Technical Re-equipment Research Articles

ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ВІДНОВЛЮВАНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ ЕНЕРГІЇ: МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЙНІ ІНСТРУМЕНТИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕКОЛОГІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ТА ІННОВАЦІЙНО-ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ

The article examines the preconditions for the aggravation of environmental danger for Ukraine and the world as a whole, in particular in the context of the intensifying economic crisis. The long-term plans of the International Energy Agency to achieve “zero” carbon emissions by 2050 have been assessed. It was found that in order to ensure the growth of the world economy by the middle of the XXI century, it is necessary to increase energy efficiency, in particular in terms of active use of renewable energy sources. Energy efficient measures to ensure energy security of the urban agglomeration are summarized. In order to develop alternative energy sources, investments are needed in the energy sector (the annual share of investments in renewable sources in 2020 was 38%, which is $258.9 billion). Enhancement of energy efficiency and introduction of renewable energy sources should take place in the context of modernization of energy infrastructure of urban agglomerations: financing of technical re-equipment of energy assets, development of energy networks, reduction of energy intensity of industrial products, introduction of energy audit, etc. Ukraine has been ranked 8th in the world as one of the most attractive markets for renewable energy investment, but long-standing debt and incomplete energy market reform do not fully realize the potential (this is adversely affected by political mistakes, populist decisions, corruption and poor quality of energy management in Ukraine). It is proved that in the way of ecological safety creates barriers and a difficult situation with environmental protection, which significantly reduces the quality and comfort of life. It is proposed to create a strong environmental infrastructure in order to increase environmental security in the context of ensuring economic security; to introduce innovative ecological technologies; rationalize the processing of solid waste; to build modern waste processing plants, etc. Environmental legislation and governance in the field of energy policy is, unfortunately, a problematic area of current global change initiated by the EU to promote the use of environmentally friendly energy among EU member states.

Budget support as a tool for innovative and technological development of agriculture in Russia

The article is devoted to budget support as the main tool of innovative and technological development of agriculture in Russia within the framework of the State Program. Special attention is paid to the mechanism of subsidizing preferential investment loans aimed at modernizing the material and technical base of agricultural production. The assessment of the state of material and technical support of agricultural production in Russia in comparison with other countries of the world is given. The composition and structure of the limits of the resource provision of the departmental project “Stimulating investment activity in the agro-industrial complex” for 2017-2019 is analyzed. Special attention is paid to the mechanism of preferential investment lending. The dynamics of the purchase of agricultural machinery in the Russian Federation is presented, taking into account the new mechanism of state support that encourages the technical re-equipment of the industry. The rating of the leading credit and financial organizations of Russia participating in the implementation of the mechanism of preferential investment lending is presented. The composition and structure of concessional investment loans have been studied. The article describes the practice of updating the material and technical base of agriculture through Resolution No. 1432 and the system of JSC “Rosagroleasing”.

О восстановлении ведущей роли машиностроения в построении новой экономики Украины

The leaders of the modern world economy reached a high level of development during the period of industrial capitalist production. At present, in the world, machine production follows the path of minimizing and universalizing machines (systems, industries), robotization, computerization, digitalization, the formation of artificial intelligence, etc. All this is not de-industrialization, but a new stage in machine production, hyper-industrialization, building a new economy and introducing digitalization. Moving machine production from developed countries to third world countries does not mean de-industrialization of parent producer countries at all. It means their further development. In Ukraine, these complex processes are inadequately perceived, industry, mechanical engineering, for various reasons, have undergone total destruction through changes in forms of ownership, loss of strategy and development prospects, which is fundamentally wrong. In studies, insufficient attention is paid to the functioning of machine-building enterprises in “falling”, collapsing markets, there is no unambiguous and adequate understanding of what should be attributed to mechanical engineering, there is no clear classification of sub-sectors of mechanical engineering or business associations (industry, industry, sub-sector, complex, cluster). The variety of machine building classifications makes it difficult to assess economic activity objectively. The purpose of the article is to develop proposals for restoring the leading role of the industry in the technical re-equipment of the domestic economy production, its way out of the ongoing systemic crisis, based on the analysis of how the mechanical engineering functions as a driver of industrial and social development of industry and economy. It is shown that mechanical engineering provides a high level of labor productivity, production culture, science, contributes to the further deepening of labor cooperation. It was revealed that the most intellectually and professionally prepared part of the middle class was formed in mechanical engineering. The article examines the evolution of mechanical engineering over the years of the formation of the state, comparison with a number of industrial countries. The necessity of prioritizing the development of mechanical engineering for the formation of a modern self-sufficient economy is proved, the main directions of management including collaborative, structural and organizational regulation of the industry and the introduction of nature-like processes are outlined. The expediency and possibility to develop highly specialized industries in Ukraine and the cultivation of "hidden champions" have been substantiated.

