Stabilization Technique Research Articles

Advances in well design and integrity: Areview of technological innovations and adaptive strategies for global oil recovery

Advances in well design and integrity are critical for enhancing global oil recovery rates. This review reviews technological innovations and adaptive strategies that drive efficiency and sustainability in oil production. The review discusses key themes such as reservoir characterization, wellbore stability, drilling fluids, and completion techniques. It highlights how these factors impact well integrity and production rates. The review emphasizes the importance of integrating innovative technologies and adaptive strategies to overcome challenges in complex reservoir environments. Key findings include the importance of reservoir characterization in designing wells that optimize recovery rates. It also highlights the role of wellbore stability in ensuring long-term integrity and reducing risks associated with drilling operations. The review discusses the advancements in drilling fluids, including the use of nanotechnology and biodegradable materials, to improve wellbore stability and minimize environmental impact. Additionally, the abstract explores advances in completion techniques, such as intelligent completions and sand control systems, to enhance production efficiency and reservoir management. It also discusses the integration of digital technologies, such as data analytics and artificial intelligence, to optimize well performance and reduce operational costs. The review concludes by highlighting the need for continued research and development to address the evolving challenges in global oil recovery. It emphasizes the importance of collaboration between industry stakeholders, research institutions, and regulatory bodies to drive innovation and ensure sustainable practices in oil production. Overall, the abstract provides a comprehensive overview of the technological innovations and adaptive strategies that are shaping the future of well design and integrity in the global oil industry. his review covers the evolution of well design practices, the application of new materials and technologies, and the strategic adaptations required to maintain operational safety and efficiency in diverse environmental conditions.

Enhancing Load-Bearing Capacity of Calcareous Sands through Gel Stabilization: A Mechanical and Material Characterization Study.

Calcareous sands often display wide ring grain configurations, high intragranular porosity, a complex structure, and low grain hardness. These attributes typically do not meet the strength criteria necessary to sustain overlying infrastructure in civil engineering applications. This study investigates gel stabilization techniques, blending gel material with calcareous sand at concentrations ranging from 5% to 22%, followed by curing periods of 3 to 28 days to evaluate the load-bearing capacity. Subsequently, an unconfined compressive test is performed to determine the gel material content in stabilized specimens and investigate the influence of gel material types. The gel material-to-sand ratios employed are set at 5%, 10%, and 16% for Portland cement and 13%, 16%, and 22% for gypsum. After that, a triaxial consolidated undrained test is conducted to assess mechanical behavior, pore water pressure, and mechanical properties. The findings reveal increased dilation, stress-strain hardening, and softening post-yield, regardless of gel material type. Principal stress ratios, secant modulus, and cohesion show a positive correlation with maintenance duration and binder content, with implications for improved load-bearing capacity. The study also elucidates the qualitative relationship between secant modulus E50 and confining pressure.

Motion preservation for open book injuries of the pubic symphysis –a biomechanical cadaver study

IntroductionOpen book injuries are challenging injuries that oftentimes require surgical treatment. Currently, treatment is performed with symphyseal plating requiring extensive surgery and entirely limiting physiological movement of the symphyseal joint, frequently resulting in implant failure. Therefore, we investigated the biomechanical properties of a minimally invasive tape suture construct (modified SpeedBridge™) as an alternative stabilization technique for the treatment of open book injuries in human cadaver pelvic rings.Materials and MethodsThe symphysis of 9 human cadaver pelvises was dissected and dilated to 3 cm creating an open book injury. Next, the two osteosynthesis methods (plating, modified SpeedBridge™) were applied. All specimens then underwent cyclic horizontal and vertical loading, simulating biomechanical forces while sitting, standing and walking. For statistical analysis, 3D dislocation (mm) was calculated.ResultsTotal displacement (mm) of the pubic symphysis displayed the following means and standard deviations: native group 1.34 ± 0.62 mm, open book group 3.01 ± 1.26 mm, tape group 1.94 ± 0.59 mm and plate group 1.37 ± 0.41 mm. Comparison between native and open book (p = 0.029), open book and plate (p = 0.004), open book and tape (p = 0.031), as well as tape and plate group (p = 0.002) showed significant differences. No significant differences were found when comparing the native and tape (p = 0.059), as well as the native and plate (p = 0.999) group.ConclusionWhile both osteosynthesis techniques sufficiently stabilized the injury, symphyseal plating displayed the highest rigidity. The modified SpeedBridge™ as a tape suture construct provided statistically sufficient biomechanical stability while maintaining symphyseal micro mobility, consequently allowing ligamental healing of the injured joint without iatrogenic arthrodesis.

