Water Supply Technology Research Articles

Crop coefficient changes with reference evapotranspiration for highly canopy-atmosphere coupled crops

Despite of the great advancement of technologies for water supply, irrigation management remains inadequate in most areas. The lack of basic information on crop water needs is one of the causes for inadequate water use and irrigation management. The approach normally used to quantify the consumptive use of water by irrigated crops is the crop coefficient-reference evapotranspiration (Kc ETo) procedure. In this procedure, reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is computed for a grass or alfalfa reference crop and is then multiplied by an empirical crop coefficient (Kc) to produce an estimate of crop evapotranspiration (ETc). The ETo represents the non-stressed ET based on weather data. We selected three experiments with different crops in terms of physiology and planting arrangements to discuss the crop coefficient paradigm and its relation with reference evapotranspiration for highly canopy-atmosphere coupled crops. We found the Kc decreasing as ETo increased as a consequence of high plant atmosphere coupling and high crop inner resistance, which limits the amount of water the plant could supply to the atmosphere. Even for sugarcane plantation (after it completely covered the ground) Kc decreased with ETo, highlighting that trend might not be exclusive of tall sparse crops and for well coupled to the atmosphere. For these reasons, we suggested the definition of Kcb (for sparse crops) and Kc should take into account ETo ranges besides the components currently considered.

Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) using IoT and Smart Grid

Current energy policy and climate mitigation goals require distinct reductions of the primary energy demand in the building sector. The existing building stock poses challenge since clear-cut technical and economical retrofit strategies for different types of existing buildings are still not established. The goal of the study is to identify such retrofit strategies to achieve optimal cost levels and to assess costs and benefits of nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB). Firstly building types are defined by covering single-family houses, multi-family houses, office buildings and school buildings. Secondly, a large set of generic energy efficiency measures are described, covering seven strategic fields, namely building envelope measures, heating and hot water supply technologies and fuel choice, ventilation and lighting systems, electricity and district heat mixes. This covers the usage of smart home appliances, eco-friendly building ventilation system. Thirdly, energy performance is calculated based on technical and physical characteristics and using building energy balance software. Fourthly, investment costs and life cycle costs are established based on unitary costs of building elements and building technologies. Cost-effectiveness is determined based on he net present value method which is compared to the annuity method for a couple of cases. The integration of smart grid and IoT(Internet of Things) is a new concept for conserving more.

Capacity factor analysis for evaluating water and sanitation infrastructure choices for developing communities

40% of the world's population lacks access to adequate supplies of water and sanitation services to sustain human health. In fact, more than 780 million people lack access to safe water supplies and about 2.5 billion people lack access to basic sanitation. Appropriate technology for water supply and sanitation (Watsan) systems is critical for sustained access to these services. Current approaches for the selection of Watsan technologies in developing communities have a high failure rate. It is estimated that 30%–60% of Watsan installed infrastructures in developing countries are not operating. Inappropriate technology is a common explanation for the high rate of failure of Watsan infrastructure, particularly in lower-income communities (Palaniappan et al., 2008). This paper presents the capacity factor analysis (CFA) model, for the assessment of a community's capacity to manage and sustain access to water supply and sanitation services. The CFA model is used for the assessment of a community's capacity to operate, and maintain a municipal sanitation service (MSS) such as, drinking water supply, wastewater and sewage treatment, and management of solid waste. The assessment of the community's capacity is based on seven capacity factors that have been identified as playing a key role in the sustainability of municipal sanitation services in developing communities (Louis, 2002). These capacity factors and their constituents are defined for each municipal sanitation service. Benchmarks and international standards for the constituents of the CFs are used to assess the capacity factors. The assessment of the community's capacity factors leads to determine the overall community capacity level (CCL) to manage a MSS. The CCL can then be used to assist the community in the selection of appropriate Watsan technologies for their MSS needs. The selection is done from Watsan technologies that require a capacity level to operate them that matches the assessed CCL of the community.

