Cryptographic Techniques Research Articles

E2EE enhanced patient-centric blockchain-based system for EHR management.

To secure sensitive medical records in the healthcare clouds, this paper proposes an End-to-End Encryption (E2EE) to enhance a patient-centric blockchain-based system for electronic health record (EHR) management. The suggested system with a focus on the patient enables individuals to oversee their medical records within various involved parties by authorizing or withdrawing permission for access to their records. Utilizing the inter-planetary file system (IPFS) for record storage is chosen due to its decentralized nature and its ability to guarantee the unchangeability of records. Then an E2EE enhancement maintains the medical data integrity using dual level-Hybrid encryption: symmetric Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and asymmetric Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) cryptographic techniques. The proposed system is implemented using the Ethereum blockchain system for EHR data sharing and integration utilizing a web-based interface for the patient and all users to initiate the EHR sharing transactions over the IPFS cloud. The proposed system performance is evaluated in a working system prototype. For different file sizes between 512 KB to 100 MB, the performance metrics used to evaluate the proposed system were the time consumed for generating key, encryption, and decryption. The results demonstrate the proposed system's superiority over other cutting-edge systems and its practical ability to share secure health data in cloud environments.

Audit Trail And Transparency In Cloud-Based Auditing

In the era of digital transformation, organizations increasingly rely on cloud-based solutions for their auditing processes to enhance efficiency, accessibility, and scalability. This research paper explores the pivotal role of audit trails and transparency in cloud-based auditing, addressing the challenges, benefits, and implications for ensuring robust security and accountability in the ever-evolving landscape of cloud computing. The paper begins by delving into the fundamental concepts of audit trails and transparency in the context of cloud-based auditing. Audit trails serve as chronological records of activities, providing a comprehensive view of actions performed within the auditing system. Transparency, on the other hand, emphasizes openness and visibility in the auditing process, fostering trust among stakeholders. Together, these elements contribute to the establishment of a secure and accountable auditing environment. One of the primary challenges in cloud-based auditing is the dynamic nature of cloud computing environments. The paper examines how the inherent complexities of cloud architectures, such as multi-tenancy and virtualization, can pose challenges to maintaining an effective audit trail. Furthermore, the dynamic allocation of resources and the use of third-party services demand innovative solutions to ensure the integrity and completeness of audit records. To address these challenges, the paper proposes a framework that combines advanced cryptographic techniques, secure logging mechanisms, and real-time monitoring to strengthen the audit trail in cloud-based environments. Emphasizing the importance of encryption and hashing algorithms, the framework aims to safeguard sensitive information while maintaining the transparency required for auditing purposes. Additionally, the integration of machine learning algorithms for anomaly detection enhances the system’s ability to identify and respond to irregularities promptly.

Enhanced cryptographic performance and security using optimized edward-elgamal signature scheme for IoT and blockchain applications

Abstract The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and blockchain technology requires robust and efficient cryptographic solutions to ensure secure communication and data integrity. This paper presents an optimized Edward-Elgamal signature algorithm that uses Edward curved signature storage mechanism to improve performance in IoT and blockchain environments to overcome the limitations of schemes, especially Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) and Hyper-ECDSA. The proposed method achieved faster signature generation times, with a 33% improvement over ECDSA and a 25% improvement over Hyper-ECDSA, making it more suitable for faster applications. The validation times of the optimized systems were relatively low, with a 32% improvement over ECDSA and a 24% improvement over Hyper-ECDSA. The efficiency of the proposed system was significantly higher, showing a 51% improvement over ECDSA and a 35% improvement over Hyper-ECDSA. The latency was reduced by 33% compared to ECDSA and 26% compared to Hyper-ECDSA, indicating the effectiveness of the optimized system in terms of time-related performance. This paper contributes to the advancement of cryptographic techniques and provides suitable solutions for secure IoT and blockchain applications. The proposed system achieves a highest improvement rate in key performance parameters over existing methods, resulting in a robust solution for modern cryptography requirements.

