Oil Extraction Technologies Research Articles

Water deficit during pit hardening enhances phytoprostanes content, a plant biomarker of oxidative stress, in extra virgin olive oil.

No previous information exists on the effects of water deficit on the phytoprostanes (PhytoPs) content in extra virgin olive oil from fruits of mature olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Cornicabra) trees during pit hardening. PhytoPs profile in extra virgin olive oil was characterized by the presence of 9-F1t-PhytoP, 9-epi-9-F1t-PhytoP, 9-epi-9-D1t-PhytoP, 9-D1t-PhytoP, 16-B1-PhytoP + ent-16-B1-PhytoP, and 9-L1-PhytoP + ent-9-L1-PhytoP. The qualitative and quantitative differences in PhytoPs content with respect to those reported by other authors indicate a decisive effect of cultivar, oil extraction technology, and/or storage conditions prone to autoxidation. The pit hardening period was critical for extra virgin olive oil composition because water deficit enhanced the PhytoPs content, with the concomitant potential beneficial aspects on human health. From a physiological and agronomical point of view, 9-F1t-PhytoP, 9-epi-9-F1t-PhytoP, and 16-B1-PhytoP + ent-16-B1-PhytoP could be considered as early candidate biomarkers of water stress in olive tree.

Life cycle analysis on fossil energy ratio of algal biodiesel: effects of nitrogen deficiency and oil extraction technology.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been widely used to analyze various pathways of biofuel preparation from “cradle to grave.” Effects of nitrogen supply for algae cultivation and technology of algal oil extraction on life cycle fossil energy ratio of biodiesel are assessed in this study. Life cycle fossil energy ratio of Chlorella vulgaris based biodiesel is improved by growing algae under nitrogen-limited conditions, while the life cycle fossil energy ratio of biodiesel production from Phaeodactylum tricornutum grown with nitrogen deprivation decreases. Compared to extraction of oil from dried algae, extraction of lipid from wet algae with subcritical cosolvents achieves a 43.83% improvement in fossil energy ratio of algal biodiesel when oilcake drying is not considered. The outcome for sensitivity analysis indicates that the algal oil conversion rate and energy content of algae are found to have the greatest effects on the LCA results of algal biodiesel production, followed by utilization ratio of algal residue, energy demand for algae drying, capacity of water mixing, and productivity of algae.

Microalgae as sustainable renewable energy feedstock for biofuel production.

The world energy crisis and increased greenhouse gas emissions have driven the search for alternative and environmentally friendly renewable energy sources. According to life cycle analysis, microalgae biofuel is identified as one of the major renewable energy sources for sustainable development, with potential to replace the fossil-based fuels. Microalgae biofuel was devoid of the major drawbacks associated with oil crops and lignocelluloses-based biofuels. Algae-based biofuels are technically and economically viable and cost competitive, require no additional lands, require minimal water use, and mitigate atmospheric CO2. However, commercial production of microalgae biodiesel is still not feasible due to the low biomass concentration and costly downstream processes. The viability of microalgae biodiesel production can be achieved by designing advanced photobioreactors, developing low cost technologies for biomass harvesting, drying, and oil extraction. Commercial production can also be accomplished by improving the genetic engineering strategies to control environmental stress conditions and by engineering metabolic pathways for high lipid production. In addition, new emerging technologies such as algal-bacterial interactions for enhancement of microalgae growth and lipid production are also explored. This review focuses mainly on the problems encountered in the commercial production of microalgae biofuels and the possible techniques to overcome these difficulties.

Enzymatic technology for Sea buckthorn oil extraction and its biochemical analysis

