Research Techniques Research Articles

Policies and Practice of Force in Nigerian Policing: A Case Study of Yelwa Division Bauchi Police Command

This study aims to evaluate the policies and practice of force in Nigerian policing in yelwa division Bauchi Police command. The research objectives: know the mechanisms in existing policies that police use for mitigating excessive force, analyze the impact of police accountability mechanisms on public trust and community relations, evaluate the effectiveness of existing policies that police use in mitigating incidents of excessive force, assess the influence of training in de-escalation techniques and to access the implicit bias recognition on police officers' use of force in Yelwa division Bauchi Police command. This study employed survey research technique and developed a set of structured questionnaire as instrument utilized in collecting primary data. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques to provide a comprehensive overview of the respondents' perceptions and experiences. The findings indicate that majority of respondents believe that these mechanisms have increased trust and improved community relations, though some still report no change or a decrease in trust, respondents generally perceive existing policies as moderately effective in reducing excessive force, there is room for improvement. The study concludes that current policies require enhancement to improve their effectiveness in addressing excessive force. It recommended that regular policy reviews, improved community engagement, and enhanced transparency in accountability mechanisms. Additionally, it suggests the implementation of continuous training programs to better support officers in de-escalation and bias recognition. Limitations include a small sample size and variability in respondents' perceptions, which underscores the need for further research with a larger and more diverse sample to validate and expand upon these findings.

Lomas de Casa Blanca también es Querétaro: historias de cartón y roca

This article presents the results of a qualitative study conducted between 2021 and 2022 in the Lomas de Casa Blanca neighborhood. The general objective, grounded in the theoretical approach of local and oral history, was to explore the foundation and growth of this area through the application of hemerographic research techniques and open interviews. The study sought to describe, in the voices of the neighborhood's residents, how Lomas emerged, the conditions in which its first settlers lived, the challenges they faced, and the changes they perceive, particularly regarding gang activity, a phenomenon supposedly endogenous to the neighborhood.

Development of Class V STEM-R Based Science Teaching Materials

The aim of this research is to test the effectiveness of science teaching materials based on Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Religion (STEM-R). The research design used is Research & Development (R&D) research with the ADDIE development model. This research also uses a pretest-posttest control group design, namely a research design with 2 comparison classes. This research was carried out at Cahaya Ilmu Islamic Elementary School, Semarang. The research subjects were class V students in the first semester of the 2024/2025 academic year, which consisted of two classes with a total of 50 students, namely 25 children as the experimental class and 25 children as the control class. Data collection techniques in this research are test and non-test techniques. The test data collection instrument uses essay questions, and the non-test data collection instrument consists of a questionnaire and observation guidelines. Data analysis techniques in research consist of normality tests, homogeneity, linear regression tests, and N-Gain tests. The results of this research are that STEM-R-based science and science teaching materials are effective in improving student learning outcomes. This is proven by student learning results during the pretest and posttest. The average student posttest score was 84.4. The results of the linear regression test show that the Sig value, namely 0.00, is less than 0.05, so it can be concluded that there is a significant influence of STEM-R-based science teaching materials on the learning outcomes of fifth-grade students at Cahaya Ilmu Islamic Elementary School. The students' n-gain scores showed that there was a significant increase from pretest to posttest or after learning with STEM-R-based science teaching materials on the learning outcomes of fifth-grade students at Cahaya Ilmu Islamic Elementary School. Next, an average calculation was carried out to obtain an average n-gain for fifth-grade students at Cahaya Ilmu Islamic Elementary School of 0.61, which is in the medium n-gain criteria. The conclusion is that STEM-R-based science and science teaching materials are effective in improving student learning outcomes. Keywords: Teaching Materials, Science, STEM-R

