Cryptographic Techniques Research Articles

Implementing and developing multi-stage cryptography technique for low-cost long-range communication system

The requirement for a secure emergency communication system has become imperative in tandem with the industrial revolution. Additionally, the development of technology has led to increasingly robust penetration techniques that pose a threat to communication system security, leaving data vulnerable to unwanted third parties. This paper introduces a novel, powerful security approach that ensures a secure emergency communication system. Moreover, this research focuses on several cryptographic techniques among various symmetric and asymmetric ciphers, including advanced encryption standards, substitution, and transposition. The article presents an affordable and secure communication system that can transmit data over long distances with low power consumption using long-range technology. This system features a unique function that transmits updated locations, directing rescuers to the designated location.

INTEGRATION OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN DIGITAL LIBRARIES: A SOFTWARE ENGINEERING DESIGN

This research aims to design software engineering that integrates blockchain technology in digital libraries to improve system security and reliability. This integration is expected to overcome challenges related to data security, service reliability, and efficiency in digital library management. The research methodology involves collecting data through literature, expert interviews, and observations, on the implementation of blockchain technology in digital libraries, then analyzing data to support data design such as etherum, smart contracts, address, node.js, solidity, metamask, and sublime text, then using the Agile Extreme Programming (XP) method for software development. The research results include the design of a decentralized blockchain architecture, the use of smart contracts, and the application of cryptographic techniques to enhance security. Immutability testing in the context of blockchain involves verifying data consistency, validating the process of adding data, testing the ability to delete data, testing against attacks, and activities on immutable data. These tests were conducted using the Truffle framework. The results show that the system is able to maintain data integrity well.

Statistical Fault Analysis of TinyJambu

The resource-constrained IoT devices have limited resources such as processing power, memory, and battery capacity. Therefore it is challenging to adopt traditional cryptographic algorithms on them. In order to find a solution, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) initiated the Lightweight Cryptography (LWC) competition to standardize cryptographic algorithms for resource-constrained devices. The primary aim of our work is to implement and analyse selected finalist algorithms from the NIST competition using modern cryptanalysis techniques, with a focus on statistical fault attacks. Traditional analysis methods, such as linear and differential analysis, were not prioritized as most finalist algorithms have established defences against these methods. We implemented six of the selected finalist algorithms from the competition: Ascon, Elephant, GIFT-COFB, ISAP, TinyJambu, and Xoodyak. We chose TinyJumbu for statistical fault analysis because of its attractiveness, compact block size, and provision of a more lightweight keyed permutation.

Preserving Digital Evidence in Real Time Cloud Environment for Integrity and Legal Admissibility

Abstract: The emergence of cloud computing has transformed the manner in which organizations handle their data and digital assets, delivering unmatched convenience and scalability. Though with this, it has also brought about new and unique challenges in preservation of digital evidence in ensuring integrity and admissibility in legal proceedings. To enhance the credibility of digital evidence, the study will review literature on specialized software tools and techniques that help in preserving evidence in its unaltered state for legal examination. The researcher will determine the effectiveness of cryptographic techniques in ensuring integrity of digital evidence that is stored in cloud environment. A comparative analysis will be done. The study will give an overview of different techniques and critical considerations that will facilitate the admissibility of digital evidence in legal proceedings. This will help in revealing the gaps in digital forensics in a Cloud Environment.

Enhancing Data Security through Advanced Cryptographic Techniques

In a time when digital technology is everywhere, it is essential to have strong data security, This study addresses data security, focusing on advanced encryption methods, A secure connection, or encryption, protects private data from tampering and unauthorized access, The research explores modern cryptographic technologies, including blockchain-based solutions, quantum-resistant algorithms, and homomorphic cryptography, These evolving approaches provide increased defense against changing cyber threats, The study examines the theoretical foundations, real-world applications, and potential impacts on data security across a range of industries. The paper will first provide a comprehensive analysis of the cryptographic techniques now in use and then highlight emerging and contemporary risks to data security, Next, you will focus on the basics of contemporary encryption technologies, emphasizing their importance and potential uses. Case studies from healthcare, finance, and the Internet of Things (IoT) demonstrate how advanced encryption is used in real-world settings and how it impacts data security, The case studies highlight the necessity of new and innovative technologies to protect data (in all scenarios) when it is in motion, at rest, and during processing. In this paper, a rigorous methodology for evaluating the security and usability of cutting-edge cryptographic algorithms will be covered, the utility of these techniques in enhancing data security is highlighted by presenting experimental results and comprehensive data analysis. This paper concludes by highlighting how important it is to implement advanced cryptographic methods to address today's data security issues, it highlights the critical role that cryptography plays in protecting confidential information and provides a solid foundation for upcoming investigations and developments in the field of data security.