A research was conducted mix five Sea buckthorn berries harvested Mongolian Central Zone, and an integrated processing composed of an enzymatic unit operation and pulp oil and raw juice have been produced by centrifugal technology. For the extraction of Sea buckthorn oil, pectinase were used simultaneously hydrolyze Sea buckthorn berry pulp. In this study, the following commercial enzymes were evaluated in the enzymatic extraction of oil and raw juice from Sea buckthorn berry: Pectinase. Pectinase dose of 0.5 %, extraction time 120 minutes, hydrolysis temperature 55°C were found optimum, and maximum oilyieldof 5.0 - 5.1 % was achieved under these conditions, and the recovery of the optimized extraction process was calculated to 95.7 – 98.0 % based on 5.2 %theoreticaloil content of sea buckthorn fruit. In addition, physical and biochemical compositions of Sea buckthorn pulp oil was analyzed modern methods as HPLC, Spectrophotometer, Gravimeter, Pycnometer and Refractometers. Fatty acids by HPLC were identified in Pulp oil, mainly including 42,5% palmitoleic acid, 11.2 % linoleic acid, 1.2 % linolenic acid, 12.3% oleic acid, and unsaturated fatty acids occupied 70.9% of the total fatty acids. In conclusion, the enzymatic extraction process has thebenefitsof mild conditions, safe, fast for oil extraction, high yield, and pure juice after oil extraction.DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.5564/mjc.v15i0.325 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 15 (41), 2014, p62-65

Maximizing Utilization of Energy from Crop By-products

The availability of crop by-products is huge during harvesting times as related to the vast agricultural land area; however, their utilization is still limited due to lack of knowledge and handling problem. Seasonal effect is obvious especially during wet season when high rainfall hinders proper management of crop by-products. Crop by-products are energy rich feedstuffs in the form of chemical substance such as cellulose and hemicellulose. The utilization of cellulose and hemicellulose as sources of energy can be maximized by the application of technologies to increase the digestibility. Cellulose is polymer of glucose while hemicellulose is polymer of xylose which both can be converted to volatile fatty acids by rumen microbial enzyme activities and subsequently used by the host animal as source of energy. In addition, cellulose and hemicellulose can also be used as substrates for bioethanol production leaving behind residual matter with higher concentration of protein which is also appropriate for ruminant feeds. The fat content of crop by-products such as those in rice bran and corn germ can be extracted for oil production that can be used for human consumption with concomitant production of high nutritive value of residues for ruminant feeds. The oil extraction technologies are available; however the high cost of ethanol and oil production should obtain high attention to make the technologies more applicable at farmers’ level. Key words: Crop by-products, energy, ethanol, residue, ruminant, feeds

Productivity of Palm Oil Extraction Technology in Cameroon

Abstract Agriculture and forestry remain the leading sectors in Cameroon, accounting for some 36% of the merchandise exports and for more than 40% of GDP in 1998/99. Agriculture alone accounts for more than 30% of GDP and provides employment for about 68% of the active population. The Cameroon government and industry stakeholders have continuingly expressed concern about the impact of rising food import on the local industries and the rural communities especially as vegetable oils, particularly the palm oil, has a vital role to play not only as nutritional source for the Cameroon population, but for their contribution to rural incomes and employment opportunities. Particularly, Cameroon government is expecting a significant progress in implementation of new oil extraction technology where mainly in the palm oil processing technology the value added chain in this commodity is expected. Cameroon’s oil palm industry still plays a significant role in the national economy, providing oil for house hold consumption, industrial use as well as employment for thousands of Cameroonians who are engaged in production, processing and marketing. This project aims at bringing clarity on to what extent the up to date oil extraction processing technology installed in a concrete rural district, and under a clear management and regulatory structure and environment, outperforms in terms of productivity (tons of palm oil produced), quality (price of the crude palm oil) and income generation, the existing traditional manual processing palm oil producing system. The methodology applied within this study consists of comparing key indicators across populations of small scale palm oil processors in interaction with traditional non sophisticated technology with different work environment, production capacity, socio-economic status and income levels (cross-sectional statistical analysis)

Analysis of anion exchange membrane fouling mechanism caused by anion polyacrylamide in electrodialysis

Tertiary oil extraction technologies, especially polymer flooding, have been successfully used to enhance oil recovery, but the enormous amount of produced oily wastewater is urgent to be treated and reused. Electrodialysis (ED) is an important process in treating oily wastewater for reinjection. The aim of this work was to reveal the fouling mechanism of an anion exchange membrane (AEM) caused by anion polyacrylamide (APAM) in electrodialysis. Fouling experiments were carried out with different APAM concentrations at different current densities. Contact angle, electrical resistance and ion exchange capacity for the AEMs were measured to verify the fouling processes. The highest fouling phenomenon was observed with a higher APAM concentration at the current density close to the limiting value, which was indicated by evident increase of hydrophobicity and electrical resistance of the AEM. Morphology analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that a gel layer was formed on the diluate side of the fouled AEM and the ATR–FTIR spectra verified the presence of APAM on this side. Force–distance curves measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) clearly confirmed that electrostatic interaction dominated the interactions between APAM molecules and ion exchange membranes.

