Effect Of Temperature Research Articles

Alginate-derived biomass carbon‑molybdenum disulfide heterogeneous materials: Vertically grown/uniformly dispersed molybdenum disulfide nanosheets/nanoflowers for wastewater treatment

In order to improve the dispersion of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and enhance the performance of MoS2, two alginate-derived biomass carbon-MoS2 (BC-MoS2) composites: CMB/CMS, were prepared by introducing BC during the synthesis of MoS2 by hydrothermal. The effects of different gels, times and temperatures of the synthesized BC-MoS2 were investigated, and the adsorption capacity for methylene blue (MB), basic fuchsin (BF) and copper ions (Cu2+) was tested. The results indicated that the vertical growth of MoS2 on the BC surface could be realized when using xero-gel, while the BC and MoS2 were mixed uniformly when using wet-gel. Compared with MoS2, the hydrophilicity and water dispersibility of BC-MoS2 were greatly improved, and BC-MoS2 had better adsorption capacity for MB/BF/Cu2+ (99.61/86.83/60 mg/g). The adsorption mechanism exhibits that the adsorption force of BC-MoS2 on MB/BF is mainly based on the electrostatic force, and the adsorption on Cu2+ comes from the electrostatic force and the Lewis soft-soft interaction. This study dramatically enriches the application of transition metal chalcogenides and provides a meaningful reference for wastewater treatment.

Direct tensile failures of concrete with various moisture contents and sizes at low temperatures via mesoscale simulations with ice explicit modelling

The enhancement of mechanical properties of concrete meso-components and the interaction caused by non-uniform deformation as well as phase change can cause significant changes in the macro-mechanical performances of concrete at low temperatures. Based on the action mechanism of the above low-temperature effect, this paper established a thermal-mechanical sequential coupled simulation method with explicit modelling of pore ice at the mesoscale level to quantitatively investigate the direct tensile failures and the corresponding size effect of concrete with four structural sizes (D75, D150, D225 and D300) and three moisture contents (2.0 %, 4.0 % and 6.0 %) at different temperatures (20, −30, −60 and −90°C), in term of failure mode, deformation curve, peak strength and residual strength. The numerical results show that the direct tensile peak strength performs an obvious low-temperature enhancement effect due to the more damaged aggregates and more areas being in a state of multi-axial stress caused by low-temperature non-uniform stress field. However, with the decreasing temperature, the residual strength shows a decrease trend and the trend slows down with the increasing moisture content. Besides, as the temperature drops from 20°C to −90°C, both the size effects on direct tensile peak strength and residual strength are strengthened (with the increase approaches nearly 200 % for peak strength while 33 % for residual strength). Finally, a modified size effect theoretical model was developed considering the quantitative coupling effects of low temperature and moisture content. The present research results can provide a reference for the performance evaluation and safe design of large-sized concrete exposed to low-temperature environments.

A novel nanoscale FD-SOI MOSFET with energy barrier and heat-sink engineering for enhanced electric field uniformity

This paper aims to present a novel method to mitigate the undesirable issues associated with short-channel-effects (SCEs) and the critical lattice temperature of a fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) MOSFET in the nanoscale regime. The proposed approach is based on simultaneously merging the energy barrier and heat-sink engineering simultaneously. Hafnium oxide as a high-k dielectric inside the channel region around the drain region is embedded to redistribute the band energy resulting in the enhancement of the energy barrier. This reformation of the band profile reduces variations in the channel depletion charge volume percentage caused by the drain voltage, thereby mitigating short-channel effects (SCEs). In order to promote effective thermal conduction, a portion of the buried oxide is replaced by doped P-type silicon which acts as an effective heat-sink. The devices under the investigation have been simulated using SILVACO software, considering the comprehensive physical models. Drain-Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL), leakage current, Ion to Ioff ratio, subthreshold swing, hot carrier effect and lattice temperature as the essential parameters have been successfully improved for the proposed device in comparison to the conventional device.

