Water Supply Technology Research Articles

Meeting energy needs of low-income Sub-Saharan households with a Partially Hybridised Solar Technology (PHST): Experimental performance evaluation based on simulated solar radiation and demand profiles

Renewable energy technologies for sustainable development are rapidly attracting attention across many disciplines despite technical, economic, and social barriers that limit application beyond the laboratory. This study proposes novel semi-automated and automated domestic hot water and electricity demand simulation experiments to evaluate the performance of a proof-of-concept prototype under simulated solar conditions. The prototype is a Partially Hybridised Solar Technology (PHST) which integrates photovoltaic (PV) and low-temperature solar thermal technology for low-cost electricity and domestic hot water supply. The domestic hot water and electrical demand profiles, and the solar radiation utilised during the study represent typical conditions of off-grid households in Sub-Saharan Africa. The prototype delivered a thermal energy supply potential of 2,073±75kJ per day at an average solar thermal conversion efficiency of 29.4±1.0%. The average yield of Direct Current (DC) electricity was 273 Wh per day at a corresponding PV module efficiency of 12.1% but depended on the type of charge controller. These results provide essential baselines for future computer modelling work and techno-economic predictions for Sub-Saharan Africa. The study has important future implications to test standards guiding laboratory-based evaluation of Solar Home Systems (SHSs) for electricity and domestic hot water.

In Ukrainian

Man-caused load on sources of industrial and domestic water supply, which causes the discharge of insufficiently treated wastewater, is one of the great environmental problems in Ukraine. The traditional way of solving this problem, associated with the disposal of such waters by adsorption, membrane or catalytic technologies, has a number of disadvantages associated with large volumes and a wide range of pollutants, traditional methods often require preparatory measures, time-consuming, scarce materials and expensive equipment. It would be ideal to create waste-free circulating water supply technologies, but these options are still far from being mass-produced. A promising way to solve these problems is to organize such production cycles, where the disposal of toxic wastewater will be combined with recovery technologies. Industrial and domestic wastewater often contains a significant proportion of the organic component. These are oil products, by-products of organic synthesis, spent lubricating and cooling suspensions, waste from the food, alcohol and pulp and paper industries, dyes and pigments, etc. All this waste is energy saturated and can be separated and used as fuel. However, due to low concentrations in most wastewater, their separation is economically unprofitable. A method is proposed for neutralizing toxic organic wastewater by using it as a dispersion medium for composite coal-aqueous fuel (CAF). The possibility of priming carbon microparticles obtained by preliminary plasma-chemical treatment of an organic dispersion medium to stabilize composite coal-water fuel were investigated. Waste cutting fluid (JCL) was used as an organic dispersion medium; anthracite served as the dispersed phase. A CAF sample was obtained based on anthracite from Ukrainian deposits with a solid phase (W) content of 70 mass. %, and studied its electrokinetic and rheological properties. It has been found that the preliminary plasma-chemical conversion of organic wastewater used as a dispersion medium for composite water-coal fuel significantly improves the operational properties of CAF. The growth of sedimentation stability and the optimization of the effective viscosity are achieved mainly through the implementation of the structural and mechanical factor by increasing the number of contacts with the introduction of a highly dispersed fraction of carbon microparticles and increasing the electrostatic repulsion of the elements of the suspension structure. Thus, the sedimentation stability of the obtained CAF is significantly improved in comparison with conventional anthracite suspensions in organic wastewater and reaches 2 days without the addition of stabilizers. In the future, it is planned to further improve the properties of CAF by introducing stabilizing reagents and dispersants into its composition.

