Technical Aids Research Articles

Students involvement in achieving creative goals within a digital educational environment

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the educational process acquired distance learning techniques when technical teaching aids gained much more significance for mediating the real interaction of students and their teachers. At the same time, emotional-intonational interaction (the main method of imposing influence) became extremely limited. The conditions for creating the effect of involvement have changed and scholars need to consider the phenomenon of involvement, its psychological mechanisms, strategies used by teachers and students in digital learning. The research objective is to determine the model of involvement of participants in educational activity in the context of distance (digital) learning based on the analysis of the Russian and foreign approaches to the types and aspects of involvement. The main aspects of involvement include cognitive, emotional, behavioral, activity-based, motivational, socio-psychological and physical. These aspects represent the external and internal factors of the spatial side of the personality-based activity model. The novelty of the spatial and temporal model consists in the use of all spatial factors in sequent time phases of involvement: preparatory, activity-based, evaluative-correctional. The preparatory phase has emotional, motivational and semantic aspects. The activity-based phase comprises cognitive-behavioral and socio-psychological aspects. The evaluative-correctional phase aims at assessing both preparatory and activity-based phases according to the following system: A-high, B-moderate, C-low. The decision to adjust involvement is based on expert assessments (AA, AB, BA, AC, etc.). The authors suggest long-term and short-term options for implementing the involvement model with their methods, expected results and implementation mechanisms. The short-term version of the involvement model is realized through the digital monitoring of emotional and cognitive responses of a person in a digital environment. The authors also highlight the possibility of managing and self-managing students’ involvement in educational activities within a digital environment.

Role of Ethiopian Economic Diplomacy in the Implementation of Integrated Housing Development Program and Real Estate Development in Addis Ababa

This study focused on role of Ethiopian economic diplomacy in the implementation of integrated housing development program and real estate development. Besides, the paper explores the contribution of housing on the economic, political and social life of the society. Then it assessed the challenges of housing development in Addis Ababa. Thus, qualitative research method and semi structured in-depth interview was conducted. Addis Ababa is selected as a case study because the housing crisis is acute. The thesis found colossal number of houses are constructed and transferred to the society which has direct economic, political and social effect to the beneficiaries, contractures, consultants, MSE’s, suppliers and others. The paper uncovers Addis Ababa housing sector had shortcomings of not utilizing technology, financial scarcity and maladministration. Moreover, Ethiopian economic diplomacy had a strategic advantage for affordable housing in getting the specified amount of materials and quality at reasonable cost directly from producers. The study concluded that the prospects and challenges of Addis Ababa housing exude from the socialist oriented government decrees, policy and procedures. Ethiopian economic diplomacy is imperative motor for housing development in Addis Ababa. The recommendation for Addis Ababa City Administration was to curb its internal maladministration problem and prepare pragmatic policies that proliferate formal housing. Finally, Ethiopian economic diplomats and joint task force shall vigorously pursuit options for housing development by breaking bureaucratic red tapes, showing gaps of housing, attraction of mega manufacturing firms, tycoon housing developers, soliciting technical and financial aid.

Freelancing, translating, observing: Association4U case study

The paper presents an overview of the freelance practice in the Ukrainian translation industry through the lens of the role of Associate Translation Fellow at “Association4U” EU-funded technical aid project (Phase I) aimed at supporting approximation of Ukrainian laws to EU legislation. To meet the challenges of the ever-changing political world, translators should be able to build specific capacities. Under the microscope of the observations made is the range of competences which a contemporary translator should have to maintain a competitive profile in institutional translation domain. An institutional translator’s portrait has been drawn up based on the A4U case, which became possible due to feedbacks given to junior fellows and stylistic analysis of the translated texts. The studies of acquis communautaire provide insights into the stylistic peculiarities of translation of the EU acts in the context of the Ukrainian language. Key attention is given to cognitive, stylistic, and discursive aspects of translation process. The paper deals with a complex of the general philological background and specific skills of translation experts, which is a pre-requisite of accurate translation in the framework of academic, industrial, and institutional realms.

