Technology Decisions Research Articles

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДІАГНОСТИКИ ПРОЦЕСУ ПРИЙНЯТТЯ РІШЕНЬ В УПРАВЛІННІ ФІНАНСОВОЮ ДІЯЛЬНІСТЮ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The article conducts a study of the peculiarities of decision-making diagnostics, the result of which is the rationalization of management decision-making technology on the basis of more in-depth detailing, definition of the content and sequence of implementation of its main stages in accordance with the established quality parameters. The basic requirements for the quality of managerial decisionmaking are defined, which were laid down by the author as the basis for detailing the decision-making diagnostic mechanism in the management of the financial activities of the enterprise. The author proved that the outlined limitations affect the search for options for solving problems and are prerequisites for the formation of an effective methodological toolkit for the development and adoption of managerial decisions. Among the most significant limitations that affect the search for options for solving problems, the following are defined: legislative, temporary, resource (financial, material, labor) and informational. The main criteria used in the diagnosis of the quality of the process of organizing the implementation of management decisions are determined, namely: quality criteria of the organizational structure, quality criteria of the organizational structure that develops and makes decisions, the progressiveness of stationary and temporarily created problem-oriented structures, characterized by a clear definition of the levels of financial management and distribution of established functions between them; the criterion of compliance with the deadlines for the execution of work, which characterizes the extent to which the planned work program is carried out and the extent to which the actual deadlines for its implementation are shifted, and the criterion of structural support, which establishes the extent to which the composition of personnel determined to solve problems, according to positions, specialties and job profile, meets the set goal, the nature of the problem to be solved and the scope of work. It has been proven that the diagnostics of decision-making in the management of the financial activities of the enterprise allows to rationalize the technology of this process in accordance with the established diagnostic quality criteria, which provides management personnel with the opportunity to make timely and optimal decisions.

Kombinasi Penerapan Metode WASPAS dan Rank Order Centroid (ROC) dalam Keputusan Pemilihan Teknologi Kamera Ponsel Terbaik

Smartphone camera technology is currently growing rapidly so that it has specifications that support it so that the results obtained are almost on par with the quality of digital cameras. Supported cellphone cameras can be used in learning photography, not necessarily with a digital camera. The increasing number of cellphone choices makes users who want to study photography confused in choosing a cellphone that has the best cellphone camera technology. So that a Decision Support System was applied in this study as a system for obtaining the best cellphone camera technology decisions. In making the right decision on selecting the best cellphone camera technology, it must meet the criteria for Number of Camera Features, Number of Main Cameras, Number of Front Cameras, Main Camera Resolution, Front camera Resolution, Optical Zoom and Quality of Video Recording. Therefore a Decision Support System is needed to solve the problem by applying the ROC (Rank Order Centroid) and WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) methods which can produce weight and preference values from the first ranking alternative. So that the selection of the best mobile camera technology for the best mobile camera technology can be found in table 7, namely the Samsung Galaxy S22 Ultra which is in the A5 alternative with the highest score of 3.8354 as the first rank

How Do Autonomous Vehicles Decide?

The advancement in sensor technologies, mobile network technologies, and artificial intelligence has pushed the boundaries of different verticals, e.g., eHealth and autonomous driving. Statistics show that more than one million people are killed in traffic accidents yearly, where the vast majority of the accidents are caused by human negligence. Higher-level autonomous driving has great potential to enhance road safety and traffic efficiency. One of the most crucial links to building an autonomous system is the task of decision-making. The ability of a vehicle to make robust decisions on its own by anticipating and evaluating future outcomes is what makes it intelligent. Planning and decision-making technology in autonomous driving becomes even more challenging, due to the diversity of the dynamic environments the vehicle operates in, the uncertainty in the sensor information, and the complex interaction with other road participants. A significant amount of research has been carried out toward deploying autonomous vehicles to solve plenty of issues, however, how to deal with the high-level decision-making in a complex, uncertain, and urban environment is a comparatively less explored area. This paper provides an analysis of decision-making solutions approaches for autonomous driving. Various categories of approaches are analyzed with a comparison to classical decision-making approaches. Following, a crucial range of research gaps and open challenges have been highlighted that need to be addressed before higher-level autonomous vehicles hit the roads. We believe this survey will contribute to the research of decision-making methods for autonomous vehicles in the future by equipping the researchers with an overview of decision-making technology, its potential solution approaches, and challenges.