Climate Change, Water Supply and Sanitation: Risk Assessment, Management, Mitigation and Reduction

Climate Change, Water Supply and Sanitation: Risk Assessment, Management, Mitigation and Reduction pulls together the final outcomes and recommendations from the PREPARED project that originated from the WSSTP (Water Supply and Sanitation Technology Platform) thematic working group Sustainable Water Management in Urban areas. The PREPARED project confirms and demonstrates the technological preparedness of water supply and sanitation systems of ten cities in Europe and also Melbourne and Seattle to adapt to the expected impacts of climate change. It shows that the water supply and sanitation systems of cities and their catchments can adapt and be resilient to the challenges of climate change; and that the technological, managerial and policy adaptation of these PREPARED cities can be cost effective, carbon efficient and exportable to other urban areas within Europe and the rest of the world. The book: ISBN: 9781780405001 (eBook) ISBN: 9781780404998 (Print)

Development of cost functions for water supply and sanitation technologies: case study of Bahir Dar and Arba Minch, Ethiopia

Sustainable and improved water supply and sanitation service provision for communities who are lacking it is the forefront issue of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). To assist the achievement of the MDGs, it is essential to overcome the traditional approach to planning water supply and sanitation (WS&S) systems. This study developed user and/or service provider cost functions for available WS&S technologies in the vicinity of Bahir Dar and Arba Minch townships. The cost functions help to estimate the life cycle cost of WS&S systems. Eight water supply and eleven sanitation technologies' design documents and cost data were collected and analysed. Results revealed that the maximum daily water demand and person equivalent were the responsive variables for the initial investment and/or recurrent costs of almost all WS&S technologies, respectively. In addition, disinfectant types, pump head, pipe length and diameter, tower height, well depth, conveyance distance and composting volume were identified as important parameters for the corresponding WS&S technologies. However, the cost of shallow well equipped with hand pump was influenced merely by the well depth. The obtained cost functions contribute to overcoming the common practice of WS&S systems comparison in the study area, which largely focus on their initial investment costs.

The diverse environmental burden of city-scale urban water systems

Recent years have seen an increase in the use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to inform urban water systems research. The attraction of LCA is its capacity to identify trade-offs across a broad range of environmental issues and a broad range of technologies. However, without some additional perspective on the scale of the results, prioritisation of these concerns will remain difficult. LCA studies at the whole-of-system level are required to identify the diversity of life cycle environmental burdens associated with urban water systems, and the main contributors to these impacts.In this study, environmental impact profiles were generated for two city-scale urban water systems: one typical of many urban centres, with a high reliance on freshwater extraction and the majority of treated wastewater being discharged to the sea; and one that adopts a more diverse range of water supply and wastewater recycling technologies. The profiles were based on measured data for most system components, otherwise best available empirical data from the literature. Impact models were chosen considering the substantial methodological developments that have occurred in recent years.System operations, directly within the sphere of influence of water system managers, play the dominant role in all but one of the 14 life cycle impact categories considered. While energy use is the main cause of changes in the impact profiles when the alternative water supply technologies are included, it is not the only important driver of impacts associated with city-scale urban water systems. Also extremely important are process emissions related to wastewater treatment and dams (notably fugitive gases, wastewater discharges, and biosolids disposal).The results clearly indicate a diverse range of environmental impacts of relevance, extending beyond the traditional concerns of water use and nutrient discharge. Neither energy use, nor greenhouse gas footprints, are likely to be an adequate proxy for representing these additional concerns. However, methodological improvements will be required for certain LCA impact models to support future case study analysis, as will a comprehensive critique of the implications from selecting different impact models.

송·원대의 과학에 대하여 I -송에서 금까지-

This survey is the first part of the history of science of Song and Yuan dynasties and covers the period starting from Song to Jin. The major science in the Song period consists of calendrical astronomy, mathematics and medicine, and mathematics is also related to water supply technology. In this survey we follow Yabuuchi's work on the history of science of Song and Yuan period and Du Shiran's work on the history of science of China. We will try first to see how academic science flourished in the Northern Song, what caused the public science to prevail in the Southern Song, and then how the academic trend continued in Jin. We will continue to cover the Jin-Yuan period in the ensuing survey.