Four-Rod Technique for Stabilization of Lumbar Spine in a case of Spine Metastases

Objective: The occurrence of spine metastases often indicates disseminated disease and portends a short-term prognosis in cancer patients. This study discusses the challenges in the surgical management of spinal metastases and evaluates the effectiveness of a 'Four-rod' technique in a patient with disseminated renal cell carcinoma. Case: A 40-year-old male with renal cell carcinoma and metastases presented with severe lower back pain and instability due to extensive vertebral destruction. Despite the poor prognosis, a 'Four-rod' construct was employed to stabilize the spine. Post-surgery, the patient experienced significant pain reduction and improved mobility. Conclusion: The 'Four-rod' technique minimized complications such as pseudoarthrosis and implant failure. It proved effective in stabilizing the spine without increasing operative time or blood loss, thereby enhancing the patient's quality of life. This study underscores the importance of addressing spinal instability in patients with metastatic disease and suggests that multiple-rod constructs may offer superior outcomes.

Bifurcation analysis and new waveforms to the first fractional WBBM equation

This research focuses on bifurcation analysis and new waveforms for the first fractional 3D Wazwaz–Benjamin–Bona–Mahony (WBBM) structure, which arises in shallow water waves. The linear stability technique is also employed to assess the stability of the mentioned model. The suggested equation’s dynamical system is obtained by applying the Galilean transformation to achieve our goal. Subsequently, bifurcation, chaos, and sensitivity analysis of the mentioned model are conducted by applying the principles of the planar dynamical system. We obtain periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic behaviors of the mentioned model. Furthermore, we introduce and delve into diverse solitary wave solutions, encompassing bright soliton, dark soliton, kink wave, periodic waves, and anti-kink waves. These solutions are visually presented through simulations, highlighting their distinct characteristics and existence. The results highlight the effectiveness, brevity, and efficiency of the employed integration methods. They also suggest their applicability to delving into more intricate nonlinear models emerging in modern science and engineering scenarios. The novelty of this research lies in its detailed analysis of the governing model, which provides insights into its complex dynamics and varied wave structures. This study also advances the understanding of nonlinear wave properties in shallow water by combining bifurcation analysis, chaotic behavior, waveform characteristics, and stability assessments.

Heat Transfer Application of Nanofluids and Testing of Thermal Conductivity

In response to the growing demand for more efficient heat transfer technologies in various industrial processes, the development of nanofluids has emerged as a promising solution. Traditional heat transfer fluids like mineral oil, ethylene glycol, and water have relatively low thermal conductivities compared to solids, limiting the compactness and efficiency of heat exchangers. Nanofluids, which are created by suspending ultrafine metallic or nonmetallic solid powders in base fluids, exhibit enhanced thermal properties due to the superior thermal conductivities of solid materials. This paper reviews the preparation, thermal conductivity measurement, and influencing factors of nanofluids, with a focus on thermal conductivity as the primary driver for improved heat transfer. The preparation of nanofluids involves either a one-step or two-step method, with the two-step method being more commonly used for oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as Al2O3, ZnO, MgO, TiO2, and SiO2. The study discusses stabilization techniques like ultrasonication and magnetic force agitation to ensure homogeneous suspension and long-term stability of the nanofluids. The thermal conductivity measurements are conducted using short hot wire (SHW) and transient hot wire (THW) techniques, with considerations of the nonsteady-state nature and potential error sources. The research underscores the importance of rigorous experimental design and accurate data analysis to address the complexities and variability in thermal conductivity measurements, ultimately contributing to the advancement of nanofluid technologies for efficient heat transfer solutions.

Assessment of Child, Parent and Operator Preferences towards the use of Papoose Board in Pediatric Dentistry: A Mixed Method Study

Introduction Protective stabilization techniques and physical restraints may be required for when the traditional techniques of behaviour management are ineffective. A papoose board (PB) is a safe stabilization device that is highly effective in managing uncooperative or anxious children. However, in the current era, the child, parent and operator preferences towards the use of papoose board needs to be explored. Material and Methods A 12-point questionnaire was administered to child, parents and operator. Preferences to the use of papoose board were assessed quantitatively as well as qualitatively based on the images of papoose board usage shown. Quantitative data was expressed as frequency with percentage. Qualitative data was assessed through thematic analysis. Results 30 children ( 3-12yrs ) and their parents (11- Fathers; 19- Mothers), 15 operators were included in this study. Mean age of the children was 7.7 ± 2.6 yrs. 70% of children did not prefer the use of papoose board as they were scared and did not want to be tied up. 53.33% of parents preferred the use of papoose board as they thought of it as a protective device for their children. 46.66% of operators preferred the use of papoose board for unco-operative children. Summary and Conclusions Children did not prefer the use of papoose board but parents and operators preferred the use of papoose board. Key Words Behavior management; Physical restraint; Papoose board