The method of forming informational competence spaces for educational project executives

The work describes the application of competence methods in implementing educational projects. Practices and experience of other universities. It was determined that the planning and monitoring of the educational project should be carried out concerning the specifics of the development of competencies as a rational process of improvement and achievement of individual and collective goals of the executors of this project. With this in mind, understanding the process of competence development is the basis of the practical construction of an educational project aimed at the effective achievement of goals. In addition, developing project executors' competencies can occur consciously through training and indirectly in teamwork. It was established that the task of taking into account the dynamics of transformation and development of the competencies of performers and the connection of this development with the functions of a specific project still needs to be solved. To ensure effective planning and monitoring of an educational project, it is advisable to build information technology to support decision-making based on competency-based methods. The development of such a system is essential for the educational system of the People's Republic of China because universities manage many educational projects with many students, which requires an innovative monitoring system. Moreover, such a system should be able to work out both large-scale projects and small ones, such as, for example, the implementation of a distance learning system within one or several courses. To build such a system, multiple models of identification of the executor of the educational project and a model of transformation of the executor of the educational project were built. Based on them, the method of making information competence spaces is defined. This method is the basis of creating an information technology decision support system for monitoring educational projects.

‘They tell us after they've decided things’: A cross‐country analysis of unions and digitalisation in retail

AbstractThe role of trade unions in the social shaping of digital technologies is a vital question for research, public policy and social justice. This article draws on interviews with two unions in the grocery retail sector in the United Kingdom and Norway, and examines their involvement in technology decisions, and whether they can shape better outcomes for workers. By comparing a ‘neo‐liberal’ economy and a ‘Nordic welfare state’, the article considers whether stronger institutional power and regulatory supports in Norway provide for greater influence in a sector regarded as challenging for unions. The findings indicate relatively few country differences and help shed light on the factors that enable and constrain unions’ role in digitalisation.

FEATURES OF PROVIDING OF ACCESS OF OVERALL BUILDING TECHNIQUE ARE ON SITE AREA IN THE CONDITIONS OF MAKING MORE COMPACT BUILDING

Purpose. An aim the results over of researches brought in the article are an analysis and generalization of existent organizational and technological decisions of logistic operations from delivery on an object building of modern productive building technique, that can be applied at complex building or reconstruction of the existent territories injured as a result of military operations. Methodology. Researches of problem of the logistic providing of site areas a oversized building technique in the conditions of making more compact building were executed by development and subsequent analysis of organizational and technological decisions, which formed the basis of the real projects of implementation of works (PIW) on the corresponding stages of implementation of building and installation works. Further of approbation was in the minds of the leading design and contracting organizations of the Dnipro of metropolitan area, as they specialize in the creation of richly superficial living, communal buildings and richly functional complexes of various recognition. Findings. The of establishment of efficient organizational and logistical solutions allows you to secure the access of large – scale highly efficient wake – up technology to the yards with intermediary access, in the minds of the strengthened forgetfulness, close distribution of the main objects, transport, storage facilities of The of development of the main solutions can be worked out jointly by specialists in the field of logistics of transport transportation, engineers in the field of organization and technology of emergency manufacturing, emergency construction, etc. Joint work increases the effectiveness of the decisions taken to meet the needs of contracting organizations when performing work on new construction, reconstruction or restoration of construction objects and transport infrastructure, which is an urgent task when eliminating the consequences of military operations on the territory of Ukraine. Originality. Since the solutions given in the article for solving logistical problems of delivery to the construction site in the conditions of compacted construction of large-sized construction equipment are relevant for the subsequent restoration of the settlements of Ukraine affected by military operations during 2014-2022, the presented problem is relevant. Practical value. Analysis of real organizational and technological solutions used in the design of the construction site and the organization of temporary traffic in the conditions of the current construction on the street. Vernadskyi in the city of Dnipro, will allow a more balanced approach to the problem of infrastructural design in Ukraine and beyond. As a result, optimization of organizational and technological measures at the relevant stages of construction processes is expected.

PECULIARITIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT OF PERFORMANCE OF WORKS AT THE STAGE OF ZERO CYCLE DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SHOPPING AND ENTERTAINMENT CENTER IN ZAPORIZHZHIA

Purpose. Research and evaluation of existing methods and determination of features of development of the project of performance of works, formation of recommendations on designing of the project of performance of works, definition of construction tactics during production of works of zero cycle of construction object, i.e. definition of the most effective and safe ways of performance of complexes of works energy savings. Methodology. An important role in the study is played by the formation of knowledge and skills of modern design and technological approach to solving problems of construction, orientation of organizational and technological processes to achieve end results with reduced time and money, rational composition of machines and mechanisms and mastering the methodology of construction. Findings. The working project for the removal of external sewerage networks at the object New construction of the shopping and entertainment center «Khortitsa Mall» on the street. Speedboat, 8 / street Kryva Bukhta, 2 in the city of Zaporizhia, as well as additional information from foreign and domestic sources was studied, standard projects that have already been implemented in the city of Zaporizhia were analyzed. In the course of the work a technological map for the removal of external sewerage networks was developed, as it is the main document of the project, which includes a set of guidelines for substantiation of rational organizational and technological decisions in compliance with the rules of safety and safety. Originality. On the basis of design and technological documentation, normative base, scientific researches the model of competent systematization of data of development of the project of performance of works with use of scientific and normative sources that helps to systematize and facilitate work on development of the project of production of works is received. Practical value. Application of methods of development of design and technological documentation is one of the main directions of regulation of construction works by the most effective methods, optimum structure of crew, sets of construction cars and mechanisms, providing reduction of terms of construction, reduction of labor intensity, estimated cost and improvement of quality of construction works.

State Policy in the Field of Treatment and Utilization of Food Waste in Russia

A key problem, which requires solution in today’s situation, is treatment of food waste. Nowadays food waste is mainly buried and it does harm to the environment and people’s heals, pollutes air because of dump gases (including greenhouse gases), soil and water and causes irreversible climatic changes. It is necessary to pass over to such level of production and consumption, which could minimize and even eliminate waste formation. The authors of the article substantiate the need to take steps aimed at waste involvement in economic turn-over by its recycling, which requires the development of the effective mechanism of food waste control in the Russian Federation. The economic mechanism shall include the system of normative, legal and other documents in the field of treating food waste, a set of technological and infrastructure decisions aimed at utilization of food products with expiring BB dates, methodological recommendations on cutting food waste formed in business activity and its utilization.

Features of adoption of management decisions for functional subdivisions of enterprises based on an expert approach

Introduction. The changing operating environment creates challenges for the activities of enterprises and requires an immediate response to the changes taking place. In order to realize the planned aim and set goals of the enterprise, effective management decisions at the level of functional divisions must be adopted and implemented, which will ultimately ensure the desired result. The correctness of the adopted management decisions is determined by the method and procedure of their adoption, which require further research. The purpose of the paper is to study the process of making managerial decisions based on the use of the method of expert evaluations, to develop the technology of making managerial decisions regarding the activities of functional subdivisions based on an expert approach, to formulate recommendations for solving problems of using expert evaluations in making managerial decisions. Results. In making management decisions regarding the activities of functional subdivisions, an effective approach is the use of the method of expert evaluations, which involves taking into account the opinions of specialists working in the relevant field of operation, who have the relevant knowledge and experience. The recommended management decision-making technology for the activities of functional subdivisions based on an expert approach includes the stages directly related to the management decision-making by experts who implement the main tasks, as well as the stages of implementation of expert management decisions, their evaluation, revision and improvement. Conclusion. The main recommendations for solving the problems of using expert evaluation in making managerial decisions regarding the activity of functional subdivisions are: ensuring the formation and effective work of an expert commission; quality organization of the expert evaluation process; ensuring obtaining objective information based on the received results of expert assessment; the use of expert assessments during the preparation of management decisions and their subsequent adoption.