Validation of DDC-3D code system for neutronics and thermal-hydraulics coupling analysis using BEAVRS benchmark

The direct whole-core calculations can provide accurate results and insights to the physics phenomena of the reactor. It can also capture the local effects of temperature and density fields on fuel depletion. However, the computational cost of the direct whole-core calculations is expensive. To compromise between computational cost and accuracy, the DDC-3D code system has been developed to perform neutronics and thermal-hydraulics coupling analysis. The DDC-3D code system couples the open-source codes DRAGON & DONJON based on two-step method and subchannel code COBRA-EN. The Picard iteration method is applied to ensure the stability of numerical calculation. Then the BEAVRS benchmark is used to validate the computational capabilities of DDC-3D code system. The critical boron concentrations, control rod worths and fission rate distributions are calculated in HZP condition. The results show a good agreement with measured data. The results demonstrate that the two-step method is applicable and valid for multiphysics simulations. For the result of HFP condition for cycle 1, the results also agree well with measured data, including the trend of the critical boron concentrations and power distributions throughout the cycle 1. Although the detailed thermal–hydraulic experimental values are not available, the thermal-hydraulics analysis of the hot fuel assemblies indicates that the calculation results are reasonable. In general, the results demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of DDC-3D code system for neutronics and thermal-hydraulics coupling calculations and life cycle simulation of PWRs.

The effect of phosphoric acid on the properties of activated carbons made from Myrtus communis leaves: Textural characteristics, surface chemistry, and capacity to adsorb methyl orange

In this work, chemical activation was employed to produce activated carbons and assess the impact of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) on their physicochemical properties. Using Myrtus communis Leaves (MC-Leaves) as the precursor and varying H3PO4 impregnation ratios (30 %, 60 %, 100 %, and 150 wt.%). The activation was conducted at 450 °C (10 °C/min) for 1 h in a room atmosphere. The effects of H3PO4 were evaluated through various techniques, including BET surface area analysis, FESEM-EDS imaging, XPS, FT-IR-ATR, Raman spectroscopy, CHNS-(O) elemental analysis, and Methyl orange (MO) adsorption studies. The specific surface area (SSA) and total pore volume increased from 642m2/g to 1237m2/g, total pore volume increased from 0.29cm3/g to 0.97cm3/g, and the mean pore diameter increased from 1.9 nm to 3.2 nm by increasing the impregnation ratio from 30 wt.% to 150 wt.%. The pH(pzc) of MC-ACs exhibited an acidic character, owing to the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, metaphosphate (-PO3-), phosphates, and pyrophosphate groups, as indicated by XPS and FT-IR analysis. At a room temperature of 22 °C and an ideal pH of 2.06, the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) rose from 46.02±4.63 mg g-1 to 326.54±37.67 mg g-1 as the impregnation ratio increased from 30 wt.% to 150 wt.%. Freundlich isotherm well explained the adsorption equilibrium at 22 °C for all MC-ACs. The effect of temperature illustrates that the adsorption of MO onto MC-AC30 % was endothermic, while the adsorption of MO onto MC-AC150 % was an exothermic. The kinetic study was conducted at 22 °C, when the equilibrium time was at 4hours, and it was a pseudo-second order (PSO) model.

Interaction and effects of temperature preference under a controlled environment on the diversity and abundance of the microbiome in Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Characterization of the temperature effects on the abundance and richness of the microbiota of Lutzomyia longipalpis, insect vector of Leishmania infantum in America, is an aspect of pivotal importance to understand the interactions between temperature, bacteria, and Leishmania infection. We developed and used a customized device with a temperature gradient (21–34 °C) to assess the temperature preferences of wild females of Lu. longipalpis collected in a rural area (Ricaurte, Cundinamarca, Colombia). Each replicate consisted of 50 females exposed to the gradient for an hour. At the end of the exposure time, insects were collected and separated by the temperature ranges selected varying from 21 °C to 34 °C. They were organized in 17 pools from which total DNA extracts were obtained, and samples were subjected to 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing analyzes. The most abundant phyla across the different temperature ranges were Proteobacteria (17.22–90.73 %), Firmicutes (5.99–77.21 %) and Actinobacteria (1.56–59.85 %). Results also showed an abundance (30 % to 57.36 %) of Pseudomonas (mainly at temperatures of 21–29 °C and 34 °C) that decreased to 6.55 %-13.20 % at temperatures of 31–33 °C, while Bacillus increase its abundance to 67.24 % at 29–33 °C. Serratia also had a greater representation (49.79 %), specifically in sand flies recovered at 25–27 °C. No significant differences were found at α-diversity level when comparing richness using the Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, and Chao1 indices, while β-diversity differences were found using the Bray-Curtis index (F-value of 3.5073, p-value < 0.013, R-squared of 0,4889), especially in the groups of Lu. longipalpis associated at higher temperatures (29–33 °C). It was also possible to detect the presence of endosymbionts such as Spiroplasma and Arsenophonus in the range of 29–33 °C. Rickettsia was only detected in Lu. longipalpis sand flies recovered between 25–27 °C. It was possible to characterize Lu. longipalpis microbiota in response to intraspecific temperature preferences and observe changes in bacterial communities and endosymbionts at different ranges of said environmental variable, which may be important in its vector competence and environmental plasticity to adapt to new climate change scenarios.