Evolution of Water Supply, Sanitation, Wastewater, and Stormwater Technologies Globally

This paper provides an outline of history of hydro-technologies in the west and the east. It is an overview of the special issue on “the evolution of hydro-technologies globally”, in which the key topics regarding the history of water and sanitation worldwide, and its importance to future cities are presented and discussed. It covers a wide range of relevant historical issues, and is presented in three categories: productivity assessment, institutional framework and mechanisms, and governance aspects. This paper concludes by discussing the challenges on future research in this field of study.

Public law regulation of aqueducts and water supply in ancient Rome

This paper tackles the sources of Roman law on construction and maintenance of public aqueducts and on the regulation of water usage. They show that in ancient Rome public aqueducts served public welfare (utilitas publica) because their primary purpose was to supplying the urban population with free drinking water. Given that these ancient rules also contributed to the overall health of the population by securing drinking water and water for personal hygiene, they can also be regarded a significant environmental measures. Although contemporary engineering of water supply network and technology of water purification overcame the ancient Romans, in certain aspects this ancient example deserves to be followed. First, there could be free drinking water for general use. Second, private water usage could be controlled and rationalized. This could be achieved by installing separate water meters for each apartment in residual bundling.

Innovative Environment Friendly Refurbishment Technologies for Water Supply and Sewage Systems of Sugar Factories

Advanced technologies are the most efficient means of reducing environment burden in the location of sugar factories. They include extensive use of recirculation systems minimizing wastewater effluents together with the modernization of production equipment and processes. Expansion of water recycling is a significant stage in the development of zero-discharge sugar production process, which makes it a good contributor into water resource protection.

An Overview of Hybrid Water Supply Systems in the Context of Urban Water Management: Challenges and Opportunities

This paper presents a critical review of the physical impacts of decentralized water supply systems on existing centralized water infrastructures. This paper highlights the combination of centralized and decentralized systems, which is referred to as hybrid water supply systems. The system is hypothesized to generate more sustainable and resilient urban water systems. The basic concept is to use decentralized water supply options such as rainwater tanks, storm water harvesting and localized wastewater treatment and reuse in combination with centralized systems. Currently the impact of hybrid water supply technologies on the operational performance of the downstream infrastructure and existing treatment processes is yet to be known. The paper identifies a number of significant research gaps related to interactions between centralized and decentralized urban water services. It indicates that an improved understanding of the interaction between these systems is expected to provide a better integration of hybrid systems by improved sewerage and drainage design, as well as facilitate operation and maintenance planning. The paper also highlights the need for a framework to better understand the interaction between different components of hybrid water supply systems.

The Design of Constant Pressure Water Supply Control System for City

This paper mainly introduces the application of frequency control in constant pressure water supply, describes the principle of constant pressure water supply technology, and its system structure based. This paper presents the basic principle of the inverter and the composition of hardware and software, selection of a frequency converter in constant pressure water supply system and use, comprehensive introduction to the structure of the constant pressure water supply system.

Analysis of Gender and Other Social Dimensions of Household Water Insecurity in Ngamiland, Botswana

This paper analyzes impacts of water insecurity on men, women and children in Botswana, a middle income and semi-arid country. The paper contributes to the burgeoning literature on water security. Households in different settlement categories of Ngamiland, Botswana experience water insecurity. Men, women, girls and children living in water insecurity lifeworlds, play various roles in ensuring household water availability. Women and girls have the greatest agency in ensuring household water availability by spending considerable time transporting water containers loaded on their heads and engaging in rainwater harvesting. Water insecurity negatively affects personal hygiene and gives rise to household interpersonal conflicts. Countries facing water insecurity, e.g. Botswana need to promote research that can inform appropriate water policies, legal frameworks, technologies for water supply and financial mechanisms for enhancing household water security.

The Analysis and Application of Building Water Supply and Drainage Energy Saving Technology

In the current, our country's urbanization process becomes faster and faster, The construction industry developing rapidly nowadays, The water-saving and energy-saving design is particularly important to architectural design. Although the building water supply and drainage industry has made significant progress, still there are many problems in the concrete implementation process. Therefore, in the process of water supply and drainage design, we should take corresponding solutions and countermeasures, in order to realize saving water and reducing waste.

