Technological Spheres Research Articles

Digitalization of Culture. Review of the book “Eine kurze Geschichte der Digitalisierung” by M. Burckhardt

The article reviews the book of the German culturologist M. Burkhardt “Eine kurze Geschichte der Digitalisierung”. Burckhardt considers digitalization not only as a cumulative process of technological change, but also as a value shift associated with the proliferation of digitalization into all spheres of life. Based on rich historical material, the book describes the emergence, design and implementation of various technologies that made digitalization possible. Burckhardt’s key hypothesis is that the transition to the digital age must be viewed in the context of the creation of a new structure of social relations and cultural patterns generated by digitalization. Digitalization should be described as a process that is taking place on acultural level as actively as in the economic or technological spheres. Burkhardt pays special attention to the problem of self-governance of the scientific community and the opportunities that digitalization has provided for it in the last half century. The third important theme in the book is the value of work in the digital age and the revaluation of the work process in connection with the increasing proliferation of digital technologies.

Individual (Private) Agreements Governing Legal Relations in the Scientific and Technological Sphere

. Individual (private) contracts occupy one of the key places among individual regulators of legal relations. The rapid development of legal relations in the scientific and technological sphere, their importance for the evolution of society and the state, predetermines the need to study individual (private) contracts as regulators of these legal relations. The purpose of the study is to form scientific knowledge about the role and significance of individual (private) contracts in streamlining legal relations in the scientific and technological field. The objectives of the study are to analyze the essence of individual (private) contracts, their relationship with legal contracts, to determine the industry specifics of individual (private) contracts in the regulation of legal relations in the scientific and technological sphere. The work as a whole is based on the methodology of the integrative understanding of law. The author used methods of a general scientific nature (methods of formal logic, systemic, functional, historical methods) and private scientific methods of jurisprudence (formal legal, comparative legal). The author of the article is understood an individual (private) contract as an individual regulator of a specific legal relationship. In modern conditions, individual (private) contracts, along with other individual regulators, play a significant role in streamlining legal relations in the scientific and technological sphere within the framework of the principles and norms of law. Differentiation of individual (private) contracts from legal contracts is carried out. It has been established that individual (private) agreements are of particular importance for regulating legal relations related to the direct implementation of scientific and technological activities, which are key, backbone for the scientific and technological sphere. It was revealed that such contracts can be concluded within the framework of either civil law or labor law. Their common and special features are determined.

Mobile-Health based physical activities co-production policies towards cardiovascular diseases prevention: findings from a mixed-method systematic review

BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the first cause of death globally, with huge costs worldwide. Most cases of CVD could be prevented by addressing behavioural risk factors. Among these factors, there is physical and amateur sports activity (PASA), which has a linear negative correlation with the risk of CVD. Nevertheless, attempts to encourage PASA, as exercise prescription programmes, achieved little impact at the community-wide level. A new frontier to promote PASA is represented by mobile health tools, such as exergaming, mobile device apps, health wearables, GPS/GIS and virtual reality. Nevertheless, there has not yet been any evident turnabout in patient active involvement towards CVD prevention, and inactivity rates are even increasing. This study aims at framing the state of the art of the literature about the use of m-health in supporting PASA, as a user-centric innovation strategy, to promote co-production health policies aiming at CVD prevention.MethodsA mixed-method systematic literature review was conducted in the fields of health and healthcare management to highlight the intersections between PASA promotion and m-health tools in fostering co-produced services focused on CVD prevention. The literature has been extracted by the PRISMA logic application. The resulting sample has been first statistically described by a bibliometric approach and then further investigated with a conceptual analysis of the most relevant contributions, which have been qualitatively analysed.ResultsWe identified 2,295 studies, on which we ran the bibliometric analysis. After narrowing the research around the co-production field, we found 10 papers relevant for the concept analysis of contents. The interest about the theme has increased in the last two decades, with a high prevalence of contributions from higher income countries and those with higher CVD incidence. The field of research is highly multi-disciplinary; most of documents belong to the medical field, with only a few interconnections with the technology and health policy spheres. Although the involvement of patients is recognized as fundamental for CVD prevention through PASA, co-design schemes are still lacking at the public management level.ConclusionsWhile the link between the subjects of motor activity, medicine and technology is clear, the involvement of citizens in the service delivery process is still underinvestigated, especially the issue concerning how “value co-creation” could effectively be applied by public agencies. In synthesis, the analysis of the role of co-production as a system coordination method, which is so important in designing and implementing preventive care, is still lacking.