Effect of sintering temperature on feature resolution and flexural strength of ceramics fabricated through vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing

PurposeAlthough ceramic additive manufacturing (AM) could be used to fabricate complex, high-resolution parts for diverse, functional applications, one ongoing challenge is optimizing the post-process, particularly sintering, conditions to consistently produce geometrically accurate and mechanically robust parts. This study aims to investigate how sintering temperature affects feature resolution and flexural properties of silica-based parts formed by vat photopolymerization (VPP) AM.Design/methodology/approachTest artifacts were designed to evaluate features of different sizes, shapes and orientations, and three-point bend specimens printed in multiple orientations were used to evaluate mechanical properties. Sintering temperatures were varied between 1000°C and 1300°C.FindingsDeviations from designed dimensions often increased with higher sintering temperatures and/or larger features. Higher sintering temperatures yielded parts with higher strength and lower strain at break. Many features exhibited defects, often dependent on geometry and sintering temperature, highlighting the need for further analysis of debinding and sintering parameters.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time test artifacts have been designed for ceramic VPP. This work also offers insights into the effect of sintering temperature and print orientation on flexural properties. These results provide design guidelines for a particular material, while the methodology outlined for assessing feature resolution and flexural strength is broadly applicable to other ceramics, enabling more predictable part performance when considering the future design and manufacture of complex ceramic parts.

Effects of ambient temperature on drivers’ speed-selective behavior at different risk levels: A driving simulation study

Abnormal or inappropriate ambient conditions can lead to reduced driving performance or even crashes, and the ambient temperature could be the most critical and fundamental factor. However, the coupling effects of the ambient temperature and the road and traffic conditions on basic speed-selection behavior are rarely investigated. To this end, this study attempted to evaluate drivers’ speed-selective behavior at low-medium-high risk levels under the low (16 °C ± 2 °C), medium (26 °C ± 2 °C), and high (36 °C ± 2 °C) ambient temperature ranges. To achieve this, a series of driving simulation experiments were conducted with 45 participants. Results showed that, at the low-risk level, the limitations of low-temperature or high-temperature conditions resulted in higher average speed than the medium-temperature condition. At the medium-risk level, the driver’s dynamic speed adjustment behavior was degraded under low-temperature or high-temperature conditions, and the deceleration rate was higher than the medium-temperature condition. At the high-risk level, drivers failed to diminish their speed in a timely way under low-temperature or high-temperature conditions, increasing the risk of crashes. However, decreasing the speed at the point of conflict could be effective in reducing the severity of the collision. The findings of this study can be applied to autonomous vehicles (AVs) to search for better safety countermeasures.

Multiple impact resistance and microstructure of hybrid fiber-reinforced fly ash/slag-based geopolymers after exposure to elevated temperatures

Engineered geopolymer composites (EGC) have garnered significant attention from researchers as a new environmentally friendly building material with superior tensile properties, impact resistance, and high-temperature resistance. This study focuses on the investigation of the dynamic mechanical properties of a hybrid fiber reinforced lightweight EGC containing ceramsite (LW-EGC) after exposure to elevated temperatures and multiple impacts. The effects of temperature, steel fiber content, and ceramsite types were taken into consideration. The analysis encompassed multiple impact stress-strain curves, dynamic peak stress and strain evolution, energy absorption, damage evolution, damage morphology, and microstructure changes following exposure to elevated temperatures. The experimental results revealed a significant decrease in the number of impacts endured by LW-EGC-M as the temperature increased. After 200 °C, the LW-EGC-M experienced 15 impacts, while after 800 °C, it only endured 2 impacts. Both cumulative energy absorption and cumulative damage of LW-EGC exhibited an exponential growth pattern with an increasing number of impacts. Microstructural analysis unveiled the emergence of a new nepheline phase after exposure to elevated temperatures, while the calcite in the matrix demonstrated gradual decomposition. Moreover, elevated temperatures led to a decreased Si/Al ratio in the matrix. The complete melting of PVA fibers after exposure to elevated temperatures resulted in the production of numerous interconnected pores in the matrix, leading to a decline in the mechanical strength of LW-EGC. This phenomenon also contributed to the reduction of internal pore pressures and the release of local vapor pressure generated by elevated temperatures.