Design of Water Supply System with no Tower under Constant Pressure Based on PLC

Aimed at the instable pressure of water supply, poor reliability and security problems of the water supply system in high-rise building, this paper adopts frequency conversion and constant pressure water supply technology to design the water supply system with no tower under constant pressure in high-rise building. The water supply system, with PLC as the control center, uses sensor technology and digital PID control to realize constant pressure water supply. Application results show that the water supply system has the characteristics of reliable running, simple operation, saving energy and reducing consumption.

Prioratization of villages for providing safe water sources in disaster prone Sarankhola Upazila of Bagerhat district: a GIS based approach

Sarankhola Upazila of Bagerhat district is one of the most water scarce and disaster prone areas of the country. Village level map of existing safe water options for this Upazila has been prepared using data on number of water supply technologies for each village using ArcGIS 9.1. Hydrometeorological, geological and hydrogeological data have been analyzed to decipher the geohydro-environment in order to validate site specific water supply options. Existence of different safe water options in every village alongside population density has been presented in the map in order to identify high, medium and low priority areas. It is evident from the analysis that where shallow tubewell is less successful, the safe water coverage is also low. Rainwater harvesting is the least used option despite having high annual rainfall and therefore, can be used in large numbers along with pond sand filter (PSF) in order to improve safe water coverage. Results obtained from the study can be utilized as a planning tool to optimize the safe water coverage by targeting priority areas. The map also identifies the areas suitable for a particular safe water option and can be used as a guiding tool for installing the appropriate sustainable safe water options during future interventions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsr.v26i1-2.20226 Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 26(1-2): 11-19, December-2013

Renegotiating urban water

Water infrastructure is essential for the functioning of modern cities. This paper analyses conventional models of water infrastructure provision and emerging alternatives in order to identify points of reform and resistance in the relationship between people, technology and water in cities. It begins with a review of recent academic contributions to understanding the relationships between people, technology and nature in cities through the analysis of urban infrastructure. The work of Andrew Feenberg, a critical philosopher of technology, is presented as the basis for analysing both the technical and discursive elements of infrastructure. Feenberg's concept of ‘the technical code’ is used to synthesise key insights from the analysis of urban infrastructure and technology, to devise a series of critical categories for comparing changes currently underway in urban water infrastructure provision. This ‘technical discourse of water infrastructure’ is used to analyse developments in desalination, wastewater reuse, decentralised non-potable supply, domestic water efficiency, water sensitive urban design and ecological sanitation. Planners, designers and policy makers concerned about sustainability should be wary of the technical inevitability of desalination, potable recycling and other systems which reinstate conventional codes of domination and control of nature and separation of public concern from technical rationality. Decentralised water systems embody assumptions about the limits to water resources, but can also be problematic as high users of energy and reinforcing a private right to water. Improving the efficiency of domestic water using technologies and appliances is unarguably important in achieving sustainability. Moving beyond water efficiency to open up discussions about water using practices and cultural norms holds greater potential for transforming water consumption. Water Sensitive Urban Design is widely championed by designers and planners as exemplifying a sustainable approach to urban nature, providing a useful foundation for moving beyond drainage into water supply and wastewater technology and discourse. Ecological sanitation is filling a basic necessity in developing cities and may be part of a longer term transition to sustainability in developed cities in the future. Eliminating water from sanitation and recovering resources from waste holds the potential to radically reorder relationships between bodies, urban spaces and nature. Relationships between cities, technologies and water are shifting. The extent to which this balance falls in favour of sustainability over coming decades will be determined by political discourse as well as technical innovation.