Water policy and regional economic development: evidence from Henan province, China

Abstract With the rapid advance of industrialization and urbanization and the intensified impact of global climate change, the contradiction between the global water shortage and economic growth has become prominent. This paper, taking Henan province as an example, analyzed the influence of water resource policy on regional economic growth through a calculable general equilibrium model and further discussed the relevant policy recommendations. The results showed that the improvement of water supply, water efficiency and water technology could promote the growth of the regional economy and result in a positive effect on regional GDP, employment and resident income. However, the rise of water price has a negative impact on regional economic development, mainly reflected in regional GDP, employment and household income. The improvement of water price, water efficiency and water conservancy technology would lead to a decrease in regional water consumption, while only the increase of the water supply would lead to an increase in water consumption. Accordingly, the paper puts forward policy suggestions, such as accelerating the improvement of water conservancy facilities, establishing a reasonable water price mechanism and actively exploring experience in water conservation and emission reduction.

Drinking Water Supply Options in Arsenic and Salinity Affected Areas of Bangladesh: A Case Study

Widespread groundwater arsenic contamination in south, south-western and north-eastern regions and high salinity in the south-western coastal region are the two major challenges for drinking water supply in Bangladesh. In this study, we assessed various water supply technologies used for mitigating arsenic and salinity in Laksam of Cumilla and Assasuni of Satkhira district. Water samples were analyzed for Arsenic, Iron, Chloride (indicator for salinity) and FC from different water extraction systems (shallow, deep and Tara tubewells), groundwater arsenic treatment units (SIDKO and READ-F), rainwater harvesting systems (RWH), pond sand filters (PSF), and managed aquifer recharge units. Most shallow tubewells, both in Laksam and Assasuni, have been found to produce arsenic contaminated water. But water from deep and Tara tubewells have been found arsenic-free, though high concentration of iron was observed in the wells in Laksam. Rainwater harvesting systems, PSF and MAR units in Assasuni have been found to provide water free from the common chemical contaminants but suffer from high bacterial contamination. Deep tubewell appear to be the most preferred option where a suitable aquifer is available. The community-scale groundwater treatment systems would require strong operation and maintenance support from the service providers to be successful.
 Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 12(1&2): 215-223, 2019

Decision support system for selection of appropriate water supply and sanitation technologies in developing countries

Abstract Access to water supply and sanitation services remains a challenge in many parts of the world. The expected growth of the world's population, from about 7.8 billion people today to 9.8 billion people by 2050, and to around 11 billion people by the end of 2100, will create even higher demand and a greater strain on these basic services. Goal 6 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) aims to ‘Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all’ by 2030. However, in a recent report, UN-Water warns us that if things continue on the current path, the world will miss the targets of SDG 6. The selection of appropriate water and sanitation technologies is key to meeting SDG 6 targets. This paper presents an original framework of a decision support system (DSS) for the selection of appropriate water supply and sanitation (Watsan) technologies in developing countries. The proposed DSS has three components. The first component is the user interface, where the inputs are the assessment of a community's capacity to manage a given water supply or sanitation system, and its regional specificity. The second component of the DSS is a database of Watsan technologies classified according to the capacity requirement level (CRL) metric, and finally, the third component is a matching algorithm for the selection of appropriate Watsan technology options. Case studies and simulations results are presented for the evaluation of the performance of the decision support system.

Key Technology of Water Supply and Drainage Construction in Construction Engineering

Key Technology of Water Supply and Drainage Construction in Construction Engineering

Разработка энергетических цепей развития контурного регулирования подачи горячей воды для зданий переменным потоком

The hot water supply system is one of the important components of the water supply and drainage system of high-rise civil buildings. With the development of the national economy and the improvement of people’s living standards, people’s requirements for popularizing hot water supply and improving hot water supply technology are becoming more and more urgent. In the process of hot water supply, the flow pressure of the pipeline is increased, and the purpose of hot water supply in high-rise buildings is achieved. The experiment analyzes the effect of the pressure ratio on the pipeline in front of the accumulator and the impact valve on the flow of coolant through the check valve. First, through the periodic opening and closing of the shock valve, the pressure continues to rise and fall, and the spring hose exhibits periodic pulsation. The effects of different pressure ratios on pipeline pressure and flow rate are studied, and the data of simulation calculation and actual measurement are analyzed through experiments. The research results have practical significance for improving the water supply efficiency of the hot water supply system of high-rise buildings.