Encryption and Description of RGB Values in Images Using the Hill Chiper Algorithm

Information security related to computer use cannot be separated from cryptography. Hill cipher is an application of modulo arithmetic in cryptography. This cryptography technique uses a square matrix as the key used to carry out encryption and decryption. This cryptographic technique was created with the intention of being able to create ciphers (codes) that cannot be broken using frequency analysis techniques. Hill Cipher does not replace each of the same letters in the plaintext with other letters that are the same in the ciphertext because it uses matrix multiplication as a basis for encryption and decryption. Hill Cipher cryptography is a type of classic cryptography that uses a substitution method by providing random keys and the number is the same as the plaintext. The use of encryption and decryption using the Hill cipher algorithm is to help secure data so that it is not easily falsified or accessed by irresponsible people by changing the original image into a different form where the image is not easy to recognize. The encryption and decryption process was designed using the Java programming language using NetBeans 8.2 and the Hill Cipher algorithm to encrypt RGB digital images

Secure Proxy Re-Encryption Protocol for FANETs Resistant to Chosen-Ciphertext Attacks

In emergency situations, ensuring the secure transmission of medical information is critical. While existing schemes address on-road emergencies, off-road scenarios present unique challenges due to hazardous locations inaccessible to conventional vehicles. This research introduces a protocol for off-road emergencies, leveraging flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) formed by drones. The protocol, designed for users receiving emergency treatment, employs cryptographic techniques to protect sensitive information. To overcome the challenge of decrypting user medical records at emergency centers without the healthcare provider’s key, proxy re-encryption is employed. The control center (CC) securely generates encryption and decryption keys, facilitating the re-encryption process by the cloud server (CS) and transmission to the emergency center (E). The proposed protocol, free from pairing functions, underwent security and efficiency analyses, demonstrating resilience against chosen-ciphertext attacks (CCA) and collusion resistance (CR). Execution times of approximately 0.02 and 0.0 s for re-encryption and decryption processes, respectively, for a message size of 2000 bytes highlighted the efficiency of the protocol. The research contributes a secure and efficient proxy re-encryption protocol for off-road emergency medical information transmission within FANETs.

A public static agreement key based cryptography for secure data transmission in WSN based smart environment application

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is an emerging networking technology that allows for the low-cost, unattended monitoring of a variety of environments, thus WSN technologies have become increasingly important. Simultaneously, lack of security and poor energy efficiency is considered the major concerns in many routing protocols in various existing WSN protocols. Security and energy efficiency concerns are mainly due to the emergence of various kinds of malicious attacks because of advancements in networking technology. To mitigate these issues secured transmission is essential in any routing protocol. In order to provide safe data transfer in WSN-based smart environment applications, the TABEESR protocol (Trust Analysis Based Energy Efficient and Safe Routing) was developed. The proposed routing protocol encompasses four phases such as network creation and node deployment, grading for trust evaluation, route identification process and data transmission. The trust evaluation is performed with the aid of sensor packet features to categorize the positive nodes and negative nodes. The path identification process includes two processes such as cluster head selection through red fox optimization and relay node selection using a fuzzy interference system for energy efficient and secure path selection. A public static agreement key based cryptography technique is introduced for secure data transmission. The proposed TABEESR is tested with MATLAB software to validate its performance. SMEER, SHER, SRPA and AFSA are the prior routing protocols in WSN that are considered to compare the performance of the proposed routing protocol. The proposed TABEESR algorithm attained 95(%) of Average Residual Energy, 91 (%) of packet delivery ratio, 1350 (sec) network lifetime, 0.131 (Mbps) of throughput and 7(%) Packet Loss. Moreover, the proposed PSAKC algorithm attained 5.8 (%) information loss, 3.8 (sec) encryption time, 2.3 (sec) decryption time, 6 (sec) execution time, and 6.5 (J) energy consumption which is better than the prior methods. The proposed routing algorithm is applicable for providing security in both server to device and device to device in various smart applications.

