Architectural Techniques Research Articles

Архитектурная специфика суннитских и шиитских мечетей Ирана

The study aims to examine impact of Iran religious beliefs on architectural and spatial structure of the Muslim temple buildings belonging to the Sunni and Shia religious denominations. The work is devoted to analysing, for the first time in science, the volume-spatial composition of the Shia mosques compared to that of the Sunni ones in Iran architecture. The article is novel in that it studies architectural specifics dictated by peculiarities of the Sunni and Shia cults. The results show that the main distinctive feature separating the Shia mosques from the Sunni ones is precise organisation of believers’ movements inside a mosque achieved by a number of architectural techniques reviewed in the article.

Research on the Application of Pop Art in Modern Architectural Form Design

Under the influence of the information age, modern architecture tends to develop in a diversified direction. Pop art, which was born in the middle of the 20th century, is the product of a specific historical period. the popular, grotesque and playful art form shown by pop art has a far-reaching impact on the development of modern architectural forms. to a certain extent, pop art breaks the boundary between art and life in a relaxed and playful popular way. With the increasingly monotonous style of modernist architecture, the appearance of the city has become increasingly rigid and monotonous. Pop architecture has entered the public line of sight with its popular and witty characteristics, injecting new vitality into modern architecture. However, some elements and design techniques of pop architecture can still be found in today‘s architecture and have a far-reaching impact. Through the analysis of the emergence, development and characteristics of pop art, combined with the relevant cases of modern pop architecture at home and abroad, from the point of view of collage integration, figurative architecture and mechanical reproduction, this paper expounds the application of pop art in modern architectural form design, and provides a new way for reference in architectural form design.

A survey on C4ISR system architecture technique

A survey on C4ISR system architecture technique

A survey on C4ISR system architecture technique

With the rapid development of information technique, the warfare modes changes continuously, converting from “Platform Centric Warfare” to “Network Centric Warfare” gradually. C4ISR system becomes networking, service oriented and intelligent. C4ISR systems are required to possess higher capability of situation awareness and coordination decision-making due to the integrative joint operations. In this paper, C4ISR systems are studied comprehensively. The development and main technique of C4ISR are outlined, and the current research states of its architecture are reviewed in detail. Finally, the major problems confronting in the research are summarized

Catena: A Near-Threshold, Sub-0.4-mW, 16-Core Programmable Spatial Array Accelerator for the Ultralow-Power Mobile and Embedded Internet of Things

In this article, we present Catena, a near-threshold voltage 16-core programmable spatial array accelerator supporting workloads for ultralow-power (ULP) mobile and embedded Internet of Things applications. We observe that employing supply voltage scaling alone in a large-scale, massively parallel spatial architecture, such as Catena, results in marginal runtime energy efficiency. The reason is that ultralow-voltage operation magnifies the energy waste of underutilized and always-on hardware in portion to the system's total energy consumption. Hence, we propose circuit and architecture techniques to minimize such energy waste and extend the energy efficiency of our spatial array accelerator architecture. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques, we design and prototype Catena in a 65-nm low-power CMOS. Our prototype achieves 228 pJ/cycle. As compared to a spatial-like architecture running the same workload, Catena achieves 2.7× higher energy efficiency.

Algorithmic design and evaluation of emergency shelters

ABSTRACT Humanitarian architecture as a domain of architecture that deals with people in need and has peculiar characteristics in regards to what and how does the architect design. In the last three decades, there have been major developments in the architectural techniques that are currently not adopted with their full potential by the humanitarian sector. The aim of the research presented in this paper was to develop new methods for shelter design that have integrated automation of various tasks and leave others to the professionals. The developed algorithm for semi-automated design is used to make shelter study models that are presented here. The research critically addresses the widely accepted design standard for shelter height and area and proposes an alternative approach for shelter evaluation.