Thermo-mechanical modelling of spalling around the deposition boreholes in an underground nuclear waste repository during its thermal phase

This paper presents a three-dimensional numerical analysis of multiple fracture growth leading to the development of excavation disturbed zones and spalling around deposition boreholes in a geological disposal facility. The development of fracture patterns is simulated with the Imperial College Geomechanics Toolkit, a finite-element based simulator that can model the simultaneous nucleation, growth, and coalescence of multiple fractures in quasi-brittle rock. In these simulations, fractures develop due to the stress concentrations around the borehole wall, caused by the local in situ stresses, and due to the thermal stresses caused by the radioactive decay of the waste. Fracture patterns, and the extent of the spalled zone, are computed after the borehole drilling, heating, and cooling stages, at the Forsmark repository site in Sweden. The effect of temperature on the nucleation and growth of spalling fractures, as well as on the reactivation of pre-existing fractures, is assessed qualitatively, by comparing fracture patterns, and quantitatively, in terms of the maximum spalling depth, width, and increase in the total fractured surface area. Overall, the simulations presented herein indicate that thermal spalling will increase the depths (away from the borehole) and angular widths of the spalled zone, but is not likely to lead to major increases in fracture aperture, and concomitant increases in hydraulic transmissivity and permeability of the spalled zone, above that which has already been caused by mechanical spalling.

Effects of Temperature and Time on the Denaturation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 and Cytokines from Bovine Platelet-Rich Gel Supernatants

Effects of Temperature and Time on the Denaturation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 and Cytokines from Bovine Platelet-Rich Gel Supernatants

The impact of molecular configuration on the bond breaking rates of hydrocarbons: a computational study.

The dissociation of hydrocarbon bonds plays a pivotal role in their utilization, whether through fuel combustion or the thermo-cracking of large hydrocarbons in petroleum refinement. Previous studies have primarily focused on the effects of temperature, pressure, and chemical environment on hydrocarbon reactions. However, the influence of molecular configuration on bond breaking rates has not been thoroughly explored. In this study, we propose an approach to compute bond dissociation rates, and apply it to the reactive molecular dynamics simulation (ReaxFF) trajectories of three molecules: n-tridecane, n-pentane, and 1,3-propanediol. Our results reveal that the bond dissociation rate depends not only on the bond position in the chain, but also on the molecular configuration. Stretched configurations exhibit higher dissociation rates, particularly favoring the breaking of central bonds. Conversely, when the molecule is coiled, resulting in a reduced size, terminal bonds exhibit higher dissociation rates. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of molecular dissociation properties in the oxidation of hydrocarbons, and provides a way to explore the bond breaking properties of other molecules.

Measuring the low divergent luminous flux emitted by LED torch lamps using a simple detector and a spectrometer as an alternative to an integrating sphere

The widespread use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) in various applications has necessitated accurate measurement of their photometric parameters, particularly luminous flux. While traditional methods employing integrating spheres offer precise measurements, simpler and often cheaper techniques utilizing radiometric detectors and spectrometers present viable alternatives, especially for directional emissions. This article presents a comprehensive methodology for measuring luminous flux using a simple detector and a spectrometer, discussing equipment calibration, uncertainty analysis, and validation of the described method. The study delves into the intricacies of detector and spectrometer calibration, offering insights for traceability to a known reference standard in lumen measurement practices. Additionally, the article addresses uncertainties associated with luminous flux calculations and validates the proposed method against measurements from an independent laboratory. Limitations such as spectral response variations and temperature effects on measurements are mentioned. Moreover the article encompasses formula derivations and calculations, empowering readers to create and validate their own computation tools.