ОЦЕНКА УРОВНЯ ГОТОВНОСТИ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ОТРАСЛИ РАСТЕНИЕВОДСТВА К ЦИФРОВЫМ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯМ

The main directions in the development of technical re-equipment in the modern world are the transition to a digital economy aimed at reducing costs through the use of computer technologies in the management, repair and regulation of equipment, the use of IT technologies to improve the quality and efficiency of technology. At present, serious «digital» transformations are taking place in the agro-industrial complex of Russia, as well as in other sectors of the economy. Identifying their directions, nature and degree of influence, in particular, on agriculture is an important urgent task. The article discusses the trends in the creation and implementation of digital technologies in the agro-industrial complex, as well as the demand for these technologies by the economic entities of the agro-industrial complex. The article analyzes foreign experience in the development of information and communication technologies in the agricultural sector and the peculiarities of the Russian approach to digitalization of the agricultural sector of the economy. The digital backwardness of the country is substantiated, which creates significant barriers to the digitalization of the domestic crop industry. Special attention is paid to the material and technical condition of the industry as a key element of digital transformations. It is emphasized that the informatization of technological processes in conjunction with the use of high-performance agricultural machinery in agriculture has a significant impact on the average annual number of employees of the crop industry. A model of a complete innovative integrated scientific and technical cycle of end-to-end digital systems for the Russian crop industry has been developed. A comparison of the dynamics of the indicators of the Digital Agriculture project and the total costs of its implementation made it possible to assess the level of readiness of the domestic crop industry for digital transformations.

Definition of Zones of Economic Safety of Investments and Search of the Upper Limits of Expenses for Technical Re-Equipment of Non-Woven Productions Having the Mobile Range

Definition of Zones of Economic Safety of Investments and Search of the Upper Limits of Expenses for Technical Re-Equipment of Non-Woven Productions Having the Mobile Range

Strategic directions of pig breeding development in Ukraine

Purpose. The aim of the article is the development of scientifically substantiated proposals for state support of pig production in Ukraine, which will meet the needs of the domestic market and increase exports. Methodology of research. During the research, general scientific and special methods of economic research were used, in particular: system approach - in studying the connections between phenomena and processes in the system of ensuring the effective development of pig breeding; grouping - to determine the impact of various factors on the level of efficiency of pig production and its quality; comparative - to compare economic processes in pork production in different time periods in order to identify the cause-and-effect relationship; dialectical, abstract and logical - in the implementation of theoretical generalizations, the formation of conclusions. The calculation and constructive method was used in determining the strategic priorities for the development of pig production in agricultural enterprises, substantiation of instruments of state support for pig production. Findings. It is established that the strategic priority of pig production is the introduction of environmentally friendly resource-saving technologies for keeping and feeding pigs, intensive use of the breeding herd and new biotechnological techniques to improve the viability of piglets, energy saving and energy efficiency programs, farm biosafety. Originality. Methodological approaches to substantiation of assessment of potential opportunities of agricultural enterprises in improving the efficiency of pig production and, accordingly, strengthening their market position by calculating an integrated indicator, which includes: market share in the structure of sales, production and livestock, cost indices, profitability, prices, specialization, productivity of pigs, on the basis of which the following groups are distinguished: leaders, enterprises with a strong competitive position, with a weak competitive position, outsiders. Practical value. The results of grouping enterprises on the basis of the calculation of the integrated indicator can be the basis for making management decisions to improve the efficiency of enterprises as a whole. Thus, agricultural enterprises producing pig products with a weak competitive position can increase production efficiency and strengthen their position, provided appropriate technological modernization of the production process, attracting investment in creating their own processing facilities and branded trade, development of organic pigs, as well as integration with meat processing enterprises, trade establishments. Achieving effective pig farming in outsider agricultural enterprises is possible under the condition of technical re-equipment of the production process on an innovative basis, reduction of the cost level due to internal reserves, exit from business; merger with a more powerful competitor. Key words: pig breeding, state support, integrated assessment, agricultural enterprise, competitiveness.