Safeguarding Networks: The Role of Cryptography

Due to complex network threats, network security faces unprecedented challenges in a rapidly changing environment. These details highlight the importance of cryptography in protecting networks from today's threats. The development of technology has led to the increase in connected devices, the expansion of parking areas and the need for security measures. Honest and confidential information is protected by encryption technology using complex methods and algorithms. The brief reviews state-of-the-art cryptographic techniques and highlights the importance of quantum-resistant mechanisms against the threat of quantum computing. It explores how cryptography can be used together with technologies such as blockchain, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, and emphasizes its importance in ensuring the security of these areas. It envisions the development and implementation of post-quantum cryptography, covers concepts such as homomorphic encryption and zero-knowledge proofs, and addresses issues of cryptographic efficiency and creative control. It aims to protect networks from new threats and ensure secure data exchange by meeting the need for strong cryptographic protection in the evolving business environment.

FPGA-friendly compact and efficient AES-like 8 × 8 S-box

One of the main layers in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is the substitution layer, where an 8 × 8 S-Box is used 16 times. The substitution layer provides confusion and makes the algorithm resistant to cryptanalysis techniques. Therefore, the security of the algorithm is also highly dependent on this layer. However, the cost of implementing 8 × 8 S-Box on FPGA platforms is considerably higher than other layers of the algorithm. Since S-Boxes are repeatedly used in the algorithm, the cost of the algorithm highly comes from the substitution layer. In 2005, Canright used different extension fields to represent AES S-Box to get FPGA-friendly compact designs. The best optimization proposed by Canright reduced the gate-area of the AES S-Box implementation by 20%.In this study, we use the same optimization methods that Canright used to optimize AES S-Box on hardware platforms. Our purpose is not to optimize AES S-Box; we aim to create another 8 × 8 S-Box which is strong and compact enough for FPGA platforms. We create an 8 × 8 S-Box using the inverse field operation as in the case of AES S-Box. We use another irreducible polynomial to represent the finite field and get an FPGA-friendly compact and efficient 8 × 8 S-Box. The finite field we propose provides the same level of security against cryptanalysis techniques with a 3.125% less gate-area on Virtex-7 and Artix-7 FPGAs compared to Canright’s results. Moreover, our proposed S-Box requires 11.76% less gate on Virtex-4 FPGAs. These gate-area improvements are beneficial for resource-constraint IoT devices and allow more copies of the S-Box for algorithm parallelism. Therefore, we claim that our proposed S-Box is more compact and efficient than AES S-Box. Cryptographers who need an 8 × 8 S-Box can use our proposed S-Box in their designs instead of AES S-Box with the same level of security but better efficiency.

Efficient privacy preserving communication protocol for IOT applications

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has led to an unprecedented increase in data generation and communication, raising concerns about the security and privacy of transmitted information. This paper presents a novel Message Authentication Protocol (MAP) specifically designed for IoT devices, addressing the dual challenges of ensuring data integrity and preserving user privacy. The proposed protocol employs advanced cryptographic techniques to authenticate messages securely while incorporating privacy-preserving mechanisms to safeguard sensitive user information.The protocol utilizes a hybrid approach, combining symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic primitives to achieve efficient and robust message authentication. Symmetric key algorithms are employed for fast and lightweight authentication, ensuring minimal computational overhead for resource-constrained IoT devices. Additionally, asymmetric key techniques are integrated to facilitate secure key exchange and protect against key compromise.Privacy preservation is a paramount concern in IoT ecosystems, where devices often handle sensitive data. The protocol incorporates anonymization and differential privacy techniques to conceal the identity of users and the specific content of transmitted messages. This ensures that even if an adversary intercepts communication, extracting meaningful information about the users or their data remains a formidable challenge.To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed protocol, we conducted comprehensive simulations and real-world experiments. The results demonstrate that the protocol achieves a balance between security, efficiency, and privacy preservation. It outperforms existing solutions in terms of computational efficiency and provides a robust defence against various common attacks, such as replay attacks and message tampering.In conclusion, the presented Secure and Efficient Message Authentication Protocol for IoT Devices with Privacy Preservation offers a viable solution to the evolving security and privacy challenges in IoT environments. By leveraging cryptographic techniques and privacy-preserving mechanisms, the protocol provides a strong foundation for safeguarding sensitive information while ensuring the integrity of communication in the vast and interconnected landscape of IoT devices.