Hygroscopic hydrogel-based cooling system for photovoltaic panels: An experimental and numerical study

Thermal management is an essential aspect of photovoltaic (PV) system design because of the negative effects of high temperatures on the efficiency of PV panels. The use of hygroscopic hydrogels for the evaporative cooling of PV panels is an emerging technique that has attracted attention owing to the high latent heat and recyclability of these materials. However, a comprehensive understanding of the heat and mass transport mechanisms in hygroscopic hydrogels is necessary. Factors that would ensure the long-term performance of PV panel/hydrogel (PV/HG) systems under real-world conditions are still poorly understood, and the intrinsic properties of hydrogels and the effect thereof on their cooling performance have hitherto remained unexplored. Herein, we propose a mathematical model for hydrogel-cooled PV panels to study the heat and mass transfer mechanisms of PV/HG systems in practical environments. The model is used to examine the impact of the thermal conductivity, diffusion coefficient, and thickness of the hydrogel on the performance of the PV/HG system. Unlike previously reported approaches to enhance the efficiency, in this study, the external heat transfer resistance and internal mass transfer resistance were identified as the primary controlling factors. Enhancement of the thermal conductivity of the hydrogel is shown to have a limited effect on the performance, whereas improving the water diffusion within the hydrogel significantly boosts the system efficiency. Optimally, the thickness of the hydrogel must be such that it balances the heat and mass transfer distances with the available water volume. During the summer in Guangzhou, China, a 6-mm thick layer of hydrogel lowered the temperature of a PV cell by up to 7.5 °C to increase the daily power generation by 2.1%. Analysis of the nationwide situation showed that hydrogels have substantial potential for lowering the peak PV panel temperatures (by as much as 19.3 °C) to mitigate fluctuations in the output power. Our findings offer valuable insights into the design of PV/HG systems towards improving their performance.

Energy gap of conformational transition related with temperature for the NACore of α-synuclein.

Pathological aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) into amyloid fibrils is a major feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). The self-assembly of α-syn is mainly governed by a non-amyloid-β component core (NACore). However, the effects of concentrations and temperatures on their conformational transition remain unclear. To answer this question, we investigated the aggregation kinetics of NACore oligomers in silico by performing several independent all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation results show that tetramers are more prone to form β-sheets at 300 K than dimers and octamers. We also found that the NACore oligomers had higher β-sheet and β-barrel contents at 310 K. The inter-chain hydrophobic interactions, the backbone hydrogen bonding, the residue-residue interactions between V70-V77 as well as V77-V77 play important roles in the aggregation tendency of NACore octamers at 310 K. Interestingly, the energy gap analysis revealed that the conformational transition of NACore oligomers from intermediate states (β-barrel conformation) to stable structures (β-sheet layers) was dependent on the temperatures. In short, our study provides insight into the kinetic and thermodynamic mechanisms of the conformational transition of NACore at different concentrations and temperatures, contributing to a better understanding of the aggregation process of α-syn in Parkinson's disease.

Effect of cryogenic temperature on the strengthening mechanisms of AZ61 Mg alloy extruded at different temperatures

This study investigates the influence of extrusion and deformation temperatures on the mechanical properties of the AZ61 Mg alloy. Increasing the extrusion temperature from 300 to 400 °C led to larger grain size and higher basal texture intensity. At 400 °C, the AZ61 alloy exhibited more Al–Mn phases and fewer Mg17Al12 phases, indicating enhanced dissolution of Mg17Al12 in the α-Mg matrix. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted at room temperature (RT) and cryogenic temperature (CT, −150 °C). Despite grain growth, a higher yield strength (YS) was achieved at higher extrusion temperatures due to the texture-strengthening mechanism. However, during deformation at CT, the higher YS was primarily attributed to the formation of multiple twinning within individual grains, causing twinning interactions. These twin-interacting boundaries create additional barriers to dislocation movement. Notably, the AZ61 sample extruded at 400 °C demonstrated the formation of stacking faults during deformation at CT, with dislocations accumulating around the faults. This contributed to the best strength without compromising ductility in this sample.