Online learning and digital competence: Ukraine and the world

The article is devoted to strengthening the role and importance of online learning and digital competence of teachers and students in the context of globalization and accelerating scientific and technological progress. A comparative analysis of the development of ICT, relevant electronic devices and the introduction of open online courses in the world is done. The main difficulties, shortcomings and achievements in the process of accelerating the dynamics and scale of application of online and distance learning during the lockdown period caused by the coronavirus pandemic are defined. The examples of Ukraine and the European Union show a significant difference between the countries of the world in terms of the development of material and technical base of educational institutions, digital infrastructure, access to high-quality and high-speed Internet, readiness of teachers and students to study in new conditions. There is a significant gap between global scientific and technological development and digital competence of citizens. Based on the use of historical, logical, comparative methods, principles and laws of dialectics argues the need for a deeper and more systematic theoretical understanding of current trends in ICT, rapid improvement of digital competence, especially the teaching staff. The importance of introducing in-depth, systematic and systematic research in Ukraine to assess the available technical resources, quality and prospects of digital infrastructure, the level of digital competence of citizens, the dynamics of online training courses, the impact of the social environment on education. The subject of analysis and strategic decision-making in the field of national digital policy should be relevant social, political, economic and technological problems in the country, improving the legal framework, technical re-equipment of educational institutions of all levels, increasing motivation, especially teaching staff for self-improvement and digital competence.

Accounting and tax accounting for the accrual of depreciation of fixed assets and ways of convergence

Research background: As you know, one of the main accounting principles that determine the methodology for assessing the facts of economic life is business continuity. Compliance with this principle by commercial organizations is associated with many factors, one of which is their ability to provide funding for the continuation and development of activities. Carrying out activities for the acquisition of new or modernization and technical re-equipment of existing fixed assets implies one-time cash costs. That is why one of the main sources of financing for updating and modernization and technical re-equipment of fixed assets is depreciation deductions. Depreciation deductions for fixed assets in accounting and tax accounting are calculated differently, which determines the relevance and need for a clear study of accounting procedures in the field of their accounting. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of the procedure for calculating and accounting for depreciation deductions for fixed assets in accounting and tax accounting and to study ways to bring them closer together. Methods: Methods of comparative analysis, induction and deduction were used in the article. Findings & Value added: The current rules for calculating depreciation deductions for fixed assets and their reflection in accounting and reporting do not provide a reliable reflection of the facts of economic activity of the enterprise. And this in turn leads to a misunderstanding by the respective users of the contents of the statement of financial position and the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income and the essence of depreciation itself.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ СИСТЕМИ УПРАВЛІННЯ НАДІЙНІСТЮ ВИРОБНИЧОЇ ПРОГРАМИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The most successful countries in the world are developing different branches of industry, one of the most important being engineering. Their experience proves that, in a highly competitive environment, the quality of the business planning process of enterprises is an essential condition for their sustainability and economic growth. In order to increase competitiveness and profitability of domestic enterprises of machine-building industry it is necessary to implement modern management methods based on economic and mathematical modeling and information and computer technologies together with modernization and technical re-equipment of plants.In order to obtain a production program (plan) with set parameters, the development process must be systematic, reasonable, effective. The plan must contain a set of managed parameters, where multiple values can be selected. External and internal conditions often change during the implementation of the plan, so it is important to ensure the variation of nomenclature and production volumes within certain limits, without reducing profitability. It is therefore urgent to improve the planning system at work. It is necessary to ensure the variability of the characteristics of the system in a given direction and to increase the reliability of the production program of the enterprise.The article proposes an economic and mathematical model reflecting the dependence of quantitative parameters (indicators) on the influence of main factors. The simulation of several variants of the plan was performed and the optimum according to the profitability criterion was selected. The optimum structure of the plan’s nomenclature positions has been developed for one of the production units of the machine-building enterprise in Poltava. The analysis of the obtained results confirmed the reliability of the production program. It has the ability to manage the production of certain types of products in the absence of one or underdeliver of several resources while maintaining the basic rate of return.Consequently, the use of economic-mathematical models will allow to improve the system of management of output volumes. This will make it possible to adjust production plans quickly to changes in the level of one or more resources. Thus, improvement of the system of management of reliability of production program of the enterprise will create conditions for improvement of quality of management, increase of competitiveness and ensure financial stability of machine building enterprises.

