of mm soils on the oil pipeline are proposed.

Performance Evaluation of Solar Assisted Half Effect Li/Br Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System Cascaded with Vapour Compression Refrigeration System Using Eco-friendly Refrigerants

In the most of industrial process the waste heat energy increases the production cost. Using this waste heat to produce power or cooling can decrease the costs and increases the thermal efficiency of the systems. A growing need for refrigeration in industry and for building cooling is well known due to the main cause of growing the demands of higher living standards , by the increasing requirements for comfort, by increasing thermal load of buildings. Using LiBr-H2O solution in the vapour absorption refrigeration systems offers very good thermodynamic efficiency for cooling at over 0 0C temperature than the other solutions. In this paper, we analyzed solar assisted half effect vapour absorption refrigeration system cascaded by vapour compression refrigeration system using ecofriendly refrigerants and developed thermodynamic model to predict the variation of generator , absorber , condenser temperatures on first and second law efficiencies and to predict the solar collector area required.

Stability constants of Cu(II) and Zn(II) Metal complexes with Ethambutol hydrochloride and Alanine, Glycine, Isoleucine and Phenylalanine amino acids

Stability constants of binary and ternary complexes of Cu(II) and Zn(II) transition metal ions with ethambutol hydrochloride drug (L) and alanine, glycine, isoleucine and phenyl alanine amino acids(R) have been determined potentiometrically at 300C temperature and 0.1 M ionic strength(NaClO4) in aqueous solution. The formations of complexes were confirmed from deviation of curves. Stability of complexes was discussed in terms of different relative stability parameters.

Investigation And Improvement The Thermal Comfort Of The Air Conditioning mosque At Hot - Dry Climate In Baghdad

This study is concerned with investigating and improving the thermal comfort conditions of the worshipers in Omar bin Abdul Aziz Mosque in Iraq - Baghdad, which is characterized by a hot- dry climate in the summer. The study was conducted at the time of noon prayer on Friday (Friday prayer) on July 20 at 1 pm, at external temperature 50c and relative humidity 20%. Numerical methods (CFD) were used for simulation by Ansys –Fluent v. 18 and divided the domain at 4 million mesh element. Thermal comfort was assessed by finding the values of the predicted mean vote (pmv) and predicted the percentage of dissatisfied (ppd) it depended by ASHRAE standard -55. The strategy of re-distribution of the adaptive devices was used to obtain the best level of thermal comfort. The third case was the best in terms of thermal comfort. The temperature was 0.4 C lower than the original state. The improvement rate of PMV was 4.43%, ppd 5.96% lower than the original state. Also, it is found that the best model of the flow is turbulent K-e (RNG) for the studied case.

Harnessing Natural Colorants for Sustainable Textile Dyeing an Eco-Friendly Approach Using Sweet Cane (Saccharum Bengalense Retz.) Inflorescence

ABSTRACT The excessive industrial use of dye producing plants has threatened the existence of these species and biodiversity. Exploration of abundantly available natural dye sources not only provide industrial benefits but also share the load of dye yielding plants. In the present study we used the inflorescence of munj sweet cane (Saccharum bengalense Retz.) to extract natural colorant for textile industry. This easily available plant is cheap source of natural colorants and good alternative of synthetic dyes. The munj sweet cane inflorescence extract and fabric was treated with microwave radiations. The dyeing aspects like temperature, time, fabrics to extract ratio, salt type and salt concentrations were optimized. Pre-and post mordanting was carried out and optimized using copper, iron, moringa and turmeric. All the samples were analyzed by spectra flash D65 10 Deg to determine the color strength (%) value. Results proved inflorescence extract of munj sweet cane (RS, two minutes) using aqueous media as a good source of natural dye. Three grams of sodium chloride as exhaustion agent was observed to be the best while 70 0C temperatures gave best colour strength. Among chemical mordants, iron proved to be good one for producing varying shades and better colour strength. Bio mordanting with turmeric was proved to be more beneficial for getting best color strength and new shades.