A stabilized SAV difference scheme and its accelerated solver for spatial fractional Cahn–Hilliard equations

A novel energy-stable scheme is proposed to solve the spatial fractional Cahn–Hilliard equations, using the idea of scalar auxiliary variable (SAV) approach and stabilization technique. Thanks to the stabilization technique, it is shown that larger temporal stepsizes can be applied in numerical simulations. Moreover, the proposed SAV finite difference scheme is non-coupled and linearly implicit, which can be efficiently solved by the preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) method with a sine transform based preconditioner. Optimal error estimates of the fully-discrete scheme are obtained rigorously. Numerical examples are given to confirm the theoretical results and show the higher efficiency of the proposed scheme than the previous SAV schemes.

A Brief Review on Soil Stabilization Techniques

Soil stabilization techniques play a crucial role in enhancing the engineering properties of soils, ensuring their suitability for various construction applications. This review paper synthesizes the findings from multiple studies on soil stabilization methods and their effectiveness in improving soil characteristics. A comprehensive comparison of different stabilization techniques, including traditional methods like cement and lime stabilization, as well as modern approaches utilizing materials such as fly ash, coal bottom ash, and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), is presented. The review examines the impact of these techniques on soil strength, moisture content, and swelling behavior. Additionally, innovative approaches such as microbial-induced carbonate precipitation and chemical grouting with polymers are explored for their potential in soil stabilization. The paper also discusses the environmental implications and economic feasibility of various stabilization methods. Through a thorough analysis of the literature, this review aims to provide insights into the selection and application of soil stabilization techniques based on specific soil conditions and project requirements. Keywords— Soil stabilization, ground improvement, engineering properties, traditional methods, modern techniques, environmental impact, economic feasibility.

Navigated Anterior Full-Endoscopic Transcervical Approach Odontoidectomy for Traumatic Posterior Atlantoaxial Dislocation Without Odontoid Fracture.

Complete posterior atlantoaxial dislocation (PAAD) with an unfractured odontoid process is a rare condition where a dislocated but intact odontoid process is positioned ventrally to the anterior arch of C1. This lesion is related to transverse and alar ligament rupture secondary to hyperextension and rotatory traumatic injury and is often associated with neurological deficit. The treatment strategy remains controversial, and in many cases, odontoidectomy is required. Traditional approaches for odontoidectomy (transnasal and transoral) are technically demanding and are related to several complications. This article describes a 360° reduction and stabilization technique through a navigated anterior full-endoscopic transcervical approach (nAFETA) as a novel technique for odontoidectomy and C1-C2 anterior transarticular fixation supplemented with posterior fusion. A 21-year-old man presented to the emergency room by ambulance after a motorcycle accident. On evaluation, incomplete ASIA B spinal cord injury was documented. Imaging revealed a complete PAAD. We performed a two-staged procedure, a nAFETA odontoidectomy plus C1-C2 anterior transarticular fixation followed by posterior C1-C2 wired fusion. At a 2-year follow-up, the patient had a 10-point Oswestry Disability Index score and neurological improvement to ASIA E. PAAD can be successfully treated through minimally invasive nAFETA. Noteworthy, the risks of the transoral and endonasal routes were avoided through this approach. In addition, nAFETA allows anterior transarticular fixation during the same procedure providing spinal stability. Further studies are required to expand the use of nAFETA in this field.