Оцінки контрольних показників викидів парникових газів в електроенергетиці для системи торгівлі квотами на викиди в Україні

This article presents the application of benchmarks of greenhouse gas emission for free allocations between installations (plants) in the promising emission trading system in Ukraine. The basic concepts and definitions, as well as the principles of approach applied to the development of benchmarks are presented. The summarized data on the calculated values of benchmarks in comparison with values that are accepted now in the European emission trading system are resulted. Certain differences in the construction and application of benchmarks in Ukraine and the EU, caused by the structure and state of economy, as well as the characteristics of the industries covered by the system are analyzed. Certain limitations are specified, first of all in the presence of required basic data which cause the necessity of recalculation. We performed an assessment of the introduction of free allocation for greenhouse gas emissions in the production of electricity at coal-fired power plants in Ukraine with using specific CO2 emission factors. The calculations were carried out under the condition of technical re-equipment of thermal power units with increase in their efficiency and under the condition of absence of re-equipment. We also compared the estimates obtained on the basis of a predetermined emission control indicator for coal-fired power plants with the European level and calculated the volume of free allocation of quotas for Ukrainian thermal power plants based on the results of their activities. Keywords: benchmarks, allocations, electricity, heat, emissions trading system

ҚАЗАҚСТАН РЕСПУБЛИКАСЫНЫҢ АГРАРЛЫҚ СЕКТОРЫ ӨНІМДЕРІНІҢ БӘСЕКЕГЕ ҚАБІЛЕТТІЛІГІН АРТТЫРУ

The priority task for Kazakhstan is to increase the competitiveness of the national economy. The formation of competitive advantages of industries and enterprises of agro-industrial complex is of particular importance in scientific aspects and in business practice. Scientifically based technologies of agricultural production envisage production and sale of agricultural products and food products in the required volumes, which are competitive on domestic and foreign markets. The authors note that one of the main problems in processing of raw materials is the low output of final goods from raw unit. In order to fill export niches and ensure import substitution, new export-oriented sectors of the agro-industrial complex have been studied. In particular, in processing industry, the transition to international quality standards for technical and technological re-equipment of production, as well as expanding the range of food products and creating equal conditions for competition with main trading partners in the Eurasian Economic Union remains relevant. The results of the study allowed us to conclude that it is necessary to make amendments in matters of technical regulation, trade, protection of competition, information, customs and border services, improve organizational and economic structure of agricultural sector in the following priority areas of management: development of integration in AIC, agro-industrial entities performing procurement functions, storage, transportation, processing and marketing, organization of agricultural markets, ensuring formation of effective material resources. Thus, it can be stated that increasing the competitiveness of agricultural products depends on many factors, the observance of which is an indispensable condition for the recovery of the industry's economy.