Training Specialists in the Field of Innovative Financial Technologies in Russia

Formation of educational programs for new types of activity is a complex task that should be solved on the basis of interaction between educational institutions and the professional community, assessment of the current market demand for specialists with certain competencies. But the task becomes much more complicated if the need for specialists is growing rapidly, and the community of professionals is just being formed and cannot have the proper impact on the educational services market. In this case, the educational infrastructure, under certain conditions, can become a controlling component of market development, but it can also become a factor in false goal-setting and inhibition of development.The popularity of financial technologies among the population and applicants prompts higher educational institutions to form educational programs, which are often criticized, and graduates do not always gain employment in accordance with their diploma qualifications. There is a contradiction between the expectations of the labor market, which have not yet been formalized, and the supply from Russian educational institutions.Purpose. The article aims to formulate proposals for the standardization of requirements for specialists in innovative financial technologies (FinTech) based on the consolidation and analysis of the opinions of companies professionally involved in FinTech. Research methods. The authors applied generalization and empirical research methods such as selective market research, statistical observation. Results. The results of an empirical study on the existing educational programs in the sphere of financial technology (Fintech) are presented. Scientific novelty. It is shown that in the conditions of an underdeveloped market and the initial stage of a professional community development, educational infrastructure can become a tool for market development based on a common understanding and standardization of educational competencies and programming of its further development. Practical significance. Taking into account the results obtained, conclusions were formulated that make it possible to substantiate the need to introduce an independent assessment of the formed qualifications into the educational process.

Законодательство как фактор развития государственно-частного партнерства в сфере информационных технологий

Introduction. Public-private partnership (PPP) in world practice has established itself as an effective tool for interaction between business and government in the implementation of socially significant projects. The state got the opportunity to attract a private investor to solve strategic problems of social development. Information technology (IT) is no exception. In the context of globalization and digitalization of the economy, development of information technology sphere is becoming highly relevant, since it determines the level of information security and development of the country as a whole. Theoretical analysis. The main research method was the analysis of the basic laws governing public-private partnerships in the IT sphere both in Russia and abroad, which made it possible to identify the differences in the PPP legislation of different countries. Empirical analysis. The analysis of the legislation of different countries in the field of public-private partners in relation to the IT industry enabled the authors to divide countries into four groups, depending on the characteristics and level of its development. The first group of countries is characterized by the absence of a law on PPP at the state level, application of international legal norms and availability of methodological recommendations in the field of PPP. In the second group, countries have a fundamental law on PPP without specifying the spheres of its application, or a list of spheres has been formed and it includes the IT industry. In the third group, there is a general law on PPP with a list of specific areas that does not include the sphere of information technology. The fourth group of countries has no legislation on PPP. Results. The authors identified the problems of legislation in the field of public-private partnership in relation to IT projects. In particular, it was determined that Russian laws in the field of PPP have relatively more specificity in relation to IT projects than foreign ones. However, this is far from always being good and creates artificial restrictions for the development of this mechanism for attracting a private partner to finance IT projects that are significant for society. The highlighted shortcomings of the Russian legislation will help to improve efficiency and controllability of PPP projects in the IT sphere, when eliminated.

Digitalization of Higher Education in the Context of Globalization

The researchers analyzed numerous publications on the digitalization of education in the context of globalization. The authors thereby identified the most relevant areas related to the introduction of digital technologies and digital tools into the educational process. These included the creation of a virtual (digital) educational environment, transition to online learning, and learning in a mixed format. In all observed aspects, the impact of globalization processes on the problem field of education, including the higher education system, was noticeable. This impact can be viewed both from the positive side and from the point of view of social risks of transforming higher education institutions under the influence of digitalization, and expressing situations of uncertainty in changing the configuration of relations between the subjects of the new educational reality. The purpose of this research was to study the processes of transformation of higher education institutions in expanding digitalization in the context of globalization. Data were collected through a quantitative questionnaire and observations. Under the influence of globalization, the role of the teacher and student is changing, and the field of digitalization in the management and technological spheres is expanding. Digitalization expands the possibilities of flexibility in education, promotes openness, increases student involvement in the learning process, improves the interaction of universities, and increases the speed of innovation. However, it is necessary to calculate the possible negative consequences of this transformation.
 Keywords: digitalization, online education, virtual educational environment

