Disposal Technology Research Articles

Study on the Effect of Thermal Assisted Combined Plant-Based Biomass Conditioning on Dehydrated Sludge Bio-Drying

In recent years, the production of municipal sludge has gradually increased, and finding suitable sludge treatment and disposal technologies is an urgent problem that needs to be solved. Bio-drying of sludge is a relatively efficient and convenient drying method, but currently, there are still problems with unstable drying effects and high moisture content of dried products, which limits the subsequent utilization of bio-drying products. This article uses a thermal assisted bio-drying device that simulates carbonization waste heat reflux, and uses corncob, straw, sawdust, and rice husk as conditioners to carry out bio-drying of dehydrated sludge. The influence of the types and ratios of conditioner under thermal assistance on the bio-drying of dehydrated sludge is explored. The results showed that the moisture removal efficiency of the corncob and straw groups was better, and their material moisture content could be reduced to below 10% within 24 h. The lower calorific value of straw-sludge drying products was the highest, at 11,608.8 kJ/kg. The best conditioner under the conditions of this experiment was straw, and the drying effect was best when the mass ratio of dehydrated sludge to straw was 4:1. The research results contribute to promoting the development of sludge bio-drying technology.

A novel fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making for enhancing the management of medical waste generated during the coronavirus pandemic

The coronavirus pandemic significantly increased the use of essential medical supplies, resulting in a surge in medical waste generation. This surge has spurred extensive research into sustainable disposal methods for safe and environmentally responsible medical equipment management. Addressing this multifaceted issue falls within the domain of multi-criteria decision-making. This study presents a comprehensive framework for selecting optimal medical waste treatment methods, considering economic, technological, environmental, and social factors. This is the first study to address the problem of selecting a medical waste disposal technology using the Fuzzy Dombi Bonferroni. The mean operator to combine expert opinions, the fuzzy preference selection index method to evaluate the criteria and the fuzzy compromise ranking of alternatives from distance to ideal solution method to rank the alternatives. According to the weightings, the social dimension holds the highest significance at 0.3217. Disinfection efficiency ranks as the most critical criterion, weighing in at 0.0823. The autoclave is rated as the top disposal technique, with a utility function value of 5.4579. Sensitivity analyses ensured the stability and reliability of the models. The adaptability of the applied model to sustainable practices such as energy conversion, material recycling, and resource recovery represents an essential aspect of policymaking in waste management. This assessment can guide policy formulation or improvement processes for waste disposal.

Design of experiments to evaluate pH and temperature parameters with different inoculums in domestic biodigester

The comprehensive management of organic urban solid waste is a concern due to its direct and indirect impact on the environment. Anaerobic Digestion (AD) has been recognized as an alternative and environmentally friendly technology for waste disposal, converting them into organic fertilizers and renewable energy. This research presents an experiment involving four reactors fed with household organic waste, three inoculated with canine, goat, and rabbit manure, and one without inoculum. The experiment was observed for 30 consecutive days to analyze the pH and temperature parameters involved in the AD process in domestic reactors. Statistical methodology, including one-way analysis of variance for assessing the effect of the type of inoculum, Tukey's simultaneous confidence intervals for mean differences, and 90 % confidence intervals for μ in temperature and manure, was utilized. Additionally, main effects analysis of the factors of average temperature and pH were conducted. The results of the one-factor experiment show that the type of inoculum does not significantly influence the variation in pH, while temperature remains relatively stable throughout the AD process. However, the analysis of main effects indicates that goat manure tends to stabilize the temperature with minimal variation, whereas variation is more heterogeneous in the other experiments.