Water Supply: RO Desalination Versus Conventional Water Treatment

Water scarcity threatens the health and development of countries worldwide due to the rapid expansion of population and climate change, pushing the government to find more innovative and sustainable ways to address water stress. Governments have adopted reverse Osmosis (RO) seawater desalination technology for its cheap raw water intake and stability. However, its environmental and financial sustainability remains disputable. In this study, three metrics, carbon footprint, cost, and waste discharge, are defined and analyzed to identify which water supply technology has greater prospects. Accounting for a full water treatment process from raw water intake to transportation and distribution, the RO desalination plant outruns traditional water treatment facilities due to less carbon emission, limited operation cost and maintenance, and less hazardous waste discharge. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of environmental and financial sustainability of existing solutions to the water supply may provide a more comprehensive understanding and further supports policy making.

Technology of water supply to water inlets of pumping stations

The aim of the research is to increase the efficiency of pumping stations operation by improving the methods of uniform spreading of the flow from the front chamber and the water intake of the pumping station and the development of constructive measures to improve the hydraulic conditions of the flow supply to the pumps. This goal is achieved by the fact that the device for supplying water to the water intake contains guiding elements. The improvement of the method of hydraulic calculation of the flow in the front chamber and the water intake chamber is carried out on the example of the head pumping station of the Jizzakh cascade. In the process of research, standard methods of full-scale and bench tests of pumps, methods of mathematical and hydraulic modeling, statistical processing of results and the creation of mathematical models based on the laws of hydromechanics were used.The project substantiates the choice of a technical solution to improve the hydraulic structure of the flow in front of the impeller of the pumps of the Jizzakh head pumping station. The authors have developed new technical solutions, including an element for influencing the flow, installed in the water intake chamber of the pumps. This makes it possible to expand the ranges of stable, cavitation-free operation of the pump, to ensure an increase in the reliability of water supply to the pumping station, without resorting to complex and expensive reconstruction measures.

Features of the physical and chemical characteristics of water of energy facilities for aquaculture tasks

Energy facilities and water are inextricably linked. Accordingly, the issue of water quality, its transformation as a result of industrial use of energy facilities and the assessment of further use for aquaculture purposes is an urgent task of our time, especially in relation to weather and climate risks for industries. The article provides a classification of water according to the water supply technology of energy facilities by temperature factor and the possibility of using it for aquaculture tasks. In total, three classes of water are distinguished according to the temperature factor: waters with natural physical and chemical characteristics, where the temperature regime of reservoirs corresponds to the geographical zone in which the reservoir is located (cultivation of fish associated with fish-breeding zone in which the reservoir is located); water of bassin-coolers of energy facilities, characterized by the presence of a zone of increased temperatures as a result of the discharge of heated water (organization of flood-proof farms with polycyclic production); water of cooling ponds (cultivating fish capable to the fight against eutrophication).

HYDRAULIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ENSURING OF EFFICIENCY OF WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

In this article, hydraulic and technological ways of increasing the effi ciency of the water supply system for high-rise buildings are considered in order to improve the effi ciency of water supply and distribution in a given projected facility. The operational, technological and feasibility analysis of the applicability of modern pumps to improve the effi ciency of water supply systems in high-rise buildings has been completed. Cascade water supply technologies are justifi ed with the aim of regulating the hydraulic regime in the water supply system of high-rise buildings. The operational features of water supply systems of high - rise buildings, the factors infl uencing water and resource saving, the effi ciency of pump installations and the peculiarities of their regulation are substantiated.

Analysis of Water Supply and Drainage Construction Technology for Municipal Engineering

In recent years, with the continuous improvement of construction technology level in China, the construction speed of major projects has been accelerating, especially the construction of municipal projects, both the quantity and quality of municipal projects have been significantly improved. For municipal engineering, the main purpose of the construction is to provide better and more comfortable accommodation for urban residents. The construction of water supply and drainage projects is related to the daily life of residents, so water supply and drainage projects play a major role in the construction of municipal engineering. This paper briefly analyzes the water supply and drainage construction technology in municipal engineering.