Enhancing Financial Transaction Security With Blockchain Technology

Background: Cryptocurrency represents a modern digital payment system that operates independently of traditional banking institutions. Instead of physical currency, cryptocurrencies exist as digital entries within a virtual ledger, facilitating transactions globally without geographical constraints. The emergence of cryptocurrency has revolutionized how transactions are conduct-ed, with a growing number of businesses—over 2,300 in the US alone—accepting Bitcoin and other digital assets for various purposes, including in-vestments and operational transactions. This shift underscores the potential of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology to reshape financial and opera-tional practices across sectors. Methodology: This research explores the integration of blockchain technolo-gy and cryptographic techniques in enhancing digital transaction security and operational efficiency. Specifically, we investigate the application of blockchain in sectors such as real estate, where it has been used to develop smarter con-tracts. Our study employs cryptographic hash functions to protect sensitive information. BLAKE2b-512 is utilized for hashing user identities, providing robust security due to its resistance to reverse engineering. Additionally, MD5 is used for hashing passwords, ensuring that even in the event of a database breach, user credentials remain secure. Findings: The adoption of blockchain and cryptographic hashing techniques has shown significant improvements in transaction security and data protec-tion. By storing hashed values instead of plaintext information, the risk of sen-sitive data being compromised is substantially reduced. Our findings highlight that while BLAKE2b-512 offers strong protection for user identities, the use of MD5 for password hashing presents a layered approach to safeguarding sensi-tive information. The study demonstrates that integrating these technologies not only enhances security but also fosters trust and efficiency in digital trans-actions and business operations.

An improved sunflower optimization algorithm for cluster selection with secured data transmission using cryptographic techniques in WSNS-IoT

An improved sunflower optimization algorithm for cluster selection with secured data transmission using cryptographic techniques in WSNS-IoT

Cryptography Techniques and its Application

Cryptography Techniques and its Application

Concurrent factorization of RSA moduli via weak key equations

<p>The Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm is a widely utilized technique in asymmetric cryptography, primarily for verifying digital signatures and encrypting messages. Its security relies on the integer factorization problem's difficulty, which is computationally infeasible with large security parameters. However, this study revealed scenarios where an attacker can concurrently factorize multiple RSA moduli $ N_i = p_i q_i $ under specific conditions. The attack is feasible when the attacker possesses a set of RSA key pairs with certain flaws, allowing each $ N_i $ to be factored in polynomial time. We identified vulnerabilities in RSA keys that satisfy particular equations by applying Diophantine approximation and Coppersmith's lattice-based technique. For instance, the study demonstrates that if RSA public exponents $ e_i $ and moduli $ N_i $ adhere to $ e_i r - (N_i - p_i - q_i + u_i) s_i = t_i $, where $ r, s_i, u_i $, and $ t_i $ are small integers, then all $ N_i $ can be factorized simultaneously. Additionally, another vulnerability arises when RSA parameters satisfy $ e_i r_i - s(N_i - p_i - q_i + u_i) = t_i $, enabling concurrent factorization with small integers $ s, r_i, u_i $, and $ t_i $. This research expands the understanding of RSA security by identifying specific conditions under which RSA public-key pairs can be compromised. These findings are relevant to the broader field of cryptography and the ongoing efforts to secure communication systems against sophisticated adversaries.</p>