Study on pyrolysis behavior of municipal sludge based on TG-FTIR-MS

Sludge pyrolysis, as a new sludge disposal technology, can realize the reduction and resource utilization of municipal sludge. Based on TG-FTIR-MS technology, pyrolysis behaviors such as pyrolysis reaction kinetics, pyrolysis product composition and other pyrolysis behaviors of four common municipal sludges (SD, NJ, CS, TJ) at different pyrolysis rates were investigated in this paper, and the migration and transformation of nitrogen elements in municipal sludge were analyzed. The results showed that the pyrolysis of municipal sludge was mainly divided into three stages: dewatering (below 160 °C), volatile decomposition (160–550 °C), and carbonization stage (550–900 °C). The activation energies of the four sludge pyrolysis stages were 189.75 kJ/mol, 138.13 kJ/mol, 300.76 kJ/mol, and 237.83 kJ/mol, respectively. It was found that the sludge pyrolysis stage followed the stochastic nucleation and subsequent growth mechanism through the study of SD and CS sludge. The pyrolysis gaseous product content was affected by the rate of heating and pyrolysis temperature. Moderate temperatures (400–550 °C) favored complete sludge decomposition. Sludge is more likely to decompose in a narrow temperature range at higher heating rates, and increasing the heating rate accelerates sludge decomposition. The nitrogenous compounds in sludge are mainly pyrrole nitrogen, protein nitrogen, and pyridine nitrogen. During sludge pyrolysis, the nitrogenous compounds decompose and precipitate in the form of heterocyclic nitrogen (pyridine, pyrrole), and release small molecules of nitrogenous compounds (NH3, HCN, HCNO). The experimental results can provide a reference for the disposal of municipal sludge by pyrolysis.

Plants, Microorganisms and Their Metabolites in Supporting Asbestos Detoxification-A Biological Perspective in Asbestos Treatment.

Many countries banned asbestos due to its toxicity, but considering its colossal use, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, disposing of waste containing asbestos is the current problem. Today, many asbestos disposal technologies are known, but they usually involve colossal investment and operating expenses, and the end- and by-products of these methods negatively impact the environment. This paper identifies a unique modern direction in detoxifying asbestos minerals, which involves using microorganisms and plants and their metabolites. The work comprehensively focuses on the interactions between asbestos and plants, bacteria and fungi, including lichens and, for the first time, yeast. Biological treatment is a prospect for in situ land reclamation and under industrial conditions, which can be a viable alternative to landfilling and an environmentally friendly substitute or supplement to thermal, mechanical, and chemical methods, often characterized by high cost intensity. Plant and microbial metabolism products are part of the green chemistry trend, a central strategic pillar of global industrial and environmental development.

Выбор технологий и направлений снижения техногенного воздействия минеральных образований на окружающую среду

Introduction. With an increase in natural and man-made pressure, the condition of lands in the regions of Russia is deteriorating. Under the combined influence of natural and man-made processes, the soil layer of the lands that host them inevitably degrades, so the issue of minimizing the impact of these objects is relevant. Materials and methods. The possibility of minimizing the negative impact of technogenic mineral formations (TMF) on the environment under specific conditions is assessed through analysis using the method of expert assessments. The zone parameters were determined as a result of field and remote observations, laboratory experiments and mathematical modeling. Land plots located in zones of active influence of TMF were taken into account. Results. The following tasks were solved in the work: the state of the solid sediments was clarified; an analysis of the best available technologies for solid waste disposal was carried out; the lands containing solid waste were ranked according to their economic value; The degree of reduction of the negative impact of solid waste on the environment when using new technologies was assessed. Discussion. Since their creation, the structure of the land fund has changed greatly. The lands on which solid soil formations are located are most often not taken into account, i.e. it is not possible to determine the category of land and the type of permitted use. Conclusions. As a criterion for the optimality of recycling technologies, it is proposed to use the degree of negative impact of solid waste on the environment, determined as a result of ranking solid waste using fuzzy clustering. Conclusion. The proposed algorithm allows not only to determine the optimal direction for the reclamation of such lands in the absence of initial data, but also to select the most effective technologies for each direction. Suggestions for practical applications and directions for future research. The possibility of using solid waste now or in the future has been studied, and the use of an algorithm for selecting technologies to minimize or eliminate the negative impact of solid waste on the environment under similar conditions has been proposed.

RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXEMPLIFIED TERRITORIES

The paper explores the risks associated with exempted and liberated territories that were previously used for certain industrial, commercial, agricultural or other activities. Such territories were captured or used by military forces during the war and then liberated or abandoned and left unattended, or were disturbed by natural disasters, man-made accidents, etc. The aim of the article is to analyze the possibility of their further use and rehabilitation. The following indicators of risk sources can be identified in such areas: presence of explosive objects; level of soil and water contamination; presence of chemical, biological or radiation contamination; degree of damage to infrastructure and building structures; risk of dangerous situations and accidents; impact on the health and safety of the local population; possibility of spreading infectious diseases; presence of unexploded or uncontrolled explosive materials; risk of re-invasion by enemy forces; potential environmental damage; and potential environmental impact. Based on the analysis of these indicators, they were summarized and grouped into six main risk indicators: demining of territories; efficiency of demining and disposal of remnants of military equipment, mines, etc.; safety and efficiency of demining and disposal technologies; degree of contamination of the demined territories after demining and disposal; level of safety assessment of the population living in these territories; return of vital infrastructure. An expert assessment methodology was applied, which includes an analysis of the severity of the consequences and the likelihood of their occurrence. The risks were ranked using the method of pairwise comparisons. The results of the study can be used to develop strategies for the further use and rehabilitation of the affected areas. The results of the study indicate the need for systematic monitoring and control of the exempted and liberated territories in order to prevent possible environmental and socio-economic problems. To ensure sustainable development and conservation of natural resources, due attention should be paid to the issues of environmental safety and rehabilitation of these territories. Further research in this area will allow developing more effective strategies for the use and rehabilitation of exempted areas, taking into account current environmental and socio-economic challenges.

Elements of technology for processing and disposal of food waste during the operation of ships

This article is devoted to the problem of environmental protection by food waste, which is most relevant for water tourism facilities, as well as small and remote settlements. The authors propose, when solving the problem of food waste, to consider the process of their formation, examining the complete process of existence of food products, taking into account their movement in space and transformations, as a result of which waste is formed. This approach allowed us to establish the main stages of this process – preparation for cooking, preparation, and consumption. It is shown that each of them generates waste in different amounts and of different properties. It is also shown that these factors, in turn, determine the most effective technologies and means of processing and recycling food waste. The authors propose, by managing the amount of waste generated, taking into account the quality, to form technologies and means for recycling and disposal of waste. The advantages of this approach are confirmed by examples of ecological solutions that take into account the formation of waste in the process of food transformation, as well as their movement in space, which simultaneously ensures the availability of different solutions to the waste problem for each specific object, including such as water tourism facilities. The availability of different options for solving the waste problem provides the opportunity to choose the most effective solution in the context of organizing a solution to the problem of food waste.

Optimal pricing and environmental improvement in a dual-channel hazardous waste disposal supply chain under cost sharing contract

A dual-channel hazardous waste supply chain consisting of a disposal facility and a contractor is studied, where the customer demand is sensitive to price and environment impacts. Under the government’s emissions penalty, the disposal facility must invest in technology for hazardous waste disposal to reduce waste emissions. Firstly, under the cost-sharing contract, the cooperation model based on a disposal facility and a contractor is constructed, and the influence of cost-sharing ratio on supply chain system is discussed; Secondly, the Stackelberg game models are presented; Finally, the numerical experiments are conducted. The computational results show that the cost sharing contract can improve the total profit of the dual-channel supply chain. When one party is dominant, whether it is the disposal facility-Stackelberg or the contractor-Stackelberg, the profit of that party always increases as the cost sharing proportion increases. Moreover, for the environment and consumers, an increasing cost sharing proportion of the contractor can improve the disposal technology, and the emissions per unit of hazardous waste disposal have been consistently decreasing.

Selection of municipal solid waste disposal technology using the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Genetic Algorithm for Gulf Cooperation Council Countries

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management represents a significant challenge in rapidly urbanizing regions, notably within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. This study focuses on Kuwait, exemplifying the GCC context, to identify the most suitable MSW disposal methods. We integrate the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with Genetic Algorithms (GA) for a comprehensive evaluation and optimization of disposal options, considering 13 criteria across economic, environmental, technical, and safety dimensions. Five disposal methods (landfilling, controlled dumpsites, composting, incineration, and refuse-derived fuel [RDF] combustion) are analyzed for their fit to Kuwait's unique environmental and socio-economic conditions. The AHP analysis highlights the paramount importance of "Health & Safety of Employees" (19.8%), "Water Pollution" (16.2%), and "Air Pollution Control" (15.4%) as criteria, underscoring a regional prioritization of health and environmental considerations over cost. Composting and RDF combustion emerge as the preferred disposal methods, with AHP-derived priority percentages of 22.7% and 22.3%, respectively. GA optimization further validates these methods as optimally aligned with the regional waste management framework. Conclusively, composting and RDF combustion are identified as the most feasible MSW disposal options for Kuwait, with potential applicability across the GCC, contingent on alignment with local economic and environmental policies. This research provides a critical foundation for policymakers and stakeholders in crafting sustainable, region-specific waste management strategies.