Intelligent Decision Making Based on the Combination of Deep Reinforcement Learning and an Influence Map

Almost all recent deep reinforcement learning algorithms use four consecutive frames as the state space to retain the dynamic information. If the training state data constitute an image, the state space is used as the input of the neural network for training. As an AI-assisted decision-making technology, a dynamic influence map can describe dynamic information. In this paper, we propose the use of a frame image superimposed with an influence map as the state space to express dynamic information. Herein, we optimize Ape-x as a distributed reinforcement learning algorithm. Sparse reward is an issue that must be solved in refined intelligent decision making. The use of an influence map is proposed to generate the intrinsic reward when there is no external reward. The experiments conducted in this study prove that the combination of a dynamic influence map and deep reinforcement learning is effective. Compared with the traditional method that uses four consecutive frames to represent dynamic information, the score of the proposed method is increased by 11–13%, the training speed is increased by 59%, the video memory consumption is reduced by 30%, and the memory consumption is reduced by 50%. The proposed method is compared with the Ape-x algorithm without an influence map, DQN, N-Step DQN, QR-DQN, Dueling DQN, and C51. The experimental results show that the final score of the proposed method is higher than that of the compared baseline methods. In addition, the influence map is used to generate an intrinsic reward to effectively resolve the sparse reward problem.

Comparative analysis of permissioned blockchain frameworks for industrial applications

Blockchain is a technology that creates trust among non-trusting parties without relying on any intermediaries. Consequently, it has attracted the interest of companies operating in a multitude of sectors. However, due to the number of different blockchain solutions that have emerged in the last few years and their rapid changes, it is challenging for such companies to orient their technological decisions. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the key dimensions—namely, governance, maturity, support, latency, privacy, interoperability, flexibility, efficiency, resiliency, and scalability—of some of the most-used permissioned blockchain platforms. Moreover, we present the results of a performance evaluation considering the following frameworks: Hyperledger Fabric 2.2, Hyperledger Sawtooth 1.2, and ConsenSys Quorum 21.1 (with both the GoQuorum client and the Hyperledger Besu client). The platforms were tested under similar conditions, and official releases were used, such that our findings provide a reference for companies establishing their technological orientation.

Research on Nickel-Cobalt-Copper Productive Collaboration and Intelligent Decision-Making Technology in Symbiotic Coupling Enterprises

This study investigates the research on nickel-cobalt-copper productive collaboration and intelligent decision-making technology for symbiotic coupling enterprises in the Gansu Province of China. The aim is to address the problems of low resource utilization efficiency, weak production collaboration, and an insufficient intelligent decision-making level in the nonferrous metallurgy industry. First, the present situation of nickel-cobalt-copper industry chain-level collaboration in the agglomeration area is analyzed extensively, and the corresponding problems are proposed. Second, the functional framework of productive collaboration and intelligent decision-making is presented from the industrial chain and industrial agent levels. In addition, the design methods of various balance strategies in the production collaboration within the industrial agent are provided. These can realise the daily balance of material, metal, and energy data in an individual industrial agent. Finally, with regard to intelligent decision-making at the industrial chain level, six key measures surrounding different themes are provided to support the implementation of productive collaboration and intelligent decision-making in the nonferrous metallurgy agglomeration area.

A Synthesis of the Dibble et al. Controlled Experiments into the Mechanics of Lithic Production

Abstract Archaeologists have explored a wide range of topics regarding archaeological stone tools and their connection to past human lifeways through experimentation. Controlled experimentation systematically quantifies the empirical relationships among different flaking variables under a controlled and reproducible setting. This approach offers a platform to generate and test hypotheses about the technological decisions of past knappers from the perspective of basic flaking mechanics. Over the past decade, Harold Dibble and colleagues conducted a set of controlled flaking experiments to better understand flake variability using mechanical flaking apparatuses and standardized cores. Results of their studies underscore the dominant impact of exterior platform angle and platform depth on flake size and shape and have led to the synthesis of a flake formation model, namely the EPA-PD model. However, the results also illustrate the complexity of the flake formation process through the influence of other parameters such as core surface morphology and force application. Here we review the work of Dibble and colleagues on controlled flaking experiments by summarizing their findings to date. Our goal is to synthesize what was learned about flake variability from these controlled experiments to better understand the flake formation process. With this paper, we are including all of the data produced by these prior experiments and an explanation of the data in the Supplementary Information.