Development of an Energy- Efficient Rotary Inertia Device for Briquetting Household Solid Waste (HSW)

Today, increasing volumes of household solid waste (HSW) pose a serious problem throughout the world. The solution to this problem is involvement of secondary raw materials and waste in production. The disposal of HSW includes laborious stages of its collection and transportation. Aggregates of the garbage truck work inefficiently, only pressing HSW into a shapeless mass, not subject to sorting and processing. The suggested re-equipment of a special vehicle with aggregates with the combined functions of «loading–forwarding–grinding–pressing– briquetting» will significantly reduce the energy consumption of the transportation process by providing simultaneous processing and briquetting of garbage at the time of its transportation. A scientific and technical problem arises in development of a technique for technical re-equipment of high-performance special equipment with given nominal energy and power characteristics of the machines. It was proposed to solve this problem by combining recuperative systems with reuse of the energy of gravity of the own mass of garbage. Thus, the objective of the work is to develop a rotor-inertial device with reduced energy intensity. Methods of analytical and statistical research of the model range of special equipment with an analysis of its technical characteristics have been applied. To solve the problem of developing a kinematic diagram of a briquetting device, a calculation was performed based on the method of modeling the structure of composite aggregates. Modeling was performed in SolidWorks program in Simulation application package. The developed kinematic diagrams of units and aggregates for briquetting and pressing garbage operate at rated power characteristics of hydraulic equipment achieved due to distribution of drive power among the most energy- loaded operations. The article presents the rationale for effectiveness of the developed rotary- inertia device for briquetting HSW. The originality of the design lies in the structural arrangement of the briquetting unit and the grinding mechanism. The use of the principles of inertial moments and gravity of own mass of garbage allowed us to significantly (by 25 %) reduce the energy consumption of the pressing process and formation of the finished briquette. The use of mechanical energy of the conveyor belt tensioners and of the mass of the roll increased with briquetting under its own weight, allowed to reduce the work spent to form compacted HSW from 48000 kJ to 11970 kJ, to reduce the volume of the pressed roll, to increase the utilization rate of load carrying capacity, to reduce the energy intensity of the process.

FEATURES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THERMOMODERNIZATION PROJECTS

Organizational bases for the preparation and implementation of thermal modernization projects are defined by separate legislative acts and regulations, but they do not take into account certain features. Despite the sufficient number of publications on the solution of certain issues related to the thermal modernization of existing and new facilities, further research is needed in the organization and management of the processes of thermal modernization of existing facilities. As we have defined in previous publications, thermal modernization can be carried out during various types of construction - reconstruction, overhaul, technical re-equipment, but in contrast to these types of construction can be carried out without relocation of residents or suspension of operation of other facilities. time of construction works or its parts (provided they are autonomous). One of the first stages of thermal modernization is the inspection of the technical condition of the object, which determines the list of measures necessary to restore its normal serviceability. Significant costs for these measures may lead to the rejection of the idea of thermal modernization or the involvement of other than cost savings for energy consumption of the facility. The current regulations provide for the inspection of the building before or during the energy audit, but does not explicitly state that the development of thermal modernization measures should take into account the measures developed at the stage of technical inspection, as they have a constructive and technological impact. combined into a single integrated project. The article presents the procedure for organizing the preparation of the thermal modernization project is presented. The organization of preparation of projects to improve energy efficiency should primarily ensure the reliability of calculations of environmental and economic efficiency of the project, depending on the reliability of technical data and calculations collected and identified at different stages of its preparation depending on systematization and their consistent collection.