Innovative unconventional oil extraction technologies

New unconventional oil extraction technologies are needed because conventional technologies to extract gas and oil from oil shale or tar sands are both economically unfeasible and ecologically devastating. One technology proposed in this paper is built on long-standing proposals to explode a nuclear bomb in the heart of an oil shale deposit which in a flash causes the release of gas and oil from the oil shale. This rubble chimney will have a glassy bottom which seals the oil from sinking into the earth, thus preventing damage to the aquifer. The authors show that the equivalent of a significant atomic bomb can be achieved using conventional explosives or liquid oxygen and carbon. The computations further show that the amount of carbonous material lost in the explosion is a small price to pay for the safe in situ collection of the oil and gas. Computations show that this technology is both physically possible and economically feasible. A second approach is using the supercritical state — that exact point between liquid and gas — to extract the oil and gas from the oil shale and from the tar sands. In one configuration, the supercritical state is achieved by a sea-based configuration using the weight of water to provide sufficient pressure. A land-based alternative is a pressure well — a very deep well that similarly achieves sufficient pressure to produce the supercritical state. Supercritical carbon dioxide is frequently used in extraction using the supercritical state and the specific technology using carbon dioxide both in devices as well as in high pressure in situ. To contain the pollutants and maximize the output, a plasma tunneler heats the oil shale in situ and collects the oil and gas while the gases are contained in inflatable domes at the “worm hole” or the aperture that the earth penetration device was fed from. Other non-combustion proposals are advanced as well.

Improving the Olive Oil Yield and Quality Through Enzyme-Assisted Mechanical Extraction, Antioxidants and Packaging

The present article investigates the use of different enzymes viz. pectinase, cellulase and pectinase CCM alone or in combinations to enhance olive oil recovery and quality. The enzymatic treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased the oil yield and clarity of oil without adversely affecting the quality parameters. The combination of pectinase + cellulase (1:1) at 0.05% gave maximum oil recovery (11.0%), clarity (optical density = 0.242) and total phenols (165 mg/kg) compared with untreated samples. The oils showed increase in free fatty acid contents (0.82–2.95%), peroxide value (7.30–16.50 meq/kg), K232 (1.2–2.2), K270 (0.08–0.20) while decrease in iodine value (80.0–78.0) and total phenols (165–139 mg/kg) during 6 months of storage. The overall acceptability scores of oils packed in colored glass bottles with the addition of antioxidant tert-butyl hydroquinone were above 7.50 and placed in the category of “liked very much”. Practical Applications Olive oil is edible, containing essential vitamins, fatty acids and other natural elements of dietetic importance and is known for its anti-ulcer and plasma cholesterol lowering properties. Around ∼24% of the oil is not extractable using the existing oil extraction technologies and this part of oil either remains incorporated into the olive cake or lost in the effluent water. In this research, enzymatic treatments and different packaging materials were successfully used to enhance oil recovery and shelf life. The combination of pectinase + cellulase (1:1) gave maximum oil recovery while storage life enhanced up to 6 months under ambient conditions when oil packed in colored glass bottles with the addition of antioxidant tert-butyl hydroquinone. Therefore, the developed technology will help olive processors to extract more quality oil and also ensure the availability of oil for longer time.

Review of the “Global and Russian energy outlook up to 2040”

The Global and Russian Energy Outlook up to 2040, prepared by the Energy Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation, analyses the long-term changes in the main energy markets and thereby identifies the threats to the Russian economy and energy sector.Research has shown that shifts in the global energy sector, especially in hydrocarbon markets (primarily the development of technologies for shale oil and gas extraction), will result in a slowdown of Russia's economy by one percentage point each year on average due to a decrease in energy exports comparison with the official projections. Owing to the lack of development of an institutional framework, an outdated tax system, low competition and low investment efficiency, Russia will be the most sensitive to fluctuations in global hydrocarbon markets among all major energy market players within the forecast period.In recent years, the global energy sector has undergone significant changes: the global crisis has been accompanied by high price volatility for hydrocarbons; there has been a noticeable slowdown in demand and increased competition in the traditional Russian regional energy markets; and most importantly, new technologies have redrawn the international hydrocarbons trade in a direction unfavourable for Russia. To study the ongoing changes, the Energy Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ERI RAS) has developed its own methodology for the long-term forecasting of global energy markets and in cooperation with the Analytical Center under the Government of the Russian Federation has prepared the “Global and Russian Energy Outlook up to 2040” (hereinafter referred to as Outlook 2013) [1].