Russia is back in Africa

Abstract The end of the Cold War and the demise of the Soviet Union brought an end to the ideology driven special relationship between Russia and various African states. However, after ten years these relations were resuscitated due to major changes on both sides. Under Vladimir Putin's presidency and the economic recovery that followed, Russia made efforts to reclaim a leading role in global politics, while various African states grew politically more stable and economically more successful. This time around, relations were focussed dominantly on economics and trade, rather than on ideology as during the Cold War period. Attracted by Africa's abundant resources, particularly energy and minerals, a small number of mega Russian companies started to do business with the continent at the turn of the century. This reengagement with Africa came somewhat belatedly, after major players, particularly China, the United States and the European Union, had intensified their engagement. At the same time, Russia and Africa found common cause in international political relations, as witnessed by similar policies in multilateral organisations, particularly aimed against Western hegemony in world finance and economy. And as pointed out in this article, Russia needs to embark on a more integrated, user-friendly, transparent and competitive engagement strategy to become a major role player in doing business with Africa. Russia and Africa need also familiarise themselves better with each other, particularly how to do business with one another. As yet, one cannot really speak of a visible Russian pivot towards Africa in its overall international relations. However, if conditions remain favourable, this may develop over time. 1. Introduction During the Cold War years, the Soviet Union (SU) was the ideological role model, ally and supporter of various African client states seeking self-determination and freedom, as well as diplomatic leverage in the struggle between West and East. Leaving aside the well-known negatives of the SU's involvement in Africa, its most lasting contribution was the important role it played in ending colonialism and racism on the continent, and helping to put African related issues squarely on the international agenda. But contrary to the colonial powers, which gave Africa the Anglophone, Lusophone, Francophone regions and lasting Eurocentric cultural traits, the SU did not leave much of a footprint in Africa. No socialist, Marxist or 'Russophone'-Africa survived the SU. On the up-side, however, the new Russia enjoyed the advantage of engaging Africa without the debilitating colonialist chip on the shoulder. The SU invested substantially in the promotion of strategic geopolitical relations with progressive governments in the underdeveloped southern hemisphere, particularly Africa. Bilateral relations with newly independent states benefitted particularly from Moscow's authentic anti-colonial stance by way of supporting the liberation course at the United Nations (UN), substantial material assistance to liberation movements, economic and technical aid. Various future African leaders received education in the SU. The Patrice Lumumba University in Moscow was started specifically for the purpose of training of African and other 'third world' students (Feuchtwanger and Nailor 1981: Chapter 4; Saivetz and Woodby 1985: Chapters 1 and 3). This involvement became largely undone when the SU disintegrated in December 1991, the revolutionary Marxist-Leninist dogma being no longer a motivational force, the Cold War over, democracy instated, a centrally planned economy replaced by a market-based economy, and Russia's global power and status utterly diminished. Henceforth the new Russia fundamentally reorganised and re-prioritised its foreign policy objectives and priorities. The ideological global ambitions and objectives of the old order were discarded and replaced by a much reduced regional Eurasian role. …

The Role of Autophagy in Mechanical Stress-Induced Cell and Tissue Response

Liang Song1, Tengyu Zhang1, Xinying Shan1 and Yanghui Xing2* Author Affiliations 1National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, China 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University, China Received: December 12, 2020| Published: December 21, 2020 Corresponding author:Yanghui Xing, 243 University Road, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2020.32.005291

An Evaluation of the Social Protection Project of the European Union Technical Aid in the Gambia (2020-2023)

This paper examined the social protection project and the European Union technical aid in The Gambia (2020-2023). In 2018, the 6th round of Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) for The Gambia was carried out by the Gambia Bureau of Statistics with the support of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) as part of the global MICS program. The report confirmed that The Gambia still has a high poverty rate of (48.6%) out of about the total population figure of 2.09 million as at 2015, with 10.1% of the population living below the international poverty line, and inequality ratio of 35.9% (GBoS, 2019). This underscored the Barrow government’s decision in 2017 to redefine the national planning strategy that it inherited from the previous regime. This led to the re-drafting of a national agenda document for poverty reduction and national inclusion, The National Development Plan (2018-2021), that was implemented for social protection. This research focused on the actions and/or steps taken to correct the anomalies inherent in the enforcement process and those ones taken to ensure the set objectives of the program policy are realized and actualized through the EU-assisted project implementation from 2020. The research methodology was strictly qualitative, using the purposive/selective sampling method of data collection. The data collected from primary and secondary sources were descriptive and analytical in nature. The primary sources were the interview questions asked from the selected sample population, while the secondary sources were relevant literature on the social protection project in The Gambia and beyond its shores. The findings confirmed that the program was hampered by the Gambian government’s poor policy implementation framework, which the Barrow government re-structured to align the national implementation model in partnership with international donor agencies like the European Union and the World Bank. This informed the 2020-2023 project implementation by the EU through technical aid and the EU-Gambia cooperation. The paper recommended for the full implementation policy in line with the advice given by the experts and other stakeholders for program implementation realization agenda in the spirit of national considerations for unity, cohesion, development and sustainability to eradicate poverty and penury in the country.