CARDIAC REHABILITATION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT: CONTRASTS IN ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND ILLNESS PERCEPTION LEVELS

Abstract Background Investigating the relationship between psychological factors and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has long been a focal point of previous research. Researchers have primarily focused on identifying possible predictive factors for CVD’s development and examining patients’ responses during acute or chronic phases, but less is known about the role of cardiac rehabilitation and the types of psychological treatments on patients’ psychological status. Aims The aim of this study is to compare anxiety, depression, and illness perception levels of patients affected by different cardiovascular diseases at the beginning (t0), at the end (t1), and three months after a cardiac rehabilitation program (t2) in which patients were involved in three different types of psychological treatments: psychoeducational intervention group, progressive muscle relaxation training integrated with Jacobson‘s technique and imaginative stabilization techniques, individual counseling. Methods In this study were involved patients with recent episodes of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), heart failure (HF) or cardiac surgery undergoing cardiac rehabilitation between January 2023 and August 2023 at ASST Bergamo Est. To assess anxiety, depression and illness perception levels of participants we used self–report questionnaires that included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (Brief–IPQ). Patients could be assigned to different psychological treatments based on their clinical condition. Results The study involved 181 participants, namely N=36 ACS cases (19.9%), N=25 CHF (13.8%), and N=120 cardiac surgery (66.3%). As shown in Table 1, males were 71.3% (N=129) and the average age was 65.96 years old (SD=11.904). One hundred–sixty einght patients participated in psychoeducational intervention group, 120 in relaxation training, and 35 in individual counseling. Statistically significant differences in anxiety, depression, and illness perception levels were observed at the program‘s initiation (t0) and upon completion (t1 and t2) in relation to the psychological treatments: individual counseling had a better impact on levels of anxiety and depression and on the development of a more adequate perception of illness. Conclusions The type of psychological treatment during cardiac rehabilitation appears to give different results in terms of psychological status, self–care and disease management of patients.

Combined Medial Quadriceps Tendon-Femoral Ligament and Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction for Revision Patellofemoral Soft-Tissue Stabilization

Patients with recurrent patellofemoral instability in whom prior medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction fails present unique challenges for revision soft-tissue stabilization owing to scar tissue formation, limited patellar bone stock for anchor placement, and increased risk of patellar fracture. We describe a technique for revision patellofemoral soft-tissue stabilization that combines MPFL and medial quadriceps tendon–femoral ligament reconstruction techniques through combined fixation to the patella with 1 suture anchor and soft-tissue fixation to the quadriceps tendon. The proposed technique maximizes restoration of resistance to lateral translation by attempting to re-create the native MPFL attachment and minimizes patellar fracture risk in the setting of poor bone stock through the use of a single 1.8-mm all-suture suture anchor rather than bone tunnels or multiple anchor placement for bony fixation.

Cement kiln dust and polypropylene fiber in expansive clay improvement

For civil engineers, expansive soils pose a great deal of difficulty because of their sensitivity to volume changes with different moisture levels. These difficulties are compounded by the widespread occurrence of swelling clay, which can seriously harm infrastructure, especially in arid or semi-arid areas. The geotechnical qualities of these soils have been improved through the use of various additives and techniques, resolving this problem and making the soils suitable for building. Numerous stabilization techniques, nevertheless, may have negative environmental effects. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the use of local waste or by-products to stabilize soil in order to preserve the environment and lower stabilization costs, especially in road construction projects.To address these issues, an experiment was conducted to determine how locally obtained cement kiln dust (CKD), both alone and combined with polypropylene fibers, affected the properties of plastic clay soil, also referred to as expansive clay from Cheffia.The main objective of this study is to assess how well different CKD percentages (from 5% to 25%) stabilize soil while improving its mechanical and physical properties. The study also aims to explain how the addition of polypropylene fiber affects the unconfined compressive strength and compaction behavior of the soil in the optimal CKD-soil mixture. The results of the analysis show that the addition of cement kiln dust (CKD) significantly improved the studied soil's workability, compaction, and strength. Additionally, adding polypropylene fibers strengthens the clay's resistance to compression, which presents encouraging opportunities for reducing the difficulties brought on by expansive soils in civil engineering applications.

Enhancing stability and immobilization techniques for graphitic carbon nitride in photocatalytic applications