Recent Developments on Martensitic Stainless Steels for Oil and Gas Production

The discovery of the first petroleum off-shore fields 30 meters below sea level in the Brazilian coast in 1968 stimulated the development of new technology for oil extraction and production in increasing water deepness. Outstanding levels such as 6000 meters were expected for oil extraction in the offshore pre-salt reservoirs in the 2010s, which demanded a large amount of material, raising costs to extremely high levels. So, considerable new research efforts are being directed towards the development of new martensitic steels, with improved properties as a lower cost option for such application. In the present work information is gathered about recent developments on new martensitic stainless steels capable of withstanding severe conditions of operation and exploration of petroleum in marine platforms. These materials must present adequate mechanical strength and corrosion resistance in these conditions. With this purpose such information, based on articles and patents published in international databases since the onset of the 21st century (2001) until 2012, is compiled and analyzed in this review article. Keywords: Stainless steels, corrosion, microstructure, mechanical properties, oil and gas, seawater, marine environment.

Developing Overview of Progressing Cavity Pump System

Electrical Submersible-motor-driven Progressive Cavity Pumping (ESPCP) oil extraction technology has the advantages of sample technology and management convenience. ESPCP is suitable for the viscous, containing sand, high gas oil ratio oil extraction. Developing history of ESPCP is introduced and the structure and principle are analyzed. The advantages of ESPCP are compared with other oil extraction technology. At last, developing status is discussed and the developing trend is investigated.

Respuesta morfológica y comparación multiparámetro de alternativas de extracción de aceite de microalgas para la obtención de biodiesel y co-productos.

Microalgae biomass emerges as an energy crop of great interest worldwide owing to its potential for obtaining biofuels and high value products and for the development of biorefinery processes owing to their varied composition and high biomass productivities per area unit. Several alternatives of microalgal metabolites extraction and transformation are being studied for the development of novel technologies for biomass using. Microalgae oil extraction is particularly important because is a key stage in microalgal biodiesel production chains and their efficiency contributes significantly to global process efficiency. In this study, a comparison of five oil extraction methods in lab-scale, taking into account extraction efficiency, energy consumption, costs of extraction and toxicity was made using five national bioprospecting microalgae strains. Methods evaluated were Solvent extraction with high speed homogenization (SHE), Continuous efflux solvent extraction (SCE), Hexane based extraction (HBE), Cyclohexane based extraction (CBE) and Ethanol-hexane extraction (EHE), microalgae strains used were Closterium sp., Amphiprora sp., Navicula sp., Nannochloropsis sp., and Guinardia sp., morphologycal response of strains to oil extraction methods was also evaluated using optic microscopy. Results shows that although there is not an unique oil extraction method with the best performance in all evaluated criteria, SCE, SHE and HBE methods presents high oil yields, while HBE method is the more convenient in global terms for use in lab scale and appears as an emerging technology for microalgae oil extraction in large scale.

Genomics and Olive Oil: Past and Current Challenges of Olive Oil Adulteration

For many years, assessment of olive oil quality and its authenticity confimation has been of great importance to guarantee olive oil safety in compliance with legislations. These include the investigation of olive oil purity and quality by analyzing several parameters such as fatty acid composition, sterols, phenolic compounds, triacylglycerol and etc, through performing conventional and advanced hyphenated techniques (1). This issue still has key importance for research institutions, industries, and export/import agencies although it bears numerous complications; for example the composition of extra virgin olive oils is the result of complex interactions among olive varieties, environmental conditions, fruit ripening, and oil extraction technology (2) which cause flctuating results for the oil from the same cultivar grown in diffrent locations.