E-Voting System Using Blockchain

Abstract: Since the 1970s, electronic voting (e-voting) has evolved, offering efficiency and reduced errors, but faces challenges in security and accessibility. Blockchain technology emerges as a disruptive force with potential to fortify e-voting systems. Voting is fundamental to democracy, yet concerns over reliability and accessibility persist. E-voting, while introduced to address these concerns, remains costly and centralized. Blockchain’s decentralized nature holds promise for overcoming these challenges. This study introduces e-Vote, a blockchain- based voting system designed for privacy, accessibility, and security. Leveraging Ethereum’s blockchain and smart contracts, e-Vote offers a scalable framework for university level elections. Utilizing cryptographic techniques such as homomorphic encryption, e-Vote ensures voter privacy. Our implementation, tested on Ethereum’s Testnet, demonstrates usability, scalability, and efficacy. Successful integration of e-Vote requires two key components: the Election Commission, managing elections and candidates through smart contracts, and the voter’s module, enabling individuals to cast ballots for their respective constituencies, with each ballot recorded on the blockchain to prevent tampering.

Smart and Secure E-Voting Application using Blockchain Technology

The realm of electronic voting systems is experiencing a profound transformation propelled by technological advancements. In response to the demand for secure and transparent voting mechanisms,this project, supervised by Mrs. V.M. Khanapure, endeavors to develop a Smart and Secure E-Voting Application employing blockchain technology. Traditional voting methods often face challenges related to tampering and fraud, which the proposed system aims to mitigate through the decentralized and immutable nature of blockchain. By leveraging the strengths of blockchain, such as transparency and decentralization, the project seeks to establish a trustworthy and efficient electronic voting solution. A primary focus of the Smart and Secure E-Voting Application is the implementation of advanced security measures. Cryptographic techniques are incorporated to secure vote transmissions and protect voter privacy. The application employs end-to-end encryption and multi-factor authentication, fortifyingthe overall security posture of the system. Moreover, the user-friendly interface caters to both voters and election administrators, ensuring accessibility without compromising the high level of security. This project not only addresses current challenges in electronic voting but also lays the foundation for future innovations, setting a precedent for reliable and transparent electoral processes through the utilization of blockchain technology..

Data Transmission Security on Cloud Computing using Algorithm

Cloud computing enables businesses to efficiently store vast amounts of data in the cloud, which can be accessed seamlessly over the Internet without hardware compatibility constraints. However, the transmission of data over the Internet is susceptible to various security threats such as man-in-the-middle attacks, known plaintext attacks, chosen ciphertext attacks, related-key attacks, and pollution attacks. Uploading data to a single cloud service may heighten the risk of compromising confidential information. Prior research has explored several cryptography techniques like SA-EDS, RFDA, and EST to secure data storage across multiple cloud platforms. However, these existing methods exhibit vulnerabilities to various attacks. This article focuses on addressing data security challenges in multi-cloud environments and proposes an advanced approach called Proficient Security over Distributed Storage. PSDS has undergone rigorous testing against multiple attacks, demonstrating its resilience against related-key attacks, pollution attacks, chosen ciphertext attacks, and known plaintext attacks. Additionally, PSDS exhibits reduced computational time compared to existing encryption methods such as STTN and RFD.

Securing Infrared Communication in Nuclear Power Plants: Advanced Encryption for Infrared Sensor Networks.

This study enhances infrared communication security in nuclear power plants' secondary systems, addressing the risk of mechanical and cyber failures. A novel random address generator, employing an innovative S-box, was developed to secure IoT sensor data transmissions to gateway nodes, mitigating eavesdropping, interference, and replay attacks. We introduced a structured IR communication protocol, generating unique, encrypted addresses to prevent unauthorized access. Key-dependent S-boxes, based on a compound chaotic map system, significantly improved encryption, increasing data transmission randomness and uniqueness. Entropy analysis and reduced duplicated addresses confirmed the effectiveness of our method, with the Hash-CCM algorithm showing the highest entropy and fewest duplicates. Integrating advanced cryptographic techniques into IR systems significantly enhances nuclear power plants' security, contributing to the protection of critical infrastructure from cyber threats and ensuring operational integrity.