International law obligations for the disposal of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water under the principles of nuclear safety

The disposal of contaminated water from Japan’s Fukushima nuclear power plant is a significant international nuclear safety issue with considerable cross-border implications. This matter requires compliance not only with the law of the sea but also with the principles of nuclear safety under international law. These principles serve as the overarching tenet of international and China’s domestic nuclear laws, applicable to nuclear facilities and activities. The principle of safety in nuclear activities is fully recognized in international and domestic laws, carrying broad legal binding force. Japan’s discharge of nuclear-contaminated water into the sea violates its obligations under the principle of safety in nuclear activities, including commitments to optimum protection, as low as reasonably practicable, and prevention. The Japanese government and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have breached the obligation of optimum protection by restricting the scope of assessments, substituting core concepts, and shielding dissenting views. In the absence of clear radiation standards, they have acted unilaterally without fulfilling the obligation as low as reasonably practicable principle. The discharge of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water poses an imminent and unpredictable risk to all countries worldwide, including Japanese residents. Japan and the IAEA should fulfill their obligations under international law regarding disposal, adhering to the principles of nuclear safety, including optimum protection, the obligation as low as reasonably practicable, and prevention through multilateral cooperation. Specifically, the obligation to provide optimum protection should be implemented by re-evaluating the most reliable disposal technologies and methods currently available and comprehensively assessing various options. The standard of the obligation as low as reasonably practicable requires that the minimization of negative impacts on human health, livelihoods, and the environment should not be subordinated to considerations of cutting costs and expenses. Multilateral cooperation should be promoted through the establishment of sound multilateral long-term monitoring mechanisms for the discharge of nuclear-contaminated water, notification and consultation obligations, and periodic assessments. These obligations under international law were fulfilled after the accidents at the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear power plants. The implications of the principles of nuclear safety align with the concept of building a community of shared future for nuclear safety advocated by China. In cases of violations of international law regarding the disposal of nuclear-contaminated water that jeopardize the concept of a community of a shared future for nuclear safety, China can also rely on its own strength to promote the implementation of due obligations through self-help.

Distribution of gasification products and emission of heavy metals and dioxins from municipal solid waste at the low temperature pyrolysis stage.

Gasification is widely regarded as one of the most practical, economical, and environmentally friendly waste disposal technologies for municipal solid waste (MSW). The pyrolysis stage (300-500°C) is crucial for weight loss during MSW gasification, as a considerable amount of organic matter breaks down, producing high-value synthesis gas. This study investigated the product distribution and pollutant emission characteristics within this temperature range and its influencing factors during MSW gasification using a self-designed MSW gasification device. Results indicated that MSW underwent approximately 70% weight loss within this temperature range, yielding low amounts of inorganic and short-chain organic products, with mainly long-chain organic compounds of C16-C34. The atmosphere variation had minimal effect on the elemental composition and content of solid phase products. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses showed that Mn and Zn were the primary components of heavy metal leaching toxicity in solid phase products, with their contents increasing as temperature increased. Synthesis gas showed the highest content of heavy metal As element, reaching a peak at 400°C. Higher gasification temperature and lower oxygen flow rate significantly reduced the dioxin content and I-TEQ values, with highly chlorinated isomers being the predominant dioxin isomers. Nonetheless, low-chlorinated dioxins accounted for more than 50% of the I-TEQ. This study improves our understanding of the gasification process of MSW.