Emerging contaminants from urban and industrial sources require effective water treatment and photocatalysis using graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) is emerging as a promising solution. This graphitic polymer, devoid of metals in its structure, exhibits properties similar to titanium oxide, the quintessential traditional photocatalyst. This work aims to optimize the application of GCN as photocatalysts, emphasizing its role in photocatalytic processes by improving its properties for the visible light-assisted photodegradation process and assessing the removal of a selected pollutant, Rhodamine B. Initially, the role of the catalyst precursor (urea, melamine and a ratio 1:1 of them) in the synthesis was evaluated. GCN obtained from urea as precursor yielded to better properties and higher purity of the catalyst. In addition, through acid treatment, slight improvements in the material properties were verified, such as an increase of the crystallinity and active sites. This acid modified catalyst enhanced the photocatalytic process, achieving complete removal of Rhodamine B in 30 min. A significant improvement in the chemical stability of the material was also observed, maintaining nearly its entire removal efficacy after 10 cycles. However, several operational problems were observed due to the powder form of the GCN, and, thus, requesting the development of efficient immobilized catalysts. Therefore, three techniques (encapsulation, electrospinning, and composite) were evaluated and the variations in GCN distribution and their influence on the photocatalysis process ascertained. From this evaluation, it can be concluded that the electrospinning technique, using polyacrylonitrile polymer (PAN) to form fibres, generated a highly porous, hydrophilic material with excellent floatability. This allowed maximizing radiation exposure during the process, achieving an 85 % reduction of Rhodamine B concentration in 90 min. Among other remarkable properties, GCN exhibits high reusability when incorporated into PAN fibres, as it remained chemically and physically stable, retaining more than 85 % of its dye removal efficiency after 4 cycles.

Dynamic Scheduling and Power Allocation with Random Arrival Rates in Dense User-Centric Scalable Cell-Free MIMO Networks

In this paper, we address scheduling methods for queue stabilization and appropriate power allocation techniques in downlink dense user-centric scalable cell-free multiple-input multiple-output (CF-MIMO) networks. Scheduling is performed by the central processing unit (CPU) scheduler using Lyapunov optimization for queue stabilization. In this process, the drift-plus-penalty is utilized, and the control parameter V serves as the weighting factor for the penalty term. The control parameter V is fixed to achieve queue stabilization. We introduce the dynamic V method, which adaptively selects the control parameter V considering the current queue backlog, arrival rate, and effective rate. The dynamic V method allows flexible scheduling based on traffic conditions, demonstrating its advantages over fixed V scheduling methods. In cases where UEs scheduled with dynamic V exceed the number of antennas at the access point (AP), the semi-orthogonal user selection (SUS) algorithm is employed to reschedule UEs with favorable channel conditions and orthogonality. Dynamic V shows the best queue stabilization performance across all traffic conditions. It shows a 10% degraded throughput performance compared to V = 10,000. Max-min fairness (MMF), sum SE maximization, and fractional power allocation (FPA) are widely considered power allocation methods. However, the power allocation method proposed in this paper, combining FPA and queue-based FPA, achieves up to 60% better queue stabilization performance compared to MMF. It is suitable for systems requiring low latency.

Use of computed tomography for shoulder arthroplasty: A systematic review

IntroductionThe prevalence of total shoulder arthroplasties is on the rise annually. Improvements in implant quality, construct stability, and surgical techniques have notably enhanced post-operative results, prompting an expansion of indications for shoulder arthroplasty. Despite its high success rate, opportunities for enhancement remain, especially in preoperative planning and intraoperative execution. Advanced imaging technologies offer significant potential in optimizing implant placement, thus improving the longevity of the procedure. To our knowledge, a comprehensive review examining the impact of advanced imaging on shoulder arthroplasty has yet to be conducted. This systematic review aims to investigate the benefits of advanced imaging technologies in this context, focusing on their application in preoperative planning, osteoarthritis assessment, intraoperative adjustments, patient-specific instrumentation, and navigational aids. MethodsThis review utilized a comprehensive search of PubMed to identify relevant studies published from 2000 to 2024, focusing on the application of various imaging techniques in shoulder arthroplasty. The search was conducted by two authors and centered on plain radiography, CT scans, and MRI. The selection criteria included availability of full-text articles, English language, direct comparison of imaging techniques, and a focus on patient outcomes, including discussions on broader applications such as intraoperative navigation and patient-specific instrumentation development. ResultsEnhanced imaging techniques, particularly CT scans and MRIs, have been shown to significantly improve outcomes in shoulder arthroplasty. While plain radiographs remain standard, CT scans provide superior bony detail, crucial for evaluating glenoid wear and determining augmentation needs. Preoperative CT imaging has been demonstrated to enhance implant placement accuracy. Moreover, intraoperative technologies based on CT imaging, such as patient-specific instrumentation and navigation systems, contribute to better surgical results. ConclusionThe benefits of CT imaging in shoulder arthroplasty significantly outweigh the associated costs. Current literature strongly supports the adoption of CT imaging in these procedures, particularly when used alongside modern operative technologies.