The paradox of technology: Negativity bias in consumer adoption of innovative technologies

AbstractInnovative technologies often feature inherently conflicting properties. This poses a challenge for marketers because negative properties not only weigh heavily on consumers' technology adoption decisions but potentially do more so than positive ones. To shed light on the paradox of technology and its underlying processes, the present research develops a conceptual model drawing on technology adoption and valence perception theories about the prevalence of negativity bias in consumers' technology adoption decisions with its unique effect through the serial chain of consumers' perceptions of risk and trust regarding the technology. Results of three studies (N = 1309) demonstrate that the effect of negative valence consistently outperforms that of positive valence in consumers' technology adoption intentions (Studies 1–2) and decisions (Study 3). Furthermore, results show that the disproportionate effect of negative (vs. positive) valence can be explained by the proposed serial causal chain through consumers' perception of risk of the technology and trust in the technology (Studies 2–3) while ruling out company trust and consumer knowledge as alternative drivers of the effects (Study 3). These findings contribute to the pertinent literature on consumer psychology in decisions to adopt novel technologies in that they quantify and explain the potential outcome stemming from the ambiguous properties of novel technology. Moreover, this study finds negativity bias to be an often overlooked consumer bias with implications for marketing practice and useful for understanding and lowering resistance towards artificial intelligence technology.

Re‐examining technology's destruction of blue‐collar work

AbstractDespite research suggesting certain death of blue‐collar work due to technological advancements, blue‐collar jobs continue to be in demand. Through a study of the blue‐collar dominant Transport and Logistics sector in Australia, we apply a Critical Realist framework to consider the tendencies contributing to, and limiting, technological uptake and worker displacement. Our analysis of interviews with sector managers demonstrate how technological uptake decisions to enact labour saving technologies are often constrained by other causal mechanisms and associated (counter) tendencies. Causal mechanisms related to geographical artifacts, industry structure and established business models, along with class structure, mitigate against ‘big bang’ technological transformation and the demise of blue‐collar work. We conclude that tracking the future of work is important, but it cannot be done solely on the basis of technological capacities to displace labour or without consideration of the complex interplay of causal mechanisms and tendencies shaping employer decisions about technology.

Impacts of CSR Undertaking Modes on Technological Innovation and Carbon-Emission-Reduction Decisions of Supply Chain

Taking a low-carbon supply chain composed of one producer and one retailer as the object, this paper explores the impacts of different corporate social responsibility (CSR)-undertaking-mode choices on the carbon-emission reduction and technological innovation decisions of the low-carbon supply chain. Under three CSR-undertaking modes, the optimal decisions of carbon-emission-reduction intensity and technological-innovation level of low-carbon supply chain are explored by using the Stackelberg game. Through a comparative analysis of the optimal equilibrium solutions, we found that, with the enhancement of CSR awareness of member firms, the carbon-emission-reduction intensity, technological innovation level, and product sales volume of the low-carbon supply chain under different CSR-undertaking modes are all improved, and the total profits and total welfare of the low-carbon supply chain are all increased. The carbon-emission-reduction intensity, technological innovation level, and product sales volume are all the highest under the mode of the retailer undertaking CSR, the second highest under the mode of the producer and retailer jointly undertaking CSR, and the lowest under the mode of the producer undertaking CSR mode. Therefore, under the background of technological innovation carried out by the producer, it is most conducive to promoting the development of low-carbon supply chain for the retailer to undertake social responsibility.

Environmental impact of second-generation biofuels production from agricultural residues in Cameroon: A life-cycle assessment study

The world in general, and Cameroon in particular, are facing three major problems which are population increase, natural resource decrease and climate change. This work focuses on assessing the environmental impact of the production of second-generation liquid and gaseous biofuels by means of the life cycle assessment method, in order to contribute to sustainable development with emphasis on environmentally concerned decision-making and appropriate choice of technologies. The increasingly essential Life Cycle Assessment method is at the heart of this work. Avocado, cocoa and peanut residues have been converted on a laboratory scale to second generation gaseous biofuels (biogas) and liquid biofuels (ethanol). Biomethane yields are 177, 127 and 73 mL/g for avocado seed, cocoa pods and peanut shells respectively. When it comes to bioethanol, avocado seed, cocoa pods, and peanut shells produced yields of 178, 61 and 49 mL/kg biomass respectively. Based on the annual production of the three crops, 200,000 kg and 30,376,960 m3 of bioethanol and biomethane respectively can be produced at the national level of Cameroon. The SimaPro software version 9.1.1.1, the Ecoinvent database v.3.6 and the ReCiPe Midpoint impact method v.1.04 were used for the assessment. All categories of resulting environmental impacts are assessed and quantified. The categories with the most significant impacts are land use, global warming, Human non-carcinogenic toxicity, Terrestrial ecotoxicity, Fossil resource scarcity and water consumption observed in the agricultural phase. Global warming, Land use and Terrestrial ecotoxicity are the hot spots observed in the process of converting biomass into bioethanol and biomethane. The main sources of detected impacts are the processes of seed production, the use of electricity, distilled water and chemicals during the process of converting waste to biofuel on a laboratory scale. This laboratory-scale work will serve as a reference for decision-making of pilot plants and then large-scale production of liquid and gaseous biofuels with the objective of promoting the development of a sustainable biomass-energy industry based on avocado seeds, cocoa pods and peanut shells through identification of critical factors.