DETECTING THE SECURITY LEVEL OF VARIOUS CRYPTOSYSTEMS USING MACHINE LEARNING MODELS

In contemporary data management, cloud storage is widely adopted, yet it remains susceptible to security vulnerabilities. Utilizing cryptography techniques is essential for enhancing data security in such environments. One promising approach is hybrid cryptography, which combines multiple algorithms to bolster protection. Our proposed solution integrates RDH with DES algorithms, leveraging their respective strengths to fortify data security before it's stored in the cloud. Extensive testing has validated the efficacy of this approach. Specifically, we introduce an RDH with DES block-based transformation algorithm tailored for image content protection. Notably, our framework enables direct image retrieval and convolution on the content-protected images, enhancing usability alongside security. Keywords: deployment models, Infrastructure as a service, cryptosystems, machine learning

Quantum-Secure Signalling Model for L1/L2 Next-Gen Interconnect and Roaming Networks Over IPX for NB-IoT Traffic: A Review

Signalling security is critical for next-generation mobile (NGN) networks to ensure integrity, privacy, and confidentiality of communication protocols. However, recent research on existing 5G standards has uncovered vulnerabilities that could be exploited by emerging surveillance threats such as HiddenArt and Harvest Now Decrypt Later (HNDTL), as well as the prospect of quantum computing threatening to break classical cryptographic techniques. This systematic literature review (SLR) investigates quantum-based signalling solutions to mitigate these threats in interconnect and roaming 5G networks (IRN) over IP eXchange for Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) traffic. A database search was conducted, studies were selected and compared based on methods, approaches, techniques, and limitations. The SLR found that quantum key distribution (QKD) combined with quantum teleportation (QT) can protect and mitigate threats and attacks on signalling networks when protocols interact and interoperate in carrier networks. QKD techniques can be used for L1 protocols, while secure direct quantum communication can be used for L2 protocols. This study concludes that further studies are needed to integrate different techniques and protocols for L1/L2 signalling networks to create a robust quantum-secure signalling model for global interconnect and roaming NGN.

Non-Repeating, Normalized Questionnaire Sets Generation and Rendering Based on A Parsed Input Domain with Cryptographically Enforced Secure Access

This project introduces a novel approach to questionnaire generation and rendering, ensuring non repetition, normalization, and secure access control. Traditional methods often suffer from redundancy and lack of security measures, leading to compromised data integrity and confidentiality. Our solution employs a meticulously parsed input domain, where questions are intelligently selected to avoid repetition and maintain a balanced distribution across different domains of inquiry. Furthermore, normalization techniques are applied to standardize the questionnaire structure, enhancing comparability and analysis.To ensure data security and privacy, the system leverages cryptographic techniques to enforce secure access controls. This includes robust authentication mechanisms, data encryption, and integrity verification, safeguarding sensitive information throughout the questionnaire lifecycle.The implementation of this project not only improves the efficiency and reliability of questionnaire generation but also addresses critical concerns regarding data security and privacy. This approach has significant implications across various domains, including research, healthcare, and customer feedback systems, where accurate data collection and confidentiality are paramount

Session password Blum–Goldwasser cryptography based user three layer authentication for secured financial transaction

Cloud computing is an eminent and evolving technology that offers various services such as data transaction, authentication, distribution and so on. In this article, session password Blum–Goldwasser Cryptography based user authentication (SPBGCUA) method is proposed to enhance the communication security of cloud services with minimum overhead. Moreover, SPBGCUA is a cryptographic technique that provides secured authentication mechanism for financial transaction with higher confidentiality rate. In order to fill the security lack of recent authentication techniques, this method develops dynamic security structure with key generation, encryption, authentication and decryption techniques. Finally, analysis is performed using SPBGCUA Method on factors such as authentication accuracy, data confidentiality rate and data integrity for number of financial data and cloud users.

Optimization and privacy protection of microgrid power trading system based on attribute encryption technology

This paper presents an effective technique and approach to deal with the dual challenges of performance optimization and privacy protection in microgrid power trading systems (MPTS) by utilizing attribute encryption technology. By embedding advanced cryptographic techniques into the operational substrate of microgrids, we introduce a novel approach to dramatically enhance the efficiency of energy distribution, while guaranteeing the privacy protection and integrity of participant data. The core objective of this technique is the application of attribute-based encryption (ABE), a method that offers fine-grained access control, ensuring sensitive information is made available only to eligible users based on their attributes, rather than their identities. In doing so, it meets the important requirement of securing data, without impairing the overall productivity of a power trading system. This paper presents a novel technique of ABE in the domain of MPTS, but also quantifies, through extensive theoretical analysis and simulations, how this integration leads to superior energy resource allocation and lower operational costs.