Y. V. Bakumov’s contribution to the development of domestic electrical industry

The aim of the article is to publish the little-known information about the life and professional achievements of domestic organizer of production and designer in the field of electrical engineering Yuriy Bakumov; to reveal some peculiarities of production activity in the electrotechnical industry in the period of the 60’s – 70’s of the 20 th century. Research methods. Historical and biographical methods are applied in the work in the context of consideration the stages of life and assessment of production experience of Y. Bakumov. The use of the interview method yields additional previously unknown information about his life and activities. Main results. The special role of Kharkiv electrotechnical enterprises and the activity of their manufacturers for the development of the electrotechnical industry in Soviet times are emphasized. Kharkiv Electrotechnical Plant was the largest manufacturer of induction motors, generators and electric pumps in Ukraine. Its development began in 1932. One of the developers and organizers of the production of the most famous A4 series engines was Y. V. Bakumov. Y. V. Bakumov’s life was very difficult: his father was repressed, he was in forced labour in Germany. He made his career from a simple locksmith to a chief engineer at the HELZ plant. In this position, Y. V. Bakumov worked for more than ten years. In 1975, Y. V. Bakumov became the CEO of the newly formed Ukrelectromash production association. There is a detailed analysis of the main achievements of the enterprise led by Y. V. Bakumov. The scientific contribution of Y. V. Bakumov in the development of electrical engineering, memories of his personal life and family are presented. Y. V. Bakumov died in 1977, and in 1979 he was posthumously awarded the State Prize of the USSR and the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. Concise conclusions. Y. Bakumov made a significant contribution to the development of the domestic electrical industry. Under his leadership, the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of the production of electric motors were carried out, its efficiency was increased, and new equipment was created and implemented at the enterprises of Ukrelectromash. Nevertheless, the greatest achievement of Yuriy Viktorovich and the whole team of the Production Association are reliable electric motors, which are still successfully operating in various fields. Practical meaning. The formation of historical science should be based on the achievements, discoveries and developments made by individual figures within a certain direction of scientific and technological progress or industry. That is not simply recorded objectively existing results but continue to serve humanity, promoting his civilizational progress. Originality. Scientific research concerning the consideration of personalities and the life path of individuals who contributed to the formation of our country's industries (especially in the Soviet era) is urgent. Equally important is the fact that, until recently, within the national history of science and technology, very little research has been conducted aimed at isolating the wealth of Ukrainians in the development of scientific and technological thought and industrial production in the Soviet period. In our view, replenishment of national historical science with such data will not only serve patriotic goals, but also help to restore justice and give greater objectivity in assessing the role of our compatriots in civilizational progress. Scientific novelty. The topic of formation of the domestic electrotechnical industry and its scientific support in recent years has caused a great scientific interest on the part of domestic scientists. The biography of Y. V. Bakumov will allow to reveal more fully the achievements in the electrical engineering sphere, to rethink its problems, as well as help the development of scientific ideas about the peculiarities and regularities of functioning of the industry as a whole. Article type: historic-biographical.

Современное состояние теплоэнергетики в Республике Узбекистан и перспективы ее развития