The study of the efficiency evaluation of the ventilation system of the poultry house in the summer

With the onset of cold weather, heat transfer through the walls and especially the roofs of bird rooms, unlike in the summer period, increases significantly, which leads to a sharp decrease in warm indoor air. Therefore, in order to maintain the regulatory conditions of the ventilation system, it is reduced to a transitional mode, and then to a minimum ventilation mode. Low ventilation repeatability limits inside the building determine the minimum volume of air supplied by the ventilation system. The economic and production efficiency of poultry farming is related to the premises and climatic conditions, which can seriously affect the well-being of broilers. Heat stress contributes to behavioral, physiological and biochemical changes in broilers, which leads to economic losses.
 The purpose of this study is to influence the annual efficiency of the poultry house ventilation system, mainly in summer, in order to evaluate the efficiency during the reconstruction of the cooling system, that is, to improve the ventilation system of the room, as well as to give an economic assessment of waste disposal technology.
 Energy– and resource-saving, environmentally friendly technologies and technological tools, plastic-type recuperators, a bird droppings removal system, as well as lighting and irrigation processes were taken as the object of the study. In conducting our research, let’s use classical and special methods, including a decomposition method for analyzing the functional use of recycling technology, a logical and linguistic method for assessing the safety of nitrogen during disposal, microclimate technology, nutrition and storage.
 Based on the mathematical model, a computer research methodology was developed to improve the energy efficiency of the poultry house. Using a computer program, the number of LEDs (α=200, I0=20 cd) for an enclosure measuring 66×12 m is N=273 pieces, and the number of LEDs (α=200, I0=20 cd) for a building measuring 78×18 m is N=259 pieces. The design parameters of the illuminators are justified

Study on safe crossing in the dry season and an anti-floating drainage scheme in the wet season: a case study in Guiyang, Southwest China

Karst formations in Southwest China are significantly developed. With the increase in tunnel construction year by year, constructing tunnels in areas of karst geology is inevitable. There are great safety risks associated with exposed karst caves, and the water inside the caves can seriously impact the tunnel structure and its filling materials. Traditional cave disposal technology mainly focuses on safe crossing treatment at the construction stage; however, problems such as backfill collapse and floor floating caused by karst water erosion during the service period are not considered. Therefore, proposals for a new construction scheme to ensure the stability and safety of the tunnel during the service period are urgently needed. Using Huangchongyan Tunnel as an example, we propose a safe crossing scheme of ‘plate–pile–bedrock’ for karst caves, based on a comparison of karst cave treatment schemes at home and abroad. In addition, considering the impact of karst water on the tunnel, we developed a ‘bottom to top’ reverse drainage structure, which solved the problem of floating during tunnel service. In our study, we developed a full life cycle disposal scheme to enable safe passage through tunnels in karst caves, providing a reference for the design and construction of similar projects.

Atomistic Computer Simulations of Uranyl Adsorption on Hydrated Illite and Smectite Surfaces

A quantitative understanding of the molecular-scale mechanisms of radionuclide sorption on different clay minerals is crucial for the development and safe implementation of geological nuclear waste disposal technologies. We apply classical molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations to study the adsorption of uranyl on the external basal surfaces of two typical clay models. In the illite model, negative charge is primarily localized in the tetrahedral sheets, while in the lower-charge smectite model, the isomorphic substitutions are introduced in the octahedral sheet. The comparison of atomic density distributions at the clay surfaces and adsorption-free energies profiles as a function of distance from these surfaces demonstrates that overall U behavior at the basal clay surface is quite similar for illite and smectite. Uranyl is sorbed as a mixture of outer-sphere aqua complexes [UO2(H2O)5]2+ and hydrolyzed aqua complexes [UO2(H2O)4–5OH]+ on both surfaces. The structural and compositional differences between the models do not greatly affect the uranyl’s nearest coordination environment and are mainly reflected in the specific localization and orientation of the uranyl ions at both surfaces and in the magnitude of the adsorption-free energies. The observed quantitative characteristics of uranyl interactions with illite and smectite surfaces will help to better understand U behavior during the sorption process on clay minerals for the entire range of mixed-layer illite–smectite structures. A comparison of two versions of the ClayFF force field in the simulations made it possible to more accurately and quantitatively evaluate some subtle features of the uranyl–clay interactions and to obtain a more precise composition of uranyl complex with the modified ClayFF force field (ClayFF-MOH).