A Review of Methods for Studying Reservoir Heterogeneity

Reservoir heterogeneity is an important influencing factor that affects the development effect of oil and gas reservoirs and improves the recovery rate. In recent years, the research methods and techniques of reservoir heterogeneity have made remarkable progress. The definition and development status of reservoir heterogeneity are systematically elaborated through literature research, and it is believed that reservoir heterogeneity is mainly researched from the aspects of macro and micro heterogeneity at present. Combined with the current research hot spots, the paper focuses on the principles and application examples of field outcrop profiling, high-resolution sequence stratigraphy, non-homogeneous composite index method, reservoir flow unit method, experimental data analysis and Lorentz curves, and reservoir geologic modeling, etc., and summarizes the main factors affecting reservoir non-homogeneity. This paper aims to deepen the understanding of reservoir non-homogeneity research and further provide theoretical reference and technical support for oil and gas reservoir development.

Mâtürîdî’nin İnanç Temalı Kıssalara Yaklaşımı: Hz. Mûsâ – Salih Kul Kıssası

In this study, it is discussed how Māturīdī understood and interpreted the story of Prophet Mūsā and the Pious Servant from a theological point of view in his commentary called Ta’wīlāt al-Qur’ān. The study aimed to analyze the parable of Prophet Mūsā and the Pious Servant according to Māturīdī by focusing on the attributes of will and power, especially the attribute of knowledge of Allāh. Content analysis method, one of the qualitative research techniques, was used in the study. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the parable of Prophet Mūsā and the Pious Servant contains many theological issues and Māturīdī expressed his own views on this occasion. In the parable of Prophet Mūsā - the Pious Servant, Māturīdī tries to determine the messages contained in the story on the one hand, and on the other hand, he makes inferences that are compatible with his own kalām system. In the parable of Prophet Mūsā - the Pious Servant, Māturīdī emphasized the absolute, limitless knowledge of Allāh. He did not consider the parable on the basis of nubuwwat-walāyat, as in Sufism, and evaluated the information that came to the Pious Servant within the scope of revelation. He did not make a clear statement about the Pious Servant’s religious identity. He emphasized his quality of being a servant and his acting with the revelation. According to him, the Pious Servant did not kill the child spontaneously, but by Allāh’s command. Therefore, this issue should not be overlooked. He rejected the principle of absolute submission of the Sufis in connection with the understanding of reason-based morality. Based on the dialogue between Prophet Mūsā and the Pious Servant before they set out on the journey to-gether, he made a few evaluations about the use of the word inshāllāh. It is as if he gave the message that our words and deeds should reflect our faith with this approach. In addition, he made theological inferences about the ability to act from the parable. * This article is the revised and developed version of the unpublished conference presentation entitled “Māturīdī’s Approach to the Faith-Themed Stories: The Narrative of Prophet Mūsā - The Pious Servant” at the 4th Turkish Symposium of Social Science.

THE EFFECT OF UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF PATRIOTISM AND LEARNING ENVIRONMENT OF MORALITY IN STUDENT LEARNING IN CIVIC EDUCATION IN SMK MUHAMMADIYAH 2 YOGYAKARTA

ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe Effect of Concept Training Patriotism against Morality Students at SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Yogyakarta, (2) whether there are Influence Learning Environment in Schools about the morality of students in SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Yogyakarta, and(3) whether there are simultaneously influence Patriotism Level concept Training and Learning Environment to Morality Students in Learning Citizenship Education at SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Yogyakarta. This research is a quantitative research. The instrument of this study using objective tests and questionnaires with interval measurement scale with Likert approach, if the data from this study using IBM SPSS program 21. The sample in this study is 10 x 3 variables studied (2 + 1 independent variable dependent variable) of the population. Data collection techniques of research using the technique of principal that comprehension tests and questionnaires, techniques of analysis in this study uses the classical assumption test consisting of test analysis of the distribution of the data, multicollinearity test, test Heteroskedesitas and Hypothesis Testing consists of Test The coefficient of determination (R2), Test F, and T test. The results showed that: (1) there is positive and significant level of understanding of the concept of patriotism against the morality of the students, the value of M statistics obtained t of 3.372 and p = 0.002. Because (3.372 2.051) and p 0.05, then H0 rejected and Ha accepted otherwise, (2) there is a positive and significant impact on the learning environment of the school to the student morality, values obtained t t statistic of 2.221 and p = 0.000. Because (2.221 2.051) and p 0.05, then H0 rejected and Ha accepted otherwise, and (3) there is a simultaneous effect between the level of understanding of the concept of patriotism and learning environment at school for morality SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Yogyakarta, the value of F statistic obtained Fhitung 18.407 and the value of p = 0.000. Because (16.724 3.385) and p 0.05, then H0 rejected and Ha accepted otherwise. Keywords. The Effect Of Understanding The Concept Of Patriotism, Learning Environment, Morality