Blockchain technologies in pharmaceutical industry: A comprehensive overview

Pharmacies need to manage their data effectively. A novel technology known as blockchain holds the potential to enhance transparency and safety for various pharmaceutical operations. The Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA), which was passed by the US Congress in 2013 to stop pharmaceuticals that are stolen, tainted, or counterfeit, has a response provided by blockchain technology. Blockchain technology is a decentralized distributed ledger that uses cryptographic techniques to provide security to a peer-to-peer network of transactions. These guarantee that a product is secure and suitable for consumer sale. By making sure laws are readily followed, blockchain provides solutions to improve the validity, reliability, and efficiency of medicine production. It also presents a chance to address one of the main issues, which is the surge of fake medications getting into the system and into the hands of patients or customers. According to the pharmaceutical industry, society is seriously threatened by fake medications. False medications have a direct or indirect negative impact on patients health, sometimes leading to major problems and even death. The pharmaceutical industry's inadequate supply chain management is the cause of this counterfeiting, which jeopardizes patient safety and damages the reputation of the manufacturer. Blockchain technology can be applied to supply chain management to provide assurance, security, traceability, and openness to the chain by providing visibility and immutability of each stage in the chain. A relatively new electronic data management technology called blockchain has promise for transparency and accountability. A blockchain is a ledger of transactions that is viewable by all users of a computer network, each with an identical copy of the ledger.

A Compact Hardware Design and Implementation on FPGA Based Hybrid of AES and Keccak SHA3-512 for Enhancing Data Security

Data security means protecting important information from unauthorised persons. In a security system, cryptography is the most secure method. Cryptography has many kinds, but the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is the most secure system. If combined with AES and Secure Hash Algorithm-3-512Bits (SHA3-512), it becomes compact, more secure, and more authenticated for data communications. The proposed methodology is a hybrid cryptography technique that combines AES with the SHA3-512 algorithm. This system becomes a strong, secure system and produces a strong cipher text. The proposed method AES/SHA3-512 is Hardware implementation on the Artix-7 FPGA family yields the lowest cost and highest hardware efficiency with a reduction in area usage of LUT 18.49%, Flip Flops 0.83%, and IO 3.8%. The proposed architecture is synthesised and simulated using the Vivado 2017.2 version Tool.

A Study of Elliptic Curve Cryptography and Its Applications

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), a public key cryptographic system and its applications. The paper discusses important mathematical properties and operations of elliptic curves, like point addition and multiplication operations and its implementation in cryptographic methods such as encryption and decryption. This paper provides a detailed workout on important mathematical problems on elliptic curves and ECC which provides insight into working of essential cryptographic techniques in ECC. And the paper also provides a literature review of research works based on ECC in various fields such as Internet of Things (IoT), Cloud computing, Blockchain and Image Security. And the paper further provides insight into the recent applications of ECC in fields like IoT and Blockchain by comprehensively discussing the proposed mechanism for each of the recent applications and also briefly discussing the security of the proposed mechanism.

An Energy-Efficient Cluster Head Selection and Secure Data Transmission in WSN using Spider Monkey Optimized Algorithm and Hybrid Cryptographic with Security

To conserve energy in wireless sensor networks, clustering is the well-known strategies. However, choosing a cluster head that is energy efficient is crucial for the best clustering. Because data packets must be transmitted between cluster members and the sink node, improper cluster head selection (CHs) uses more energy than other sensor nodes. As a result, it lowers the network's performance and lifespan. Due to the requirement that this network implement appropriate security measures to guarantee secure communication. This paper provides a novel cluster head selection technique that addresses issues of networks’ lives and energy usages using Spider Monkey Optimised Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm (SMOFCM). The CH is chosen using the Spider Monkey Optimisation method in the proposed SMOFCM approach, which builds on the Fuzzy C-means clustering framework. The hybrid cryptographic technique is appropriate for WSN for safe data transmission because it can address sensor challenges such processing power, storage capability, and energy. The Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA), advanced encryption standards (AES), and the suggested algorithm are all used at various stages. Because asymmetric key cryptography makes key management simpler but symmetric key cryptography offers a high level of security. The AES algorithm has been created for phase 1. Phase 2 employed RSA, and all phases were carried out concurrently. According to the simulation results, it reduces energy use, lengthens the network's lifespan, and offers faster encryption, decryption, and execution times for secure data transmission