Analytical and numerical solutions to the Klein–Gordon model with cubic nonlinearity

In this paper, the nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation’s exact solutions are obtained through the application of an appropriate transformation based on He’s semi-inverse approach. This equation considered a generalization of other famous models in applied science, such as Phi-4 equation, Duffing equation, Fisher–Kolmogorov model through population dynamics and Hodgkin–Huxley equation that characterizes the propagation of electrical signals via nervous system. The suggested approach is simple, robust, and efficient, and its application in other partial differential equations in applied science seems promising. Numerical solution of the nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation is presented using finite difference method. The method’s accuracy is demonstrated by contrasting it with the exact solution that we obtained. The Von Neumann stability technique is applied to obtain the stability condition and a convergent test is presented Some 2D and 3D graphs matching to chosen solutions are simulated by taking into account appropriate values for the parameters.

Stress–displacement stabilized finite element analysis of thin structures using Solid-Shell elements, Part II: Finite strain hyperelasticity

This work is the second of a two-part research project focused on modeling solid-shell elements using a stabilized two-field finite element formulation. The first part introduces a stabilization technique based on the Variational Multiscale framework, which is proven to effectively address numerical locking in infinitesimal strain problems. The primary objective of the study was to characterize the inherent numerical locking effects of solid-shell elements in order to comprehensively understand their triggers and how stabilized mixed formulations can overcome them. In this current phase of the work, the concept is extended to finite strain solid dynamics involving hyperelastic materials. The aim of introducing this method is to obtain a robust stabilized mixed formulation that enhances the accuracy of the stress field. This improved formulation holds great potential for accurately approximating shell structures undergoing finite deformations. To this end, three techniques based in the Variational Multiscale stabilization framework are presented. These stabilized formulations allow circumventing the compatibility restriction of interpolating spaces of the unknowns inherent to mixed formulations, thus allowing any combination of them. The accuracy of the stress field is successfully enhanced while maintaining the accuracy of the displacement field. These improvements are also inherited to the solid-shell elements, providing locking-free approximation of thin structures.

An eigenvalue stabilization technique for immersed boundary finite element methods in explicit dynamics

The application of immersed boundary methods in static analyses is often impeded by poorly cut elements (small cut elements problem), leading to ill-conditioned linear systems of equations and stability problems. While these concerns may not be paramount in explicit dynamics, a substantial reduction in the critical time step size based on the smallest volume fraction χ of a cut element is observed. This reduction can be so drastic that it renders explicit time integration schemes impractical. To tackle this challenge, we propose the use of a dedicated eigenvalue stabilization (EVS) technique.The EVS-technique serves a dual purpose. Beyond merely improving the condition number of system matrices, it plays a pivotal role in extending the critical time increment, effectively broadening the stability region in explicit dynamics. As a result, our approach enables robust and efficient analyses of high-frequency transient problems using immersed boundary methods. A key advantage of the stabilization method lies in the fact that only element-level operations are required.This is accomplished by computing all eigenvalues of the element matrices and subsequently introducing a stabilization term that mitigates the adverse effects of cutting. Notably, the stabilization of the mass matrix Mc of cut elements – especially for high polynomial orders p of the shape functions – leads to a significant raise in the critical time step size Δtcr.To demonstrate the efficiency of our technique, we present two specifically selected dynamic benchmark examples related to wave propagation analysis, where an explicit time integration scheme must be employed to leverage the increase in the critical time step size.

Design of Low Noise Low Power Instrumentation Amplifier for Biomedical Applications

Advancements in integrated circuit (IC) technology and circuit design are enabling devices to replace complex biological applications. Despite this progress, achieving necessary functionality at low power levels is crucial for fully integrated systems. Biomedical devices like pacemakers, which require ongoing battery charging, operate at nanowatt power levels over several years. To ensure long-term pacemaker survival, an Analog Front End (AFE) with low to moderate power consumption and high precision is essential. The front-end Instrumentation Amplifier (INA) is vital for signal acquisition, significantly improving the effectiveness of ECG signal collection systems.The primary aim of this research is to develop an integrated ECG instrumentation amplifier (INA) that can deliver top-notch performance while keeping noise and power consumption to a minimum. This amplifier will enable seamless monitoring of the ECG signal without interruptions. Using an AC connected Common Mode Feedback system [1]. in conjunction with an Operational Trans-conductance Amplifier (OTA) that uses a Chopper stabilization technique, the study's band pass filtering response within the ECG signal frequency range of 0-100Hz is obtained as anticipated. CMOS 45 nm technology is used throughout the entire process using Mentor Graphics EDA Tools