Encouraging creativity in medical design contexts via a two-stage briefing process

Briefing designers to encourage creativity in medical or healthcare contexts is challenging, because of significant additional constraints. Previous work on the content of design briefs was analysed, and seven key scales for design brief characteristics were identified. Each scale ranged from the more normative, when targeting iterative improvement, to the more radical, when pursuing significant innovation. We present an action research design project that successfully navigated the additional constraints of a medical context. We evaluate the success of the project as having been dependent on a briefing process that operated at the more radical ends of these scales and suggest that similar benefits might be obtained in future, through a deliberate re-configuration of what would conventionally be pre-brief phases, into what we term ‘primary briefing’. A primary brief founds the use of design itself and has the secondary brief, or conventional product design brief, as its explicit aim. This is a technique for translating relevant aspects of design research techniques into commercial practice, towards ensuring strategic coherence.

The factors influencing self-management in patients with depression: a qualitative research from China

BackgroundAs depressed patients often fail to seek help and obtain treatment on time for reasons such as stigma and lack of treatment resources, research on self-management for depressed patients is crucial. This study aimed to explore the factors influencing self-management in depression patients from the perspectives of both patients and psychiatric nurses.MethodsSix depression patients and twelve psychiatric nurses were chosen for semi-structured interviews through a purposive sampling method from a tertiary Grade A psychiatric hospital in Shandong Province, China. The group of depressed patients included in the study had a male to female sex ratio of 1:1 with a mean age of 46years. The psychiatric nurse group had a male to female ratio of 1:2 with a mean age of 42.42 years. We used descriptive qualitative research techniques. Nvivo 12.0 software was used for the data management and analysis using thematic analysis.ResultsThe factors influencing the self-management of depression patients were summarized into three themes and eight sub-themes: disease impact (symptoms, stigma), the degree of symptom control (medication adherence, depression’s cognitive status, its treatment and rehabilitation as well as additional factors), and support (self-efficacy, external support).ConclusionsThis study found that multiple factors influence the self-management of depression patients, including disease impact, the degree of symptom control, and support. In addition to helping patients integrate social resources and seek social support, medical staff should also pay attention to changes in the patient’s condition and disease control. Moreover, they should help patients increase their self-efficacy and enhance their self-management abilities through health education and other means.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.

Testing Language Vitality Instuments: Falsification and Language Status Evaluation

Different instruments for language vitality are used to determine language status. However, doing so raises problems regarding the correctness of an instrument, especially in terms of differences in instruments among qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. This aspect exerts an impact on differences in the svariables of respondent criteria, data collection techniques, and the categorization of results. Moreover, a few of these instruments cannot necessarily be applied to all languages in Indonesia due to complex conditions. Moreover, this research is novel because it is the first to discuss linguistic theory using a philosophical approach, especially falsification approach. This aims to test validity of language vitality instruments. Furthermore, it attempts to identify instruments that can be applied to languages in Indonesia. The reason is that Indonesia features many local languages, which leads to complex linguistic situations and conditions. This research uses a descriptive qualitative methods. Research techniques use data taken from previous studies and observations. Data analysis uses Popper’s falsification theory. The result indicated that language vitality instruments require several new alternative theories to address the complex linguistic conditions in Indonesia. The principle of falsification can add truth value in determining language status, such that it can be accepted for all languages in Indonesia. However, the falsification is still required for minority languages and strengthens the truth value of languages that are extinct. This notion exerts a contribution on the deepening of language policy in Indonesia, such that all languages can undergo language vitality testing according to the characteristics of their languages.