Environmental history in East Asia: interdisciplinary perspectives

Introduction, Ts'ui-jung Liu Part I: Environmental Thought and Policy 1. Scientific Curiosity in China and Europe: Natural History in the late Ming and the Eighteenth Century, Mark Elvin 2. Environmental Ethics and Aesthetics: The Laozi Revisited Yim-tze Kwong 3. Vision and Significance in Environmental Policy History, Susumu Kitagawa Part II: Utilizations of Land Resources 4. The Effect of Environment on the War between the Song and the Jin States, Jin Liu and Lei Kang 5. The Retreat of the Horse: The Manchus, Land Reclamation and Local Ecology in the Jianghan Plain (ca. 1700s-1850s), Yan Gao 6. Problems Concerning the Environmental History of the Chinese Loess Plateau, Kohei Matsunaga 7. The Zhaozhou Bazi Society in Yunnan: Historical Process in the Bazi Basin Environmental System during the Ming Period (1368-1643), Jianxiong Ma 8. Lashihai: Changing Environmental Protection of an Alpine Lake and Wetland, Shu-min Huang 9. Forest Landscape Change at the Shihmen Reservoir Catchment (2002-2007), Chih-Da Wu, Shih-Chun Candice Lung, Yung-Chung Chuang, and Jihn-Fa Jan Part III: Ground Gained for Agriculture 10. Limitations and Adaptation: Environment and Technology in Jifu Region's Rice Cultivation during the Ming and Qing Periods (1368-1911), Xin-hao Du and Bo Ren 11. Historical Knowledge and the Response to Desertification: A Study of Agricultural Water Supply Technology in Eighteenth-Century Northwestern China, Shinobu Iguro 12. The Aesthetics and Politics of Chinese Horticulture in Late Qing Borderlands, Peter Lavelle 13. Maize Cultivation and Its Effect on Rocky Desertification: A Spatial Study of Guizhou Province (1736-1949), Zhaoqing Han Part IV: Ground Lost: Disaster and Disease 14. Infant Mortality and Beriberi in Osaka City between the World Wars: Impact of the Mother's Diet on Infant Health, Emiko Higami and Kenichi Tomobe 15. Faith Healing and Vaccination against Smallpox in Nineteenth-Century Japan, Hiroshi Kawaguchi 16. Living Style Diseases: Parasite Infections and Kaoping Region's Rural Environment, Michael Shiyung Li 17. Ecodemics: Facing and Mediating the Risks from the Wild, Mika Mervio 18. Beyond Uncertainty: Industrial Hazards and Class Actions in Taiwan and Japan, Paul Jobin

Eficiência do hidrogel e respostas fisiológicas de mudas de cultivares apirênicas de citros sob défice hídrico

A água é um dos fatores limitantes ao desenvolvimento de plantas cítricas, o que faz da reposição hídrica uma prática comum, em plantios onde a sua distribuição é escassa. O gel hidroretentor tem sido uma das tecnologias disponíveis de fornecimento de água para plantas, podendo ser uma alternativa no plantio de mudas cítricas, contribuindo para o uso racional da água. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a eficiência do hidrogel como alternativa para minimizar os efeitos do défice hídrico, em mudas de cultivares apirênicas de tangerineiras ('Ortanique', 'Okitsu'e 'Clemenules') e de laranjeiras ('Navelina', 'Navelate' e 'Lanelate'), todas enxertadas sobre Poncirus trifoliata. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, no qual plantas com hidrogel foram comparadas a plantas sob irrigação convencional e a plantas submetidas a estresse hídrico, em fatorial triplo. Foram determinadas as taxas de assimilação líquida de carbono, condutância estomática, transpiração e razão entre concentrações interna e externa de CO2. Verificou-se que o efeito do hidrogel na manutenção do status hídrico de mudas cítricas é variável e dependente de mecanismos fisiológicos de resposta ao défice hídrico. As mudas de 'Ortanique'e 'Navelate'não responderam à aplicação de hidrogel. Este promoveu recuperação e manutenção do status hídrico das mudas de 'Okitsu', 'Clemenules', 'Navelina' e 'Lanelate', porém, estas cultivares foram sensíveis a variações no status hídrico, apresentando redução considerável nas trocas gasosas.

Riverbank filtration and managed aquifer recharge as alternative water supply technologies for India: strengths–weaknesses–opportunities–threats analysis

As part of the Saph Pani project, a rapid assessment of a riverbank filtration site in Haridwar and data from literature on riverbank filtration and managed aquifer recharge in India are used for a strengths–weaknesses–opportunities–threats (SWOT) analysis based on environmental, social, institutional and economic aspects. Both technologies show a high potential for future application in India, where alternative solutions are required to mitigate water scarcity and reduce the over-exploitation of groundwater aquifers.