Disrupting Traditional Roles: One Nurse's Journey.

A nurse for 30 years, Rhonda Collins, DNP, RN, FAAN, has worked to disrupt the way technology is used and perceived by nurses around the globe. Intersecting clinical expertise with health care innovation, she strives to empower nurses to take a seat at the table when it comes to making technology decisions that impact their work and their lives. Nurses use technology, medical devices, and equipment every day while caring for their patients. These devices require clinical knowledge, insights, guidance, and leadership to ensure they are appropriate for the patient care environment while fitting and facilitating nurses' workflow. Nurse involvement to design and implement new technologies is critical to adoption and use of technologies. Dr Collins offers 7 guidelines for engaging with business partners and ensuring decisions will support critical nursing staffs and facilitate safe patient care. Dr Collins' passion for helping more people led her to seek opportunities beyond the hospital walls. After earning her master's degree in nursing administration while raising 2 children and working her way through the ranks at medical centers in Texas, she has been on a mission to elevate the voices of nurses and protect the profession. Dr Collins shares her personal and professional journey of leaving hospital nursing to work in nontraditional leader roles in the technology industry, detailing the challenges and opportunities for nurses now and in the future.

Dynamic analysis as a method of wells interaction evaluation in making technological decisions

The complexity of developing oil fields determines the creation and improvement of fundamentally new approaches to the analysis and management of various technological processes of oil production based on indirect methods of interpreting current geological and field information for making strategic and tactical decisions to rationalize it.This article discusses the formation of stagnant and poorly drained zones of oil deposits due to the redistribution of hydrodynamic flows of reservoir fluids.
 In order to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of applying the technology to change the direction of filtration flows in the reservoir under consideration, it is necessary to study the influence of non-stationary processes on oil production.
 Based on the construction of operational maps of total oil and water production, water cut and the degree of interaction by periods of development, the state of the reservoir system is analyzed and conclusions are made about the characteristic features of the direction of water-oil flows with the subsequent formation of stagnant zones.
 The proposed approach to decision-making allows to carry out the dynamic regulation of hydrodynamic flows in order to stabilize and reduce oil production losses for the period under consideration and make the necessary decision on the issuance of technological recommendations for the impact on the operation of the exploitation object, taking into account the minimization of energy and resource costs.
 The proposed method was tested on the example of the analysis of the state of development of one of the fields in Azerbaijan, which is in the final stage of development. As an information array, the dynamics of changes in oil and water flow rates by wells in various periods of development was chosen.

Organisational and pedagogical conditions of differentiated teaching of English to students

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the differentiation of teaching and pedagogical and technological decisions of university students. The differentiated teaching self-efficacy and pedagogical and technological competencies of students studying in foreign countries were studied. For this purpose, the pedagogical and technological relational learning of students studying English at the university was studied. This research was carried out with qualitative research design. A case study was conducted using the qualitative research method. This method was chosen to reveal the current situation. 82 university students were voluntarily selected as the study group. In this study, which was conducted in Kazakhstan in 2021–2022, the opinions of foreign students studying at the university with voice recorders were taken. In the study, three open-ended questions prepared by the researcher were asked. The data is thematised using the content analysis method and explained in detail. As a result of the research, it was concluded that differentiated teaching methods increase pedagogical competencies and that education with technological support is very important. Once again, it is seen that the problems experienced in teaching English are caused by teaching. It can be said that university students do not have enough knowledge about language teaching.
 Keywords: English, differentiated instruction, proficiency, university, technology;