Problems and Countermeasures in Protection of Drinking Water Sources in Hubei Province

This paper introduces the current situation of drinking water sources in Hubei Province, and points out that in the new period of harnessing the Yangtze River, the drinking water sources are faced with prominent contradictions such as low annual water consumption and prominent non-point source pollution. At the same time, the emergency standby water source is insufficient, and the water production technology of water supply enterprises needs to be improved. In order to ensure the optimal allocation and rational utilization of water resources, some suggestions are put forward, such as controlling the non-point source pollution system, actively promoting the construction of standby water source, and timely upgrading the water supply treatment process of water plants.

Innovative Research Approaches to Cope with Water Security in Africa.

ABSTRACTTo achieve a water‐secure world, water management should be approached from a multidimensional and integrative perspective, addressing the water‐related issues of health, household supply, economics, the environment, and resilience to water‐related and climate change hazards. Although water security has significantly improved since 2000 in Africa, there are still vast inequalities in access to water suitable in terms of quantity and quality, especially in rural areas. To achieve water‐related sustainable development of African economies, a broad scope of innovative technological and management solutions is required, involving governments, research institutions, private sector parties, and civil society. This special series, composed of 8 papers, illustrates a selection of the most relevant results achieved by the 7 research projects selected and financed by the European Union under 2 dedicated Horizon 2020 calls in 2015: Water‐5b‐2015 “A coordination platform” and Water‐5c‐2015 “Development of water supply and sanitation technology, systems and tools, and/or methodologies.” The innovations presented in this special series include both technological advancements and w'ater management approaches, given that the development of water‐related technologies in developing countries needs to be integrated into water management strategies and economic instruments. This special series aims to help policy makers take informed decisions on how to implement innovative approaches to increase water security in African countries. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:853–855. © 2020 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)

An Assessment of Water Sourcing Technologies and Stakeholder Stratagems Applied in the Balikumbat Highland Community of Ndop Plain, Cameroon

When a bourgeoning population faces water supply scarcity dilemma, stakeholders and interests emerge to offer multivariate water harvesting systems to affected communities. Stakeholder provision of water resources have deployed varied indigenous and exogenous technologies for domestic uses from natural surface to ground water stores. Community technological prowess and stratagems are functions of relief and climatic traits within a socio-political setting and that is why this paper sets out to assess indigenous and exogenous technologies of stakeholder in community water harvesting systems. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected for water sources, water demands, stakeholders, harvesting systems, technologies of extraction and water management through field observations, questionnaires and interviews. Findings revealed that few inhabitants have exogenous water supply technology and greater proportions depend on low technologies which paradoxically proved to be more sustainable than the high technologies. Stakeholder involvement motifs self-pride and politically driven and so the dearth of village water committees accounting for very derisory participation rates in water sourcing and management. The development and rehabilitation of alternative water sources is vital for sustainable water resource management and not just reliance on technological knowhow in Balikumbat.

Energy and Water Conservation Technology Analysis of Water Supply and Drainage of the Building

At present, China's social and economic development is faster and faster. At the same time, people pay more and more attention to the construction concept of energy and water conservation. We can see the popularization and development of the concept of energy saving and water saving in every major field of our country, the same is true in the construction field. In order to effectively protect the ecological environment and maximize the use of limited resources, the energy-saving and water-saving technology of the building, as well as water supply and drainage technology should be actively used. Based on this, this paper first analyzes the application significance of water supply-drainage and energy-water conservation technology in the construction field, analyzes the current situation of water supply and drainage in China, and proposes the application of water supply-drainage and energy-water conservation technology of the building for reference.