В статье обсуждены перспективы развития теплоэнергетической отрасли в республике Узбекистан. Отмечено, что согласно концепции развития Республики Узбекистан до 2035 года ожидаемый рост потребления электрической энергии в Республике составит примерно с 2000 до 3156 квтч/чел. Такой рост производства электроэнергии планируется достичь благодаря увеличению производства возобновляемых источников энергии (ВИЭ) в структуре генерирующих мощностей с 12,7% до 19,7%, до 2025 года, модернизации существующих станций, строительства новых парогазовых установок (ПГУ) и в дальнейшем строительства атомной электрической станции (АЭС).
 Учитывая то, что в ближайшие годы до 85% всей тепловой и электрической энергии в Республике будет выработано на тепловых электрических станциях, которые используют природные топливно – энергетические ресурсы такие, природный газ, уголь и мазут, а также учитывая большую изношенность оборудования станций и вследствие этого их низкий к.п.д., авторами статьи подчёркивается важность использования для выработки указанных видов энергии современных парогазовых технологий.
 Указано, что в настоящее время в мире существует широкая техническая и производственная кооперация основных зарубежных фирм – производителей газовых турбин. В мире основными производителями такого оборудования являются три компании – General Electric (США), Siemens – Westinghouse (Германия - США) и Alstom (Франция, Швейцария, Швеция).
 Разработаны варианты комбинированных паро и газотурбинных установок (ГТУ). В результате работы ГТУ отработанные в установке газы было предложено использовать в паросиловом цикле.
 Преимущества ПГУ: парогазовые установки позволяют достичь электрического к.п.д. более 60 %. Для сравнения, у работающих отдельно паросиловых установок к.п.д. обычно находится в пределах 33-4 %, для газотурбинных установок — в диапазоне 28-42 %; низкая стоимость единицы установленной мощности; парогазовые установки потребляют существенно меньше воды на единицу вырабатываемой электроэнергии по сравнению с паросиловыми установками; короткие сроки возведения (9-12 мес.); нет необходимости в постоянном подвозе топлива ж/д или морским транспортом; компактные размеры позволяют возводить непосредственно у потребителя (завода или внутри города), что сокращает затраты на линии электропередач и транспортировку электрической энергии; более экологически чистые по сравнению с паросиловыми установками.
 К недостаткам ПГУ относят: необходимость осуществлять фильтрацию воздуха, используемого для сжигания топлива; ограничения на типы используемого топлива. Как правило в качестве основного топлива используется природный газ, а резервного — дизельное топливо. Применение угля в качестве топлива возможно только в установках с внутрицикловой газификацией угля, что сильно удорожает строительство таких электростанций. Отсюда вытекает необходимость строительства недешевых коммуникаций транспортировки топлива — трубопроводов; сезонные ограничения мощности. максимальная производительность в зимнее время.
 Однако, несмотря на перечисленные недостатки ПГУ, на данном этапе развитии Республики парогазовые установки могут с большим к.п.д. производить электроэнергию, тем самым значительно сэкономить природный газ. Приблизительные расчеты показывают, что техническое перевооружение отечественной теплоэнергетики с использованием освоенных в мире газотурбинных и парогазовых технологий и природоохранного оборудования позволит обеспечить экономию природного газа ежегодно приблизительно в количестве 1010 м3, что в денежном эквиваленте составит 3 трлн. сум. В целом сделан вывод о том, что
 1.Для решения энергетических задач страны необходимо ускорить внедрение ВЭИ, технически перевооружить отечественную теплоэнергетическую отрасль с использованием освоенных в мире газотурбинных и парогазовых технологий.
 2.На электростанциях, в топливном балансе которых велика доля мазута или угля, но имеется и природный газ, в количестве, достаточном для питания ГТУ, могут оказаться целесообразными термодинамически более эффективные газотурбинные надстройки.
 3.Для реализации задач по модернизации и реконструкции привлечь в энергетическую отрасль частный сектор на основе государственно-частного партнерства. Создать необходимую для этого нормативно-правовую базу и техническую инфраструктуру

Automated system for monitoring the development and spread of forest crop pests

An automated monitoring system has been developed for the AFM “Protection” of the development and spread of pests of forestry crops. The system is designed in the form of a local computer network, operates on-line and has the following additional features: automatic integration of daily data required for services of regional departments and the Forestry Agency of the republic. Based on these data, weekly, monthly maps and summary tables will be compiled.
 
 SUMMARY
 In the main directions of sustainable development of forestry in the Republic of Uzbekistan at the present stage for the period up to 2030, it is envisaged to further increase the productivity of forests on the basis of technical re-equipment, the introduction of advanced techniques to increase the efficiency of forestry production, improve the protection of forests from fires and protect them from pests and diseases. According to the forestry agency of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the area of forest plantations is 3.2 million hectares. This is about 7% of the total area of the republic. Of these, 821.0 thousand hectares are forest plantations. This means that only 2% of the area is covered by forests.
 When planning the necessary forest protection measures, it is required to identify complexes of the most important, most dangerous pest species and predict further changes in the number of pest populations. Therefore, when organizing a monitoring system, it is necessary to obtain reliable information about the level of the number of pests and the degree of their threat to crops and plantations. First, when organizing a systematic system of forestry monitoring, the territory should be zoned based on economic and ecological criteria. Secondly, due to the fact that the emergence of foci of mass reproduction of pests is usually confined to regions where critical weather situations are observed, then when designing forestry monitoring such areas should be given priority attention. Thirdly, it is necessary to strongly recommend the organization of stationary objects in all farms, which will annually assess the level of abundance, the qualitative state of the populations of the main species and the state of the growing stand.
 In case of significant damage to forest stands, a detailed survey with an assessment of the dynamics of tree mortality, determination of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the dominant pest species and the development of a strategy for forest protection measures should be carried out by specialists-entomologists.