Finding one's way: contemporary churches of Ryazan in the works of priest Konstantin Kamyshanov

Introduction. The research goal is to identify and analyze the architectural features of the orthodox church buildings, designed and built in Ryazan since the early 2000ies. A number of objectives are to be accomplished to achieve this pre-set goal: one must identify and study the church buildings constructed in Ryazan, analyze the space-planning solutions and break them down into typological groups; besides, one should study the biography of their architect, as his professional track record influences the city’s historical and architectural appearance. This research is focused on contemporary church architecture exemplified by orthodox church buildings.
 Materials and methods. Field studies serve as the backbone of this research which encompasses fact finding and photographic recording of the source material, information analysis and generalization, tabulation, making conclusions and formulating the opinion.
 Results. The co-authors have analyzed the problems of contemporary church architecture and made a brief analysis of the history of orthodox church building in Ryazan. The overview encompasses 12 orthodox church buildings constructed in 2000–2014, as well as the key facts and dates associated with their construction. The co-authors have also identified compositional and other unique features of the new church buildings. They have outlined the milestones in the creative biography of the architect who designed these items of contemporary church architecture.
 Conclusions. The research findings comprise a scholarly insight into contemporary church architecture. The analysis of new church buildings has helped to identify the features, peculiarities and architectural techniques, applied by the architect. The features, identified by the co-authors, define the appearance/typology of contemporary church buildings and their constructions.

XERISCAPE AS AN APPROACH TO SAVE WATER IN LANDSCAPE PROJECTS

Water is an important rare resource that needs to be saved. In spite of considering landscape architecture as one of the most components of cities that use a huge amount of water, it can be an approach to save water without losing the beauty of cities. Therefore, the research pinpoints the dilemma of landscape architecture and its relationship with water and how to design the landscape using less water by different means. The research argues that xeriscape concept is an approach to guarantee the sustainability of landscape architecture. This can be achieved by the ideal usage of water by selecting the suitable techniques either the irrigation system or reusing water, moreover, by the proper management for landscape architecture and its requirements. The research discusses these approaches through the literature review and concludes the different means of saving water by applying the xeriscape concept, irrigation systems, and management. These means are summarized in a schedule in order to be a guide for landscapers to save water in landscape architectural projects. This schedule is used to measure the percentage of applying the concluded items for saving water in different selected gardens to illustrate some useful water-conserving techniques in landscape architecture.

GREEN SPACES IN CITIES AND SURROUNDINGS. SEARCH FOR THE WAYS TO OPTIMIZE ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONS IN THE CONCEPT OF «GREAT LVIV»

Forming of green spaces in Lviv has a long-lasting historical tradition starting from city inclusion into Austro-Hungarian Empire and continuing in the period be-tween wars (Polish) (1919–1939) and German-Soviet period (1939–1989). Landscap-ing was treated differently in these periods. Relevant approaches to city landscaping and architectural techniques were formed. Currently the intensification and concen-tration of developments is taking place in the city, anthropological pressure on bio-logically active city territories is growing, “green islands” are disappearing, air pollu-tion is increasing, integrity and continuity of green spaces are being violated and the requirements enshrined in the laws, rules and urban planning documents are not com-plied with. The number of green spaces in the city is reducing and their quality is de-teriorating. Characteristics of natural-landscape conditions of Lviv suburban zone and its resources indicates the unique natural-landscape peculiarities of the territory: it is lo-cated on the main European watershed. There are certain natural areas here with complicated configuration (geomorphological area of Lviv Roztochya, Lviv plateau, Hryadove Pobuzhzhya (banks along the tributaries of the Western Bug River), plain of Small Polissya, etc). The corresponding regimen of “nature’s life” was formed. The system of settlement in suburban areas has been formed historically and is de-pendent on natural-landscape conditions: the khutir (isolated farmstead) system is preserved in the Western direction; established settlement system was ruined in the course of construction of military training area; settlements are concentrated towards the direction of Lviv and transport communications. New construction within the area under research is characterized by non-systemic and chaotic nature — the decisive role here is played by specialists in land management, who set the perspectives of set-tlements development and urbanization processes expansion by their local decisions. In general, the territories have considerable natural-landscape capacity and reserves for development. However, the integral concept of landscapes protection and per-spective use and development of Lviv suburbs is lacking. Main activity is taking place at the level of newly created territorial communities, creating environmental and social-economic threats for Lviv and the territories in future. The problems of green spaces and their interaction with surroundings are out-lined. Main attention is focused on project mistakes and violations of standards and requirements of urban planning documents. Analysis of strategic documents devel-oped in the recent decades shows that they are of declarative nature; there isn’t any objective statistics; the structure is not developed and city processes are not moni-tored; local programs and experts’ views are manipulated. Of special concern are the issues of ignoring of master plan requirements, speculative approach of local territo-rial communities to development and use of territories (including the development of nature protection areas); orientation solely on capital inflow. Existing suggestions on improvement of environmental situation in the city and optimization of city interac-tion with surroundings are examined and the authors’ suggestions are outlined. Lviv and its suburbs will have to change — to be oriented on human-centered and envi-ronmentally sound approach to co-existence, improvement of socio-environmental-economic efficiency of the use of resources, — which the concept of urban planning system “Great Lviv” is oriented on.