Adaptation of clinical bacteriology techniques for remote polar research.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the key global public health threats currently facing humanity. The recent UN High-Level Meeting on AMR highlighted the need for greater knowledge generation on its environmental aspects while also considering the potential adverse effects of climate change. The polar regions of the world offer a unique opportunity for AMR research in a near-pristine environment while also holding the potential for novel resistance mechanisms and/or antimicrobial peptide discovery within melting permafrost or glacial ice. Despite considerable technological advances in microbiology, operating in severe cold environments continues to present significant operational challenges. Our report here offers a basis for adaptations to enable both environmental and clinical antimicrobial resistance, microbiome, and discovery research for operating in the harshest of remote environments.

Influence of the Applied WC/C and CrN + WC/C Coatings on the Surface Protection of X2CrNi18-9 Cavitation Generators

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of the applied WC/C and CrN + WC/C protective coatings applied using various PVD methods as protection for cavitation generators operating in an environment of intense cavitation wear. In order to carry out planned tasks, special devices generating a cavitation environment have been designed and manufactured. As part of this study, an analysis of the surface of cavitation generators, both before applying the coatings and with the applied protective PVD coatings, and also before and after operation in a cavitation environment, was carried out using the following research techniques: stereoscopic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission microscopy, XRD, and confocal microscopy. Despite the use of corrosion-resistant steels as a result of the cavitation environment, this causes surface material wear, especially in the area of the through holes. This is due to the fact that there are no protective coatings inside the through hole. Moreover, it was found that, for the tested steel with multilayer CrN + WC/C coatings, there were significantly fewer cavitation defects both on the surface of the material and on the edge of through holes, which indicates that the use of these multilayer coatings can significantly extend the service life of structural elements operating in such environmental conditions. Based on the conducted research tests, it was proven that the applying protective coatings significantly reduce the wear of the surfaces of the tested cavitation generators, thus allowing the use of cheaper steels, not resistant to corrosion, e.g., P265GH steel, which is five times cheaper than austenitic steel. The P265GH steel is used for structural elements in the heating, petrochemical, energy, food, and chemical industries, as well as for structural elements in the aviation, shipbuilding, and many other industries, and, thus, it is possible to reduce the costs associated with the operation of this construction solution in industrial conditions.

A Microfluidic-Based Cell-Stretching Culture Device That Allows for Easy Preparation of Slides for Observation with High-Magnification Objective Lenses.

Microfluidic-based cell-stretching devices are vital for studying the molecular pathways involved in cellular responses to mechanobiological processes. Accurate evaluation of these responses requires detailed observation of cells cultured in this cell-stretching device. This study aimed to develop a method for preparing microscope slides to enable high-magnification imaging of cells in these devices. The key innovation is creating a peelable bond between the cell culture membrane and the upper channel, allowing for easy removal of the upper layer and precise cutting of the membrane for high-magnification microscopy. Using the fabricated device, OP9 cells (15,000 cells/channel) were stretched, and the effects of focal adhesion proteins and the intracellular distribution of YAP1 were examined under a fluorescence microscope with 100× and 60× objectives. Stretch stimulation increased integrinβ1 expression and promoted integrin-vinculin complex formation by approximately 1.4-fold in OP9 cells. Furthermore, YAP1 nuclear localization was significantly enhanced (approximately 1.3-fold) during stretching. This method offers a valuable tool for researchers using microfluidic-based cell-stretching devices. The advancement of imaging techniques in microdevice research is expected to further drive progress in mechanobiology research.

Advancing Neuroscience and Therapy: Insights into Genetic and Non-Genetic Neuromodulation Approaches.