Impact of UNDP’s Initiated Projects on Socio-Economic Development of Women: A Study of Rural Punjab, Pakistan

Women are half of the worlds total population. Their condition around the globe is drastic. Womens empowerment is much underscore issue of the 21st century. The West, which got phenomenal prosperity, is a direct result of empowering their women. It is a proven fact that without empowering the half of the population, a country cannot achieve prosperity in any field. Several governmental and non-governmental organizations are working intensively on womens empowerment issue, but the United Nations (UN) contributions are above all, as its charter ensures the basic rights of women. During the last two decades, the UN has held many conferences, seminars and workshops on women rights to launch a global strive. A number of the UN agencies are working on this issue, but most effective work on womens empowerment has been carried out by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). It works throughout the world by advocacy, partnerships, and provides technical support and financial aid to government and non-governmental organizations. In Pakistan, women are 51.73 percent of the total population. The condition of female population specifically in rural areas is adverse. Women are deprived of their basic human rights, and the literacy ratio among women is also alarmingly low. Being a developing state, Pakistan depends upon financial aid and technical support from international agencies. After the 18th amendment to the Constitution, provinces receive all sorts of aid directly from the donor agencies. The UNDP operates throughout the country known as the UNDP Pakistan. Because of dire situation in rural areas, the UNDP is working for rural uplift. This study has highlighted the socio-economic impacts of UNDP initial program on women in detail.

Inter-rater reliability of a newly developed gait analysis and motion score

Background: Gait analysis constitutes an essential part of orthopedic rehabilitation assessment. Previous studies indicate that observational-based gait analysis lacks reliability and requires extensive clinical training. Therefore, gait analysis in the clinical practice heavily relies on technical aids. The aim of the present study is to develop a reliable gait analysis assessment tool that can accurately assess clinically relevant gait cycle parameters in daily clinical practice. Methods: In this pilot study, a new gait analysis and motion score (GAMS), comprising 10 observational and 5 technically measured (e.g. pressure plate) gait parameters, was developed. The parameters were dichotomously operationalized, reflecting pathological versus physiological manifestations of the parameters. The rating algorithm was administered by 12 raters using videotaped treadmill sessions of 10 orthopedic subjects ( n = 120 ratings). Inter-rater reliability was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the percentage of rating agreement. Results: The mean (standard deviation (SD)) GAMS ratings ranged from 10.0 (1.1) to 21.5 (1.3) points. The overall GAMS ICC was 0.98 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96–1.00), whereas the ICC of observational parameters alone was 0.97 (95% CI 0.93–0.99). The mean (SD) percentage of rating agreement was 86.1% (3.3%). For the observational parameters, the mean (SD) rating agreement was 82.5% (4.5%). Conclusion: This new GAMS shows excellent overall inter-rater reliability for a continuum of functional gait statuses. The new score may be an appropriate clinical tool to objectively evaluate patients’ gait patterns. Furthermore, the GAMS may find application as a clinician-reported outcome measure in orthopedic rehabilitation. Further studies are required to verify the validity and accuracy of the new GAMS and its functionality in assessing clinical changes in gait patterns.

РОЗВИТОК ЦИФРОВОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ УЧИТЕЛІВ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ПРОГРАМНОГО ЗАСОБУ STORYJUMPER

Ретроспективний аналіз свідчить, що традиційно процес навчання відбувався в межах тріади «учитель – учень – підручник». Однак науково-технічний прогрес ХХI століття додав до цієї взаємодії таку важливу ланку, як цифрові технології. Упродовж тривалого часу паперовий підручник уважався основним засобом навчання, а вчитель – єдиним джерелом знань. Проте сьогодні до взаємодії учителя та учня як суб’єктів освітнього процесу на уроці активно долучаються цифрові технології, оскільки дають можливість миттєвого доступу до всебічної інформації та наукового знання, що невпинно нагромаджується та збагачується. З огляду на це професійне становлення майбутнього вчителя іноземної мови без володіння цифровою компетентністю, що охоплює впевнене, критичне та відповідальне використання і взаємодію з цифровими технологіями для навчання, роботи та участі в житті суспільства, неможливе. Отже, комп'ютеризація та інформатизація освіти зумовлюють пошук нових підходів до фахової підготовки майбутнього вчителя, зокрема англійської мови. У статті розкрито зміст