SCENOGRAPHY AS THE NATURAL PROPERTY OF ARCHITECTURE

Based on the analysis of public objects of different historical periods, the basic quality of the architecture, which is responsible for the influence of spaces on human consciousness, is determined. In addition to utilitarian purpose, public spaces play a significant role in establishing rules of communication between visitors, in the transfer of values and in the formation of psychological state [1, 2]. The scenography is responsible for human participation in the processes not only at the physical level, performing these actions, but also at the level of comprehension and perception of reality. Based on studies of different objects, it has been determined that scenography is a primary factor in the creation of architecture, which in turn dictates both the aesthetic design and the distribution of functional processes. Function and form are interconnected in a specific way in order to influence the human state.This, in turn, explains why a different architectures appear that are similar in their functions. The article analyzes how the art of architecture is similar to the design of the stage space, as well as the basic approaches, both in the creation of architecture and in scenography. The scenographies of objects formed in different historical periods are revealed. It is investigated how the combination of architectural techniques and qualities in a certain sequence, influences the formation of a person's psychological state. It is determined what role in the creation of objects the values that are inherent in a particular society play. The architecture that is created as scenography for specific events leads to the visitor's interest to participate in the processes, to empathize and to interact with others in a specific way. This approach is primarily aimed at achieving the goals related to the management and manipulation of society.

Technological metaworlds in travel

This study offers a theoretical extension of previous work on physical metaworlds by using an interpretive methodology to investigate technological metaworlds in travel. While physical and technological metaworlds initially seem to share some core characteristics, a deeper dive into the data reveals important differences. Specifically, concepts related to the cognitive dissonance of technological metaworlds consistently emerged in the data collection and analysis, suggesting more adverse psychological impacts relative to the physical variety previously articulated in the literature. How and why this occurs is discussed through the delineation of a core conceptual category named Cognitive Dissonance of Technological Metaworlds and three associated sub-categories: Cognitive Dissonance of Technology as Tool, Cognitive Dissonance of Technology as Safe Haven, and Cognitive Dissonance of Technology as Placeless Space. These findings extend existing theory in this area while also illuminating future inquiry on issues related to the psychological impacts of technology use in travel. Destination managers may use these findings in conjunction with choice architecture techniques to help travelers make experience-optimizing decisions about technology use.

Classical order theory in the modern architectural educational process

The paper discusses the development of the theory of the classical orders of architecture in Russia in the XVIII – XIX centuries. The special significance of the works of professors of the Institute of Civil Engineers in the development of classical theory and in the education of outstanding architects is revealed. The problems and the need for teaching order theory for modern students are analyzed. The structure of the presentation of the most important concepts and techniques of classical architecture is indicated. A clear structuring of information will allow architects and restorers to freely operate a system of order architectural forms in the design.

Bayesian modeling of radiocarbon and luminescence dated samples from the Reales Alcázares of Seville

The set of palaces that make up the Reales Alcazares of Seville were built successively over a span of nearly 1000 years. Traditional methods, such as using comparisons between architectural styles and most often imprecise historical texts, had established the origin and evolution of this royal complex still in use. Architectural archaeology techniques have radically altered traditional conclusions, building a completely new framework for the evolution of the complex and providing new dates on its origin and evolution. However, archaeological dating techniques are not as precise as needed; therefore, a Bayesian modeling approach has been carried out with radiocarbon and luminescence samples in combination with other relative dating techniques achieving important results.