Ultrahigh-purity ammonia recovery from synthetic coke wastewater via membrane contactor: Overcoming phenolic interference and assessing cost efficiency

Ammonia recovery from industrial wastewater using membrane contactor processes is emerging as a promising method owing to the diverse applications of ammonia. This study uniquely addressed ammonia recovery from coke plant wastewater, which is challenging due to the presence of numerous toxic and volatile phenolic compounds. Experiments were conducted using a synthetic coke plant effluent to assess the effects of various pH levels and temperatures on ammonia recovery. Specifically, the aim was to achieve high-purity ammonia recovery while minimizing the permeation of phenolic compounds. The results demonstrate that ammonia recovery in the membrane contactor processes is highly efficient, even in the presence of phenolic compounds. During temperature variations at 25 °C and 40 °C, the recovery of ammonia increased from 42.36% to 52.97% at pH 11. Additionally, increasing the pH of a feed solution from 7 to 12 significantly increased the ammonia content to 58.3%. At this pH, the recovered ammonia was of exceptional purity (>99%), with phenol, p-Cresol, and 2,4-xylenol present at negligible concentrations (0.001%, 0.002%, and 0.004%, respectively). This was attributed to the ionization of phenolic compounds at higher pH levels, which prevents their permeation through the hydrophobic membrane. The estimated cost analysis revealed that the membrane contactor process at pH 12 was approximately 1.41 times more cost-effective than conventional air-stripping processes over eight years of operating period (pH-12 membrane contactor: $19.79; pH-12 air stripping: $23.75). This study provides a detailed analysis of the optimal conditions for selective ammonia recovery from complex wastewater, highlighting both effective treatment and sustainable resource recovery and offering a superior alternative to traditional methods.

Effect of copper and temperature on the photosynthetic physiological characteristics of Ulva linza under elevated CO2 concentrations

Copper (Cu) is vital for macroalgae's functions, but high concentrations can be toxic. Rising CO2 levels affect algal growth and Cu bioavailability. In this study, the results reveal that at 5 °C, low Cu increased Ulva linza growth, while high Cu and elevated CO2 decreased growth. At 10 °C, low Cu and elevated CO2 enhanced growth, but high Cu did not have a significant impact. At 15 °C, high Cu reduced growth, but elevated CO2 offset this effect. Furthermore, under elevated CO2 conditions, the chloroplast structure of the algae appeared to be denser, accompanied by a large amount of starch granules, compared to low CO2 conditions. These results emphasize that lower temperatures, in conjunction with elevated CO2 concentration, could intensify the toxic effects of high Cu concentrations on thalli. However, at higher temperatures, elevated CO2 concentration appeared to be capable of mitigating the detrimental effects of heavy metals on algae.

Surviving global change: a review of the impacts of drought and dewatering on freshwater mussels.

The increase in the frequency and intensity of droughts and heatwaves caused by climate change poses a major threat to biodiversity. In aquatic systems, sedentary species such as freshwater mussels are generally considered more vulnerable to changes in habitat conditions than mobile species such as fish. As mussels provide important ecosystem services, understanding the impacts of drought on freshwater mussels is of particular importance for the management of overall functioning of aquatic ecosystems. We used a comprehensive literature search to provide a systematic overview of direct and indirect effects of drought on freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) and an evaluation of mitigation strategies. We found that drought studies were concentrated mostly in the USA, with a focus on the Unionidae family. Topics ranged from the physiological effects of high temperatures, emersion, and hypoxia/anoxia to behavioural and reproductive consequences of drought and the implications for biotic interactions and ecosystem services. Studies spanned all levels of biological organization, from individual responses to population- and community-level impacts and ecosystem-wide effects. We identified several knowledge gaps, including a paucity of trait-based evaluation of drought consequences, limited understanding of thermal and desiccation tolerance at the species level, and the synergistic effects of multiple drought stressors on mussels. Although we found many studies provided suggestions concerning management of populations, habitat conditions, and anthropogenic water use, a systematic approach and testing of recommended mitigation strategies is largely lacking, creating challenges for managers aiming to conserve freshwater mussel communities and populations in light of climate change.

Effect of draw ratio and triggering temperature on properties of hydrothermal responsive shape memory microcomposite filaments

Effect of draw ratio and triggering temperature on properties of hydrothermal responsive shape memory microcomposite filaments