Neuromodulation stands as a cutting-edge approach in the fields of neuroscience and therapeutic intervention typically involving the regulation of neural activity through physical and chemical stimuli. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview and evaluation of different neuromodulation techniques, anticipating a clearer understanding of the future developmental trajectories and the challenges faced within the domain of neuromodulation that can be achieved. This review categorizes neuromodulation techniques into genetic neuromodulation methods (including optogenetics, chemogenetics, sonogenetics, and magnetogenetics) and non-genetic neuromodulation methods (including deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial ultrasound stimulation, photobiomodulation therapy, infrared neuromodulation, electromagnetic stimulation, sensory stimulation therapy, and multi-physical-factor stimulation techniques). By systematically evaluating the principles, mechanisms, advantages, limitations, and efficacy in modulating neuronal activity and the potential applications in interventions of neurological disorders of these neuromodulation techniques, a comprehensive picture is gradually emerging regarding the advantages and challenges of neuromodulation techniques, their developmental trajectory, and their potential clinical applications. This review highlights significant advancements in applying these techniques to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. Genetic methods, such as sonogenetics and magnetogenetics, have demonstrated high specificity and temporal precision in targeting neuronal populations, while non-genetic methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and photobiomodulation therapy, offer noninvasive and versatile clinical intervention options. The transformative potential of these neuromodulation techniques in neuroscience research and clinical practice is underscored, emphasizing the need for integration and innovation in technologies, the optimization of delivery methods, the improvement of mediums, and the evaluation of toxicity to fully harness their therapeutic potential.

SANS TRACAS: Design and Evaluation of a Cross-Platform Tool for Conducting Online EEG Experiments

For nearly a century, electroencephalography (EEG) research has been a crucial tool in the study of brain activity, and this valuable research technique is becoming increasingly accessible due to recent advancements in technology. In this article, we report on a collaborative effort between cognitive neuroscientists and human–computer interaction (HCI) researchers to design, develop, and evaluate Sans Tracas – a cross-platform web application for running EEG experiments online. Using a multidisciplinary and user-centric iterative design approach, Sans Tracas was designed to be easy to use by researchers and study participants alike. To evaluate the feasibility of Sans Tracas for conducting online EEG experiments for people with varying EEG and Brain Computer Interface (BCI) knowledge, we conducted a study with 55 participants, followed by a semi-structured interview with 11 participants to uncover more qualitative insights into the usability and people’s perception of the platform. Results showed that the average number of trials to connect the Muse with Sans Tracas was 2.55 (SD = 3.42). The average time to complete the entire study was 17 minutes (SD = 4 minutes). Participants also found Sans Tracas fun to participate in EEG experiments independently and reported more interest in EEG and BCI research than before the study. We conclude that Sans Tracas is a usable platform for conducting online EEG studies and offers an alternative to traditional in-lab settings.

The administrative process: A business management tool for the sustainability of micro-businesses in Sucre- Manabí

This research is part of the results of the training project "Sustainable Entrepreneurship" from the educational practice to strengthen the professional and organizational activity, ULEAM Sucre", which among one of its approaches is to diagnose the current situation of enterprises in the area. This research was carried out with the objective of analyzing the administrative process of the micro businesses located in the Cesar Rupertti Dueñas avenue of the Leónidas Plaza parish, Sucre - Manabí, to know its incidence in their business management and to obtain true information that allows the understanding and development of the present one. In order to end the administrative misinformation by small traders and / or entrepreneurs in the locality, thus managing to stay in the labor market, generate employment for others and promote economic growth in the country. Therefore, a qualitative-quantitative research was carried out through a descriptive study, since it identifies elements and characteristics of the problem, with the application of the deductive method and the survey research technique, which were of great help in gathering information. As a result, most of the owners of the microbusinesses have defined their objectives, half of them have a control of income and expenses, few have an accounting system and inventory, and almost all have the corresponding permit . In short, it shows that most of the small business owners have not yet defined the goals to be achieved, which does not ensure that the effort made throughout the process was worthwhile. It should be emphasized that to devise and improve the sales plan of a business to achieve economic growth, which all entrepreneurs seek, more knowledge and prior training is needed.