IMPROVING THE LEVEL OF ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS OF ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SERVICES IN A GLOBAL DIGITAL ECONOMY

Digitalization ensured a revolutionary change in the ways of delivering and consuming financial services, in particular payment services. One of the key prerequisites for the sustainable operation and development of e-payment systems is the achievement of a high level of effectiveness of e-payment services (EPS), which occurs in the global context of building a digital economy. The goal of the research is to develop the conceptual framework and identify the key areas for improving the economic effectiveness of e-payment services in a global digital economy. The theoretical framework of the research includes: the best practices in the sphere of digital technology, digitalization and digital transformations; a concept of digital economy, determining its structure, technological “core” and contours, and functional features. An enhanced role of the Internet as a general economic infrastructure, being the key for the global quality of digital economy, has been taken into consideration. The methodology of the research is based on an evolutionary approach and includes: historical, systemic and structural, functional, and comparative analysis. The results of the research are represented by a number of theoretical, conceptual and practical provisions. Above all, the essence of FinTech was clarified and the key areas of its development were identified; the crucial importance of the problem of economic effectiveness for this sphere of digital technology was substantiated. The paper identified the essence and specific features of PayTech, which transformed the ways to carry out payment transactions and provide the respective services. The purpose and key components of e-payment systems were clarified as well as the specific features to ensure EPS in various aspects. The attention was drawn to the issues of effective EPS in terms of the provider (related to ensuring mass retail payments using Internet and mobile technologies). Taking into consideration different description models of payment operation, the emphasis was laid on the technological model and functionality of e-payment systems, which demonstrated an integrated approach to achieving the high quality and effectiveness of EPS. Taking into account the external and internal prerequisites to accomplish this, the following strategic areas for improving the economic effectiveness of EPS were identified: 1) enhancing the risk management quality; 2) innovation development; 3) development of the ecosystem of EPS delivery. Every area was clarified in terms of its critical importance, relation to strategic management and marketing, which enables to advance the methodology of creating new e-payment systems or improve the existing ones. Practical recommendations on the intensification of e-payment systems include: governmental support activities for EPS providers; proposals on enhancing the innovative function of regulatory “sandboxes” and expanding the use of the technologies which ensure the compliance with regulatory standards (SupTech and RegTech). Value/originality: the paper specified and identified the focus areas and activities to improve the economic effectiveness of EPS delivery, which is of strategic importance in the global digital economy, being of particular value for future studies.

РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ІННОВАЦІЙНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ В УМОВАХ СУЧАСНОЇ ПАРАДИГМИ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ

In the article the pressing questions of transition of national economy are infected in the mode of mushroom, steady and hi-tech growth in the conditions in the new technological mode based on innovative modernisation of scientific and technical sphere. The modern paradigm of doing business, that dominate of knowledge and envisages more flexible politics in relation to adjusting of innovative activity is considered. An accent is done on forming of open case internal and external stream and research development frame in the dynamic environment of generation and commercialization of innovations on the basis of innovative cooperation as into the system, so with an environment, id est creation of integrated control system by innovative streams from an initial point to end - user. Outlined primary tasks in relation to conditioning of innovative development of national economy for an account: strengthening the processes of interregional integration; optimization of the tax system of subjects of economic activity, that increase the fixed accets and fate of technological innovations in a productive process; providing of purposeful state support of enterprises that invest in the production of innovative goods; creation of the system of state guarantees for physical and legal persons that accept active voice in innovative activity; forming of the optimal legal field is for an interregional competition and bringing in of investments in basic capital. The certain are important to composition in the complex of measures in relation to the modernization of the scientifically - technological sphere, namely: exposure of perspective directions of the growing economy; a revival of the applied science is in the form of state -private partnership; expansion of government is on the realization of scientific researches; development of effective innovative infrastructure; forming and development of productive- technological complexes; creation of institutes of financing of innovative projects; increase of investment charges of the state; use mechanisms of the direct state financing and address financial help to science-intensive industries of industry; by introduction of mechanism of insurance of innovative risks.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ В ЕКОНОМІЦІ УКРАЇНИ: ПРАКТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ТЕОРІЇ ФЛУКТУАЦІЙ