Архитектурно–конструктивные приемы церкви Воскрешения Лазаря Муромского (о. Кижи)

Архитектурно–конструктивные приемы церкви Воскрешения Лазаря Муромского (о. Кижи)

Novel fountain data estimation scheme by exploiting Bayesian model classification in wireless sensor networks

The crucial goal of fountain codes is to reduce the use of a feedback channel. Their roll-out is limited by multi-hops transmission. With the multi-hops transmission, fountain codes raise the problem of overflow engendering a waste of energy. The number of encoded packets generated is significantly reduced and the residual energy can be preserved with a clustered architecture and classification technique. In this paper, we consider a distributed estimation scheme comprising a sensor member and a fusion centre. To reduce the number of useless encoded packets and the number of transmissions, we determine the number of encoded packets to recover data. We adopt fountain codes for data encoding. Then, packets are assembled at the Cluster Head (CH). Each CH provides a final estimation using a classification. We prove the power of fountain codes and training machine learning models to exactly calculate the estimate and to preserve residual energy.

Transforming Data, Talent and Communications into Impact at Sheraton Okinawa Sunmarina Resort

In an effort to transform business operations and to integrate the property into the Sheraton chain of the hotel after a recent acquisition of the Okinawa Sunmarina Resort, the Starwood group was exploring opportunities for revamping talent operations, organizational architecture and internal communications. Shifting from pure intuition and just “doing one‟s best” to a data-driven business operation was one of the first initiatives the management implemented. Along with this, the Starwood Group introduced a series of new talent operations, geared at hiring and successfully on-boarding international talent needed to provide multi-lingual service to a rapidly diversifying clientele. These initiatives were complemented by a combination of carefully devised data utilization and cognitive architecture techniques, which were meant to induce awe and to create agile employee and customer engagement. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the effectiveness of the techniques utilized by the Starwood Group to revamp organizational architecture and to modernize communications and talent operations in order to illustrate the effectiveness of digitalization, built architecture and user engagement initiatives in creating modern organizations, integrated communications, and agile talent operations.

САДЫ РАБАТА, КАК ПРИМЕР ИНТЕНСИВНОГО ВЛИЯНИЯ ЕВРОПЫ НА КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ЛАНДШАФТЫ СЕВЕРНОЙ АФРИКИ

The article examines the formation of a neo-Mauritanian landscape and architectural style of Morocco, new for North Africa, during the reign of the French protectorate in the first half of the 20th century. A historical retrospective of the works of French architects, descriptions of the gardens and parks of the city of Rabat, built and reconstructed during the rule of the French protectorate, are given. Brief information is given about the redevelopment of the city, according to the ideas of the modern structure of colonial cities that existed at that time, described in the works of French architects. The process of landscape-architectural organization of the garden space is analyzed. The main planning and design features of the Moroccan gardens of the first half of the twentieth century, as well as the significance of the main elements that embody symbolic, religious and practical ideas, are revealed. It has been established that when designing the gardens, French architects tried to combine several styles, including landscape and architectural techniques traditional for Islamic gardens, inscribing them into the classical French regular layout characteristic of the European Art Nouveau period.

A Randomized Parallel Algorithm for Efficiently Finding Near-Optimal Universal Hitting Sets.

As the volume of next generation sequencing data increases, an urgent need for algorithms to efficiently process the data arises. Universal hitting sets (UHS) were recently introduced as an alternative to the central idea of minimizers in sequence analysis with the hopes that they could more efficiently address common tasks such as computing hash functions for read overlap, sparse suffix arrays, and Bloom filters. A UHS is a set of -mers that hit every sequence of length , and can thus serve as indices to -long sequences. Unfortunately, methods for computing small UHSs are not yet practical for real-world sequencing instances due to their serial and deterministic nature, which leads to long runtimes and high memory demands when handling typical values of (e.g. ). To address this bottleneck, we present two algorithmic innovations to significantly decrease runtime while keeping memory usage low: (i) we leverage advanced theoretical and architectural techniques to parallelize and decrease memory usage in calculating -mer hitting numbers; and (ii) we build upon techniques from randomized Set Cover to select universal -mers much faster. We implemented these innovations in PASHA, the first randomized parallel algorithm for generating nearoptimal UHSs, which newly handles . We demonstrate empirically that PASHA produces sets only slightly larger than those of serial deterministic algorithms; moreover, the set size is provably guaranteed to be within a small constant factor of the optimal size. PASHA's runtime and memory-usage improvements are orders of magnitude faster than the current best algorithms. We expect our newly-practical construction of UHSs to be adopted in many high-throughput sequence analysis pipelines.