Develop a marketing program for the sale of agricultural products in the B2B market

In the current context of changing and improving forms of ownership, the development of small business and private entrepreneurship is one of the most strategically important tasks for the economy of Uzbekistan. World experience confirms that small business and private entrepreneurship provide an abundance of consumer goods and services in the domestic market, increase export opportunities, solve the problem of employment of citizens, increase real incomes. At the same time, “starting and running a small business does not require large expenditures and capital investments. This will allow for quick and easy modernization of production, technical and technological re-equipment, development of new types of products, regular updating of their range and ensuring competitiveness. " The process takes place in the market to meet the needs of consumers for the goods produced and offered, and to cover the costs and benefits of producing the product.

Технічне переозброєння і вдосконалення технології доменного виробництва металургійного комбінату «Азовсталь»

Технічне переозброєння і вдосконалення технології доменного виробництва металургійного комбінату «Азовсталь»

Features of Criminal Proceedings (Pre-Trial and Trial Investigation) in the Time of Pandemic Covid-19

The work is devoted to the main problems and features that have emerged in the field of criminal justice (pre-trial investigation and trial) in a pandemic. The relevance of this article is that criminal justice, like other areas of human activity, has been affected after the spread of Covid-19 and its recognition as a pandemic. The introduction of quarantine was accompanied by some problematic issues, including uncertainty in the work of the judiciary and law enforcement agencies, lack of a unified approach to court schedules, and the conduct of certain investigative actions. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the peculiarities of criminal proceedings in a pandemic. An explorative and collative methodology (that considers the comparative law) was used. The proposals have been made to address the problems that arise during the pre-trial investigation and criminal proceedings in a pandemic, in particular: the need to allow videoconferencing in criminal proceedings out of court; a list of programs for video communication have been defined; to provide adequate funding for technical re-equipment; to suspend the terms of criminal proceedings, and; to prevent in the future the situation of cancellation of previously adopted decisions on the strengthening of criminal liability for intentional infection.

ORGANIZATION OF CREDIT OBLIGATIONS AND MONITORING OF COMMERCIAL BANKS

Stability of the socio-economic conditions in the country, the rule of law, the size of the domestic market, rich natural resources, high intellectual potential, stability of the banking and financial system, development of infrastructure and logistics, flexibility of tax policy, participation of foreign investors in the privatization process, foreign capital privileges and preferences, such as the provision of additional facilities to the enterprises with the participation of foreign investors it serves as an important decision in favor of Development and strengthening of the banking system has always been in the focus of our attention, and this is giving its positive results. The country's banking system demonstrates stability and stability. This is explained by the high level of reliability of banks and the lack of reliance on foreign sources of financing, and the negative impact of external shocks. Investment activity of commercial banks is increasing. More than 75% of commercial banks' investments are long-term investment loans for over three years. In general, it should be noted that over the past ten years, lending by the banks to the real sector of the economy has increased 7 times. The unconventional approach to transfer the economically insolvent enterprises to the balance sheets of the banks has justified and proved effective. At present, out of 164 bankrupt enterprises transferred to the banks, 156 have fully restored their production activity, 110 have been sold to new investors. Commercial banks invested 275 billion soums in the technical re-equipment and modernization of such enterprises, resulting in over 22,000 jobs. The role of banks is particularly important in their investment policies for modernization, technical and technological re-equipment of leading sectors of the economy, housing construction, transport and infrastructure communications development. In this regard, commercial banks of the country have problems with the mechanism of lending, monitoring and repayment of loans and the need to develop scientific proposals and practical recommendations aimed at solving these problems.