The purpose of this article is to analyze the dynamics of technology use in the Ukrainian economy during 2013-2020 in order to identify fluctuations that determine the vector of development of the country's technological sphere in the context of its ability to self-organize. As a term of synergetic theory, fluctuations are defined as the deviation of parameters from the general trend. Special aggregates according to Commission Regulation (EC) No 251/2009 of 11.03.2009 by the level of technology use were the object of this study. The technological imbalance index of the national economy and Theil indices separately for manufacturing and services were calculated. Both indicators were based on the amount of added value per employee. The analysis of the dynamics of these indicators showed a high level of imbalance of the technological sphere in terms of employment efficiency. The analysis of the dynamics of these indicators showed a high level of imbalance in the technological sphere in terms of employment efficiency. Quantitative fluctuations with signs of cyclicity over a period of about three years were detected. Structural fluctuation is associated with the leadership of the service sector in the use of labor resources compared to the production sector. The detected fluctuations are characterized as a manifestation of the nonlinearity of the development of a complex open techno-system of the country. The conclusion is made about the role of digitalization of the economy as an attractor that determines the main goal of the system development for the long term. This attractor is able to "push" the transformation processes in the direction of increasing the cumulative effects of the interaction of system elements and strengthening its ability to self-organize. The system of economic policy measures, taking into account the target orientation of economic development towards digitalization was proposed. The author emphasizes the fact that digitalization provides many opportunities for both increasing employment level and improving the educational and qualification level of employees and developing a culture of communication between citizens, business and the state. The synergistic effects of digitalization in the field of employment are also manifested in the unification of IT competencies, unidirectionality of personal, collective, state, and public interests, and increased interaction between business entities.

РАБОТА С НЕОЛОГИЗМАМИ В РАМКАХ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПОДГОТОВКИ УЧИТЕЛЯ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ

The article deals with the issues of replenishment of the lexical system of the English language and the ways of working with neologisms during the lessons with bachelor students, future teachers of foreign languages. The authors note that the language is a dynamic constantly developing system. From year to year the number of neologisms in the spheres of technology, the Internet, medicine, socio-political phenomena, pop culture, sport and business is increasing. The existing definitions of neologisms and a number of their classification are considered. The importance of studying English neologisms by pedagogical university students is outlined, as the knowledge expands and deepens language and pedagogical competence, increases the motivation to study theoretical language subjects, makes the speech more authentic. The criteria for the selection of neologisms for expanding the students’ vocabulary are considered in detail. Methodological principles of selecting neologisms for students are described. Training and speech exercises used during the warm-up during the lessons of English are offered. Training exercises help to firstly memorize and provide the automatic use of new words. They include substitution, filling in the gaps, association chains. Speech exercises are aimed at developing speaking skills in the forms of monologue and dialogue, as well as group discussion. Neologisms are a speech material for creative, professionally-oriented and communicative tasks. Such ways of working with neologisms allow the teacher to increase the students’ linguistic motivation and replenish their vocabulary with relevant new lexical units.

REMITTANCE OF INDIAN IMMIGRANTS: CATALYTIC FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Immigrants have become an integral component of socio-economic development, and play a diverse set of roles, preserving a range of influences on the economy of their origin. International migration, usually network-driven is a natural consequence of capitalist market formation in the developing world penetrating peripheral regions. Every year 2.5 million (25 lakh) Indians migrate overseas, which is the highest annual number of migrants in the world. Indians represent the second largest U.S. immigrant group, after Mexicans and ahead of Chinese and Filipinos. The 2.7 million Indianimmigrants residing in the United States as of 2021 made up 6 per cent of the total foreignborn population, and their numbers continue to expand. USA ranks second on the list with so many growth opportunities accessible for Indians in the spheres of technology and biological sciences. Based on secondary sources of data, the present research assesses the trend, major flow of immigrants and their contribution to the development of Indian economy, which concludes that with the help of remittances, immigration can contribute positively to the developmental activity of a country, including employment, economic growth, poverty reduction, social empowerment, and technological progress.