Impact of Orientation on the Thermal Performances in Vernacular Buildings in Hot Arid Climate

Morocco faces enormous climatic constraints. A large part of the national territory has a hot and dry climate, hence the importance of the climate aspect in the choice of an energy saving strategy. The use of reinterpreted, decontextualized, totally or partially vernacular architectural techniques and/or forms is visible at different levels in the Maghreb countries. The large-scale integration of this aspect seems to be ignored by the designers. The objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of the building orientation and vernacular architecture towards the occupant comfort, in order to meet its energy and comfort needs at a lower cost on one hand, and on the other hand, to design more efficient collective buildings from a thermal and energy point of view. The proposed methodology allows examining the thermal performances of a traditional building under the climatic conditions of the city of Rissani in order to naturally control comfort summer and winter, in addition to ensure a good thermal comfort without using any heating or cooling system. Finally, the simulations carried out lead to the identification of the optimal orientation that demonstrates an effective reduction in indoor temperatures and a decrease in the large daily fluctuations in these temperatures. The research focuses on the influence of the orientation of a building's facades in relation to the solar radiation and on providing the necessary thermal comfort.

The influence of Chinese architecture and art on European architecture and design of the period of the eighteenth - early twentieth centuries

Over the centuries of its development, Chinese architecture has developed its specific features, which are embodied in buildings of various functional purposes - imperial palaces, temples of Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism, small architectural forms, landscape gardening art and the like. The architecture and art of China are inherent in strict observance of the rules of Feng Shui, the correspondence of art and architecture to traditional religious beliefs, philosophy, and especially the socio-political structure of the state. Despite the change of dynasties, traditional architecture remained quite conservative, that is, we can talk about China's inherent continuity of architectural and artistic traditions. The definitive symbols by which ancient Chinese architecture is known in the world are the following: the typical silhouettes of buildings with traditional concave roofs covered with with tiling; the application of polychrome decorated supports, screens; over-saturation with details; the widespread use of complex-shaped carving, the symbolic significance of the mural plots, traditions of which are from prehistoric times, and even polychromy, where each colour had a particular meaning (the main colours were red, gold, blue, green and white).Traditional building materials were stone, wood, and ceramics. The quintessence of traditional signs of ancient Chinese architecture is the ensemble of the imperial Forbidden City in China, the central buildings of which are the three main ceremonial halls of Tài Hé Diàn (The Hall of Supreme Harmony) (Chinese. 太和 殿); Zhōng Hé Diàn (The Hall of Central Harmony) (Chinese. 中 和 殿) and Bǎo Hé Diàn (the Hall of Preserving Harmony) (Chinese 保 和 殿). In addition to them, the ensemble included palace structures, temples and sanctuaries located in the particular socio-political hierarchy. Because of its originality, traditional Chinese architecture has had a significant impact on the philosophy, art and architecture of European countries since the 17th century. It was the Chinese architecture and art tradition due to which the style of chinoiserie emerged. Chinoiserie (from French Chinoiserie, lit. Chinese), a type of orientalism that originated under the influence of the East India Trading Company, the manufacture of Delft ceramics and Golan lacquered furniture in Chinese traditions, manifested in the transformation of traditional techniques of medieval Chinese art and architecture in the art and architecture of Europe in the seventeenth century. The chinoiserie style was an imitating of Oriental art and architecture in general, of the exotic of the East in general, not limited to directly Chinese traditions. Subsequently, Chinese influences felt in later styles of historicism and modernism. At the same time, European variations cannot be considered the exact embodiment of Chinese architectural, artistic and design traditions, given the arbitrary use of forms and motifs from the Chinese philosophical and religious symbolic foundation, other polychrome and simplified forms and decor.