Improving the technology of deferrization and ground water supply in the automated agricultural water supply systems

Relevance of research Ukraine has an urgent problem of supplying adequate quality drinking water, especially in rural areas. Only 30% Ukrainian rural areas are equipped with water supplying systems. The main sources of water supply in local agricultural water pipelines are groundwater. However, groundwater in Ukraine is often characterized with a rather high iron content, which is sometimes ten times higher than the current regulatory requirements Cn = 0.2 mg / dm3.
 The purpose and objectives of the study For groundwater treatment we propose to use biological methods with the placement of treatment facilities in the body of the water tower (WT), which can significantly reduce capital and operating costs. When the downward movement of aerated source groundwater through the bioreactor (BR) a transition of divalent iron into a ferric iron form occurs with the help of iron bacteria, immobilized on fibrous media, and when the ascending movement of water through floating polystyrene foam media of the contact clarification filter (CCF), it is clarified from colloidal particles of iron hydroxide due to their compressed sedimentation in the subfilter space of the CCF.
 Research methods. The results of laboratory research on iron reduction when water deferrization for a certain period of time are given, the technological solution for the optimization of constructive and technological parameters of WT and CCF in the absence of repeated "charging" of the filter is offered. When a contact-clarifying filter is flushed it is recommended to leave a part of the Gmin residue, which will serve as a catalyst during the next water deferrization cycle.
 Prospects for research, directions for further work. We proposed a new automated water deferrization plant equipped with an elevated water tank. The advantage of it is to provide a high efficiency of biological water-based iron removal with complete automation of water filtration and filter flushing, while reducing the cost of its construction and operation.

Improving Risk Assessments by Sanitary Inspection for Small Drinking-Water Supplies—Qualitative Evidence

Small drinking-water supplies face particular challenges in terms of their management. Being vulnerable to contamination but often not monitored regularly nor well-maintained, small drinking-water supplies may pose consequences for health of users. Sanitary inspection (SI) is a risk assessment tool to identify and manage observable conditions of the water supply technology or circumstances in the catchment area that may favour certain hazardous events and introduce hazards which may become a risk to health. This qualitative research aimed to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the SI tool as published by the World Health Organisation to inform a review and update of the forms and to improve their robustness. The study identified a number of benefits of the approach, such as its simplicity and ease of use. Challenges were also identified, such as potential for inconsistencies in perception of risk between inspectors, in interpreting questions, and lack of follow-up action. The authors recommend a revision of the existing SI forms to address the identified challenges and development of complementary advice on possible remedial action to address identified risk factors and on basic operations and maintenance.

The Status of Foreign Advanced Pasture Water Supply Technology

Pasture water supply is of great significance for rational management of grassland, maintaining grassland ecological balance and promoting the development of animal husbandry. The investigation of international advanced pasture water supply technology has important reference value for the development of science, technology and economy in domestic pasture area. The advanced pasture water supply technology in the United States, Canada and Holland was summarized and analyzed through the literature retrieval with database. And the current situation of water supply technology in typical pastures of China was investigated and summarized through the field investigation of the Inner Mongolia pasture and the visit of the local herdsmen. The foreign pasture advanced water supply technology of Fresh Water Mill, batteryless photovoltaic water supply system, stand-alone mixed energy supply system, wireless data collection system of remote water supply system, automatic constant temperature water supply system and automatic water supply control system for pasture are put forward in accordance with the characteristics of pasture in China.

Development and technology of rural drinking water supply in China*

AbstractAccess to safe drinking water in rural areas is a basic need of the population. Since 2000 China has invested significantly in improving rural drinking water safety nationwide as an important measure to alleviate poverty and promote rural development. In 2009, China achieved the millennium development goal (MDG) of halving the ratio of the population without access to safe drinking water by 2015. Water quality, water quantity, guaranteed probability of water source and convenience of water acquisition are the four major factors in evaluating drinking water safety. Technology and innovative equipment for water purification, disinfection, construction models and management technology and institutions have been developed to support the large‐scale construction and management of rural drinking water supply projects during the last 20 years. This paper presents the technical progress and experience accumulated in the construction and management of the rural drinking water supply in China. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.