Africa’s population in conditions of the world order transformation

The article explores Africa’s role in the changing demographic picture of the world in the context of the global transformation of the world order, taking into account modern economic, social and military challenges. Basing on the analysis of current demographic trends, the author suggests that the center of global demographic growth has already largely shifted towards Sub-Saharan Africa, where population growth rates average at 2.5% per year. Despite certain discrepancies in sub-regional and national trends, it is the African continent that, starting from 2035, will shape the dominating demographic trends on the planet and, to a large extent, determine the quantitative and qualitative structure of the future of the global labor market. This, in turn, will fundamentally change the structure of the world economy, since the mass consumer of a significant share of goods and services will be located not in the countries of the Global North whose population will steadily decline, but in the Global South. The article reviews Africa’s main demographic indicators: birth rate, mortality, population growth rates, fertility, life expectancy, etc. The author analyzes main economic and social factors affecting the dynamics of these indicators against the background of similar changes in other countries and regions of our planet. As a result of the undertaken analysis the author posits that Russia should have developed a new system of foreign economic relations, focusing, among other things, on the rapidly growing market of goods, services and labor of the African continent. The humanitarian sphere should become the most important area of cooperation. Russia is able to make a significant contribution to improving the quality of Africa’s human capital through the promotion of its educational and scientific schools and broad cooperation in the technological sphere.

A Definitional Framework for Cyber Warfare. The Ukrainian Aspect

The article outlines a position expressing the view that cyberspace opens up a new dimension of politics, in which cyber campaigns have the potential to become an important means or alternative to warfare in order to achieve strategic advantage. The consequences of cyber measures may not necessarily lead to disasters or military reprisals that disable a state’s critical infrastructure at an unexpected moment but instead may affect the sources of power and its legitimacy. This fact forces one to ponder the question of the nature of the cyber conflict. Global awareness among policymakers about cyber warfare has increased significantly over the past few years, and many states are preparing to defend themselves against this threat. Cyber warfare is part of the evolution of conventional warfare, which in turn is linked to the broad changes in the social and political spheres and, above all, in the technological sphere. This paper aims to seek an answer to the question: are we facing cyber warfare? The answer to this question will be provided by analysing the events in the initial stage of the war in Ukraine in 2022.

РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ КОМПЛЕКСЫ В СИСТЕМЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ: ПОИСК БАЛАНСА ОБЩЕНАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ЗАДАЧ И РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ СПЕЦИФИКИ

The article discusses the main directions of improving the forms and methods of strategic planning in the scientific and technological sphere, strengthening the role of the state in the development of this sphere of the Russian economy in the context of large-scale external sanctions pressure on high-tech sectors of the national economy. Proposals are formulated to improve the composition and structure of planning documents, the procedure for financing high-tech companies and industries.

Prospects of international legal cooperation the EAEU and UNCTAD in the scientific and technological sphere

Prospects of international legal cooperation the EAEU and UNCTAD in the scientific and technological sphere

Развитие науки и технологий: посткризисные оценки

The COVID 19 pandemic, which dragged on for more than two years, led to large-scale shifts in the major sectors of the world economy and affected the S&T sphere. The paper considers the main factors that have influenced innovative development, the choice of S&T priorities by major countries and corporations, as well as the crisis phenomena aggravated in the S&T sphere. It shows the growth of research and development costs in a narrow group of corporations in the biopharmaceutical and information and communication sectors with stagnating costs in other sectors, the large-scale growth of publication activity, the uneven growth of tax incentives from the states, the importance of “open innovations” in modern science. It is noted that the intensity of researches and developments all over the world grew in 2020–2021 even in those companies where the total expenses on science and innovations decreased, thus the consequences of the crisis will be appreciable up to the end of the current decade. Legislative innovations in the technological sphere in the USA were especially noted, comparative estimations with innovative development of China were carried out, and the prospects of technological confrontation between the two countries were outlined. The questions of tax stimulation of innovative activity and ambiguity of definition of expenses on research and development in corporations of information-communication industry were also considered. The trends in the most science-intensive industry, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, which occupies the first place in the world both in terms of spending on science and innovation, and the number of highly qualified jobs, are considered separately. The processes holding back the industry that could not be overcome during the pandemic are shown. Given the fundamental importance of patenting (a strict intellectual property control regime), initiatives to relinquish some of the rights to medicines (including vaccines) associated with the coronavirus and weaken the intellectual property protection regime in the next decade look unpromising. By the end of 2022, we should expect a decline in investor interest in vaccines and a return to the traditional focus of industry companies on rare diseases and the development of drugs against them.

ДОСТИЖЕНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО СУВЕРЕНИТЕТА ВЫСОКОТЕХНОЛОГИЧНЫХ ОТРАСЛЕЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ РФ: СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

The article deals with the current topic of achieving technologi- cal sovereignty and technological independence of high-tech industries in the Russian Federation. It considers the notion and economic concept of the im- port substitution policy. Also following the study of scientific literature and foreign practice it identifies and characterizes, various types of import-sub- stituting strategies . The analysis of foreign practice in the field of import sub- stitution, resulted in identifying important tools in that area: stimulating and increasing investment, supporting especially important industries (providing independence in the technological sphere) through the use of a set of tax and other measures. It is shown that import-substituting strategies should be supplemented by a set of industrial and innovation policies, as well as a meso-level development strategy. The author considers various points of view on achieving import in- dependence in high-tech industries as well as the potential, main issues, tasks and directions for achieving technological sovereignty by the example of the electronic industry of the Russian Federation. The main principles of a new ap- proach to managing the development of high-tech industrial complexes in order to achieve technological sovereignty are identified: a systematic approach, pri- ority for the development of meso-level innovation ecosystems, consolidation of efforts in critical (priority) and promising areas for achieving technological so-vereignty, selected taking into account the principle of optimality, focus on in- novative activity and entrepreneurship, orienting perspective planning

НАУЧНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ РОССИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ САНКЦИОННОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ

The article analyzes the limitations of scientific and technological development in Russia, arising under the sanctions pressure of Western countries. Particular attention is focused on the challenges that are created by the introduced technological restrictions in the research and development, scientific and technical cooperation, access to sources of scientific information, which create obstacles both for solving the problems of import substitution and for developing science at a competitive level. In this regard, the need for technological mobilization in Russia and the development of an appropriate scientific and technological policy are substantiated. A system of measures has been proposed to counteract sanctions pressure and build a further vector of development in the scientific and technological sphere and link it with the development of the real sector of the economy.

Научно-технологическое развитие как стратегический национальный приоритет России

The article analyzes the importance of highlighting scientific and technological development as a strategic priority in the new National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation. In the condition of the transition of the world economy to a new technological basis, which is formed by the technologies of the fourth industrial revolution, the risks of further growth of the lag in scientific and technical development on Western countries increase for Russia. In this regard, the most important tasks in R&D fields are considered, which must be solved in order to turn science and innovation into a driver of economic development and transition to a new competitive growth model. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of problems of goal setting, financial support and improvement of the institutional environment in the scientific and technological sphere, as well as the development of basic science.

Налоговые инструменты стимулирования развития малого и среднего предпринимательства: исторический аспект и перспективы развития в России

The subject of the study is small and medium-sized entrepreneurship, which provides a solution to the problem of employment, creating a competitive environment, introducing innovations through the use of a set of tax instruments to stimulate the development of small and medium-sized businesses, as well as entrepreneurial initiatives. The purpose of the work is to establish the possibilities of applying special tax regimes to solve a set of tasks set out in the national project "Small and medium-sized entrepreneurship and support for individual entrepreneurial initiative". It is determined that small business will always need comprehensive support from the state. On the basis of a retrospective analysis of special tax regimes, a variety of tax tools for solving established tasks has been revealed. It is revealed that the dynamism of economic life, the use of new information technologies in the field of tax administration require expanding the capabilities of special tax regimes. An initiative has been put forward to expand the application of the zero tax rate for newly registered entrepreneurs within the simplified and patent taxation systems by including the sphere of urban improvement, scientific and technological sphere and ecology. The author's classification of tax instruments according to five criteria is proposed. It is concluded that in order to increase the effectiveness of tax incentives, an important role is played by the introduction of tax preferences for participants of the small business ecosystem, which will not only reduce the cost of their services, but also expand the range of services offered, differentiate the conditions for granting grants, loans, insurance products.