SUSTAINABLE PRECISION AGRICULTURE: INTEGRATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND IOT FOR OPTIMIZED GREEN FARMING PRACTICES

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. It is evolved in due course of time. The purpose of this study is to assess how well internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies can improve precision farming methods and encourage resource sustainability. The goal of the project is to determine the obstacles farmers have when implementing these innovations and to examine the economic and environmental effects of incorporating these technologies into farming, with an emphasis on yield enhancement and resource conservation. Method: To investigate the connection between AI, IoT, and sustainable farming results, data were collected from a sample of 225 farmers via trials and sensor readings using a quantitative descriptive research technique. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and regression analysis were among the statistical techniques used to evaluate how AI and IoT affected productivity and environmentally friendly agricultural methods. Result: The results reveal a strong positive correlation, with the regression model indicating that IoT and AI play a substantial role in sustainable agriculture and higher production, accounting for around 55.2% of the variation in results. The model's effectiveness is further supported by the ANOVA findings, which show that smart farming, AI, and IoT have a major influence on green agricultural practices (p < 0.001). It is found that AI and IoT have a great deal of contribution towards sustainable agriculture by increasing sustainability and production. However, it is significant to address certain challenges for wider acceptance and scalability across many agricultural groups.

A Review of Health Monitoring and Model Updating of Vibration Dissipation Systems in Structures

Given that numerous countries are located near active fault zones, this review paper assesses the seismic structural functionality of buildings subjected to dynamic loads. Earthquake-prone countries have implemented structural health monitoring (SHM) systems on base-isolated structures, focusing on modal parameters such as frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios related to isolation systems. However, many studies have investigated the dissipating energy capacity of isolation systems, particularly rubber bearings with different damping ratios, and demonstrated that changes in these parameters affect the seismic performance of structures. The main objective of this review is to evaluate the performance of damage detection computational tools and examine the impact of damage on structural functionality. This literature review’s strength lies in its comprehensive coverage of prominent studies on SHM and model updating for structures equipped with dampers. This is crucial for enhancing the safety and resilience of structures, particularly in mitigating dynamic loads like seismic forces. By consolidating key research findings, this review identifies technological advancements, best practices, and gaps in knowledge, enabling future innovation in structural health monitoring and design optimization. Various identification techniques, including modal analysis, model updating, non-destructive testing (NDT), and SHM, have been employed to extract modal parameters. The review highlights the most operational methods, such as Frequency Domain Decomposition (FDD) and Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI). The review also summarizes damage identification methodologies for base-isolated systems, providing useful insights into the development of robust, trustworthy, and effective techniques for both researchers and engineers. Additionally, the review highlights the evolution of SHM and model updating techniques, distinguishing groundbreaking advancements from established methods. This distinction clarifies the trajectory of innovation while addressing the limitations of traditional techniques. Ultimately, the review promotes innovative solutions that enhance accuracy, reliability, and adaptability in modern engineering practices.

Development of Creative Economy for Madura Odheng Crafts Based on Digital to Support the SDGs in Relatively Underdeveloped Areas in Madura Island

Objective: One of the SDGs is to reduce inequality, including through economic empowerment for communities and improving access to technology. This research aims to: 1) explore the economic, philosophical, and cultural potential of Madura Odheng crafts; 2) develop a digital-based creative economy for Odheng crafts; 3) advance relatively underdeveloped areas through culture-based sustainable development. Method: The research method used is qualitative, employing exploratory research techniques. To obtain comprehensive data, the data collection methods include interviews, documentation, observation, and literature review. The data is then analyzed qualitatively following the stages proposed by Miles and Huberman. Results and Discussion: The results of the study show that the application of digital technology in the marketing and production of Odheng crafts has proven effective in enhancing competitiveness and market reach. E-commerce platforms, social media, and mobile applications help expand market access both nationally and internationally. Research Implications: The development of digital-based Odheng crafts supports sustainable development goals by creating an inclusive and sustainable economy. Originality/Value: the state of the art and the novelty expected from this research is the result of a study that addresses community welfare issues based on the potential of local culture as an economic source, primarily to address welfare issues in relatively underdeveloped areas. This involves analyzing regional typology based on the Klassen typology.