A Systematic Review on Hashing Techniques in Network Security and Cryptography

A Systematic Review on Hashing Techniques in Network Security and Cryptography

Audio encryption and decryption using AES algorithm technique

Audio cryptography is the practice of encrypting audio data to prevent illegal access to and listening to it. This paper presents an innovative technique of audio cryptography based on the Python computer language. To ensure secrecy and integrity, the suggested system encrypts and decrypts audio signals using advanced cryptographic techniques. A crucial component of AES, the cryptographic key is dynamically created to improve security. Python's broad library support and ease of use make it an ideal platform for implementing the AES algorithm, which ensures dependable and effective audio data encryption. The system utilizes Python's cryptography library for seamless integration and ease of implementation. Simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the AES algorithm in securely encrypting and decrypting audio data with reduced noise compared to traditional methods.

Cryptographic image-based data security strategies in wireless sensor networks

There is need to develop and create new data protection mechanisms aimed at the compensating for the lack of security of WSNs. This paper introduces new cryptographic image-based techniques aimed at improving data security in WSNs. The solution also integrates imaging processing techniques with advanced cryptographic principles to merge a two-layered security architecture. This work provides a new WSN-specific encryption algorithm that delivers low energy consumption and smaller computational burden. Likewise, this is connected to an image-based authentication approach which employs steganographic methods in the information hiding technique. Intensive simulations allow the approach that supports methodology, naming increased security metrics obtained without decreasing in network performance. This study seeks to fill the gap in current practice in WSN security and provides a foundation for future research on image-based techniques integrated with cryptographic algorithms aiming at more secure data protection under limited resources.

Secure STBC-Aided NOMA in Cognitive IIoT Networks

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has been recognised as having the potential to offer substantial benefit to a wide range of industrial sectors. However, the widespread development and deployment of IIoT pose a set of challenges, including the shortage of spectrum resources and network security. Given the heterogeneity of IIoT devices, conventional cryptographic security techniques are not sufficient, since they suffer from challenges including computation, storages, latency and interoperability. In this paper, we present a physical layer security analysis for cognitive IIoT networks. In our system, IIoT devices opportunistically utilize the primary spectrum; thereby improving spectrum efficiency and allowing access to a large number of devices. Specifically, the considered network uses space-time block coding (STBC) in conjunction with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in underlay cognitive mode to realize data transmission for IIOT devices with high spectrum efficiency. The secure STBC-NOMA transmission model is established by taking into account the interference from a primary user. New approximate and asymptotic expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) for the secondary users (SUs) are derived to characterize the system’s secrecy performance. In addition, the SU’s closed-form secrecy ergodic rate (ER) is provided. The proposed STBC-NOMA approach, when compared to the classic single antenna (SA) based NOMA, achieves better SOP performance for all SUs, as confirmed by both analytical and simulation findings. Furthermore, we show that the proposed STBC-NOMA framework improves the SOP performance of weaker users. Additionally, the STBC-NOMA framework outperforms the SA-NOMA framework in terms of secrecy ER performance for all SUs.

CRS: A Privacy-Preserving Two-Layered Distributed Machine Learning Framework for IoV

Nowadays, vehicles can provide many valuable data (such as the videos recorded by dashcams) for analytical model building. Integrating vehicular ad-hoc networks with Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has a promising future. In IoV, vehicles maintain their own communication, computing, and learning capabilities. Thus, instead of sending the data to a central server for model training, which leads to a high communication overhead, vehicles can train the data locally. However, it is still a challenge to preserve the privacy while keeping both the communication and computation overheads of vehicles acceptable. In this paper, we present a distributed machine learning framework with a two-layered architecture. The architecture uniquely involves vehicle clusters, road-side units, and a central server, which provides a basic guarantee to the vehicle privacy and also limits the overhead. By carefully adopting cryptographic tools and techniques, the framework has the following properties: 1) it preserves the privacy of the local inputs and model weight vectors to all parties; 2) it protects the identities and trajectories of vehicles; 3) packet loss is handled in the application layer; 4) the evaluation shows that it is lightweight for vehicles. Compared with other existing works, the proposed framework is more suitable for IoV.