Visual Cryptography for Color Images using Digital-Watermarking

Visual cryptography is a cryptographic technique which allows visual information (e.g. picture, texts) to be encrypted in such a way that the decryption can be performed by the human visual system, without the aid of computers. There are various measures on which performance of visual cryptography scheme depends, such as pixel expansion, contrast, security, accuracy, share generated is meaningful or meaningless, type of secret images( either binary or color) and number of secret images(either single or multiple) encrypted by the scheme. In visual cryptography encryption of image is done by dividing the image into n number of shares and decryption process is done by combining a certain number of shares or more. simple visual cryptography is not secure because of the decryption process done by visual system. The information or the image can be retrieved by anyone if the person gets at least some number of shares. Secret image can be reconstructed without any complex computation. In this project we use digital watermarking. Digital watermarking is a technique for inserting secret information into an image, which enables us to know the source or owner of the copyright

Implementation of Data Layer In Blockchain Network Using SHA256 Hashing Algorithm

The escalating demand for secure data management in blockchain systems has prompted the exploration of advanced cryptographic techniques. Leveraging the SHA256 hashing algorithm, this implementation aims to fortify data integrity, confidentiality, and authentication within the blockchain network. By meticulously examining the algorithm's application, the research demonstrates its efficacy in ensuring tamper-resistant data storage and retrieval, quantifying improvements in security percentages and specific metrics. The integration of SHA256 within the data layer is explored in technical detail, highlighting the concrete benefits of heightened security and immutability. The analysis discusses practical implications and delves into potential advancements in blockchain technology, offering valuable insights for researchers, developers, and practitioners seeking to bolster the robustness of data layers in blockchain networks.

Efficiency of SIDH-based signatures (yes, SIDH)

Abstract In this note, we assess the efficiency of a supersingular isogeny Diffie-Hellman (SIDH)-based digital signature built on a weaker variant of a recent identification protocol proposed by Basso et al. Despite the devastating attacks against (the mathematical problem underlying) SIDH, this identification protocol remains secure, as its security is backed by a different (and more standard) isogeny-finding problem. We conduct our analysis by applying some known cryptographic techniques to decrease the signature size by about 70% for all parameter sets (obtaining signatures of approximately 21 kB for SIKE p 434 {\mathsf{SIKE}}{\mathsf{p}}434 ). Moreover, we propose a minor optimisation to compute many isogenies in parallel from the same starting curve. Our assessment confirms that determining the most efficient methods for isogeny-based signature schemes, including optimisations such as those presented in this paper, is still a open problem, with much more work to be done.

Efficient public-key searchable encryption against inside keyword guessing attacks for cloud storage

Cloud storage offers data users relief from cumbersome management tasks and enhances overall efficiency. However, while it brings convenience, there is also the risk of privacy breaches. To address this, public-key encryption with keyword search (PEKE) presents a solution that balances efficiency, convenience, and security in the context of cloud storage. Nevertheless, PEKS is vulnerable to inside keyword guessing attacks and algorithm substitution attacks, posing a serious threat to its deployment. Cryptographic reverse firewall technique randomizes incoming messages to effectively defend against both types of attacks mentioned earlier through a gateway. However, this approach requires the gateway to store a random number for each keyword, increasing storage costs and potentially exposing keyword information. In response, we propose an improved scheme that inherits the remarkable properties of the method based on cryptographic reverse firewall. Additionally, the proposed scheme eliminates the need for gateways to store random numbers, reducing the management and storage burdens and supports multiple keywords for one document, a feature more aligned with real-world applications. Furthermore, we prove the security of the scheme, which achieves the same security goals as the existing scheme. Finally, we analyze the scheme s efficiency through theoretical analysis and performance evaluation, which demonstrates its efficiency.