Integrating Risk Management and Communication Strategies in Technical Research Programs to Secure High-Value Investments

Securing high-value investments, such as large-scale research grants, requires a strategic approach that integrates effective risk management and communication strategies. In the context of technical research programs, where complexity, uncertainty, and innovation are central, these elements play a crucial role in ensuring success and sustainability. This paper proposes a framework that combines risk assessment with targeted stakeholder engagement to enhance the likelihood of securing substantial funding. The framework emphasizes the identification, analysis, and mitigation of risks, particularly those related to technological feasibility, project timelines, and financial sustainability. It also underscores the importance of proactive communication with stakeholders, including funding agencies, researchers, and external collaborators, to foster trust and align expectations. The proposed framework begins with a comprehensive risk assessment phase, where potential risks are identified and categorized based on their impact on the program's objectives. These risks include technological challenges, regulatory issues, market uncertainties, and internal resource constraints. Once identified, the framework suggests the implementation of mitigation strategies, such as adopting flexible project timelines, securing backup funding sources, and leveraging partnerships with industry leaders. The integration of real-time monitoring tools and adaptive risk management protocols ensures that potential issues are addressed promptly throughout the program lifecycle. Equally important is the communication strategy, which aims to build and maintain strong relationships with stakeholders through transparent, timely, and targeted communication. By aligning the research program's objectives with the priorities and concerns of funding bodies, the framework increases the likelihood of receiving large-scale grants. The communication plan also addresses how to demonstrate the program’s potential impact, progress, and risk mitigation efforts effectively to secure continuous funding. Ultimately, this integrated approach strengthens the competitiveness of technical research programs and enhances their ability to attract high-value investments. The paper concludes by discussing the framework’s potential applications across various technical research sectors, including healthcare, energy, and engineering. Keywords: Risk Management, Communication Strategy, Technical Research Programs, Stakeholder Engagement, High-Value Investments, Grant Securing, Risk Mitigation, Funding Strategy.

Leveraging Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning Methods for Adverse Drug Event Detection in Electronic Health/Medical Records: A Scoping Review.

Natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) techniques may help harness unstructured free-text electronic health record (EHR) data to detect adverse drug events (ADEs) and thus improve pharmacovigilance. However, evidence of their real-world effectiveness remains unclear. To summarise the evidence on the effectiveness of NLP/ML in detecting ADEs from unstructured EHR data and ultimately improve pharmacovigilance in comparison to other data sources. A scoping review was conducted by searching six databases in July 2023. Studies leveraging NLP/ML to identify ADEs from EHR were included. Titles/abstracts were screened by two independent researchers as were full-text articles. Data extraction was conducted by one researcher and checked by another. A narrative synthesis summarises the research techniques, ADEs analysed, model performance and pharmacovigilance impacts. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria covering a wide range of ADEs and medications. The utilisation of rule-based NLP, statistical models, and deep learning approaches was observed. Natural language processing/ML techniques with unstructured data improved the detection of under-reported adverse events and safety signals. However, substantial variability was noted in the techniques and evaluation methods employed across the different studies and limitations exist in integrating the findings into practice. Natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) have promising possibilities in extracting valuable insights with regard to pharmacovigilance from unstructured EHR data. These approaches have demonstrated proficiency in identifying specific adverse events and uncovering previously unknown safety signals that would not have been apparent through structured data alone. Nevertheless, challenges such as the absence of standardised methodologies and validation criteria obstruct the widespread adoption of NLP/ML for pharmacovigilance leveraging of unstructured EHR data.