Scramble for the Arctic: Layered Sovereignty, UNCLOS, and Competing Maritime Territorial Claims

This article reviews the codification of the international standard for maritime territorial claims, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), in context of a transformation in the concept of territorial sovereignty. Shifting climate conditions, new technologies for oil extraction, and increasing international demand—factors that make expensive extraction more viable—have recently created a “Scramble for the Arctic,” featuring competing maritime claims by Russia, Canada, Denmark, Norway and the United States. As territorial disputes are one of the most common correlates to militarized conflict, potential insight for avoiding war through a neoliberal institutional framework is of interest. The resolution of the “arctic scramble” also holds a precedent-setting promise, as there are similar pending crises in Antarctica and contentious territorial claims in the South China Sea. Will these nations observe the rule of international law and dispute resolution procedures set forth in UNCLOS, or will we observe a twentieth century neo-imperial echo to the Scramble for Africa?

Evaluation of alternatives for microalgae oil extraction based on exergy analysis

Several technologies for microalgae oil extraction are being evaluated in order to find the most adequate for large scale microalgae processing. In this work, exergy analysis was used as an instrument for screening three design alternatives for microalgae oil extraction in a large-scale process and as a decision-making tool for evaluation and selection of novel technologies from the energy point of view. Routes were simulated using dedicated industrial process simulation software, taking as feedstock a representative and robust modeled composition of Chlorella sp. microalgae biomass. Mass, energy and exergy balances were performed for each alternative, and physical and chemical exergies of streams and all specific microalgae constituents modeled were calculated with the help of the thermodynamic properties of biomass components and operating conditions of streams.Exergetic efficiencies, total process irreversibilities, energy consumption and exergy destruction were calculated for all solvent-based microalgae oil extraction pathways evaluated. It was shown that exergy analysis led to identify the hexane-based oil extraction (HBE) as the most adequate alternative of the routes assessed for scaling up from the energy point of view, presenting a maximum exergy efficiency of 51% and exergetic losses of 982,000MJ considering a production of 104,000t of microalgae oil per year.

Are World Oil's Prospects Not Declining All That Fast?

A new report's upbeat message about growing abundance derived via more capable oil-extraction technology depends on more than confidence in that fancy—and expensive—new technology.

柑橘類搾汁後の残滓からのエココンシャスな精油抽出システムの開発

柑橘類搾汁後の残滓からのエココンシャスな精油抽出システムの開発

Energy return on (energy) invested (EROI), oil prices, and energy transitions

Very little work has been done so far to model, test, and understand the relationship between oil prices and EROI over time. This paper investigates whether a declining EROI is associated with an increasing oil price and speculates on the implications of these results on oil policy. A model of the relationship between EROI and oil market prices was developed using basic economic and physical assumptions and non-linear least-squares regression models to correlate oil production price with EROI using available data from 1954–1996. The model accurately reflects historical oil prices (1954–1996), and it correlates well with historical oil prices (1997–2010) if a linear extrapolation of EROI decline is assumed. As EROI declines below 10, highly non-linear oil price movements are observed. Increasing physical oil scarcity is already providing market signals that would stimulate a transition away from oil toward alternative energy sources. But, price signals of physical oil scarcity are not sufficient to guarantee smooth transitions to alternative fuel sources, especially when there is insufficient oil extraction technology development, a declining mark-up ratio, a non-linear EROI–cost of production relationship, and a non-linear EROI–price relationship.

Technology of removing near wellbore inorganic scale damage by high power ultrasonic treatment

Abstract The effects of ultrasonic treatment and the influence of ultrasonic parameters, process parameters and core physical parameters on the results of ultrasonic treatment for removal of near wellbore inorganic scale damage were studied using the self-developed dynamic simulation experimental apparatus of fluctuating oil extraction technology and the artificial cores damaged by inorganic scale. The fundamental dynamical mechanism of ultrasonic treatment was also discussed. On the basis of the study, field experiments were conducted with the self-developed high power ultrasonic construction equipment. The results showed that transducer frequency, transducer power, ultrasonic processing time and core initial permeability all influence the plugging removal effect. The plugging removal effect gets better with the increase of transducer frequency and power. The optimal processing time is about 80–120 min. Field tests carried out in low permeability reservoirs in northern Shaanxi and in the Daqing Oilfield showed that ultrasonic treatment can increase the production and injection remarkably, confirming the laboratory results.