A Critical Review on Approaches for Phosphorus Ore Flotation Tailings Treatment and Disposal Technology: Environment Properties, Comprehensive Utilization, and Resource Utilization

A Critical Review on Approaches for Phosphorus Ore Flotation Tailings Treatment and Disposal Technology: Environment Properties, Comprehensive Utilization, and Resource Utilization

Stabilization of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash using organic chelating agents: Insight into risk assessment and function mechanism

Landfill treatment of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) after stabilization is the primary disposal technology. However, only few studies have assessed the stability of MSWI-FA-chelated products in different landfill scenarios. In this study, three commonly used dithiocarbamate (DTC)-based organic chelating agents (CAs) (TS-300, SDD, and PD) were selected to stabilize heavy metals (HMs) in MSWI FA. In addition, the leaching toxicity and environmental risks of the chelated products were assessed in different disposal environments. The results demonstrate that the HM leaching concentrations of the chelated products met the concentration limits of the sanitary landfill standard (GB16889–2008; mixed Landfill Scenario) for the three CAs at a low additive level (0.3 %). However, in the compartmentalized landfill scenario (the leaching agent was acid rain), the leaching of HMs from the chelated products met the standard when TS-300, SDD, and PD were added at 1.5 %, 6.0 %, and 8.0 %, respectively. Additionally, Pb, Zn, and Cd in the chelated products from the 1.5 %-TS-300 and 6.0 %-SDD groups met the leaching limits within the pH ranges 6–12 and 7–12, 6–12 and 7–12, and 8–12 and 8–12, respectively. This was primarily due of TS-300's multiple DTC groups forming stable chain-like macromolecular chelates with Pb. However, although the environmental risks associated with Pb, Zn, and Cd in the initial (0-d) chelated products of the 1.5 %-TS-300 and 6.0 %-SDD groups were minimized to low and negligible levels, there was a significant increase in the leaching of the three HMs after 28 d of storage. Therefore, with appropriate CA addition, although the leaching concentration of HMs in the chelated product may comply with the GB16889–2008 standards, it remains essential to consider its environmental risk, particularly in highly acidic or alkaline environments and during prolonged storage of the product.

Rare Earth and Platinum Group Elements In Sub-Saharan Africa and Global Health: The Dark Side of the Burgeoning of Technology.

Despite steady progress in the development and promotion of the circular economy as a model, an overwhelming proportion of technological devices discarded by the Global North still finds its way to the Global South, where technology-related environmental health problems start from the predation of resources and continue all the way to recycling and disposal. We reviewed literature on TCEs in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), focussing on: the sources and levels of environmental pollution; the extent of human exposure to these substances; their role in the aetiology of human diseases; their effects on the environment. Our review shows that even minor and often neglected technology-critical elements (TCEs), like rare earth elements (REEs) and platinum group elements (PGEs), reveal the environmental damage and detrimental health effects caused by the massive mining of raw materials, exacerbated by improper disposal of e-waste (from dumping to improper recycling and open burning). We draw attention of local research on knowledge gaps such as workable safer methods for TCE recovery from end-of-life products, secondary materials and e-waste, environmental bioremediation and human detoxification. The technical and political shortcomings in the management of TCEs in SSA is all the more alarming against the background of unfavourable determinants of health and a resulting higher susceptibility to diseases, especially among children who work in mines and e-waste recycling sites or who reside in dumping sites.This paper demonstrates, for the first time, that the role of unjust North-South dynamics is evident even in the environmental levels of minor trace elements and that the premise underlying attempts to solve the problem of e-waste dumped in Africa through recycling and disposal technology is in fact misleading. The influx of foreign electrical and electronic equipments should be controlled and limited by clearly defining what is a 'useful' second-hand device and what is e-waste; risks arising from device components or processing by-products should be managed differently, and scientific uncertainty and One Health thinking should be incorporated in risk assessment.

Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Vegetable Waste with Cattle Dung and Fruit Waste for Biogas Generation

India is a developing country and its rate of energy consumption is increasing with economic and industrial development. Most of the countries are dependent on non-renewable energy sources that have many limitations and demerits. The use of renewable energy resources is beneficial from socioeconomic and ecological point of view that can help to achieve sustainable development goals. India is agro-based country and produces huge quantities of organic waste per day. The disposal of these wastes by unscientific treatment methods causes serious environmental pollution. Anaerobic digestion and co-digestion are considered as ecofriendly technology of energy generation and waste disposal. The co-digestion is more beneficial over anaerobic digestion and has several advantages. The present work was undertaken to study anaerobic co-digestion of vegetable waste with cattle dung and fruit waste with the objectives of treating the waste to generate biogas and to decrease its environmental pollution potential.

E-waste Management Using Microbial Biotechnology

E-waste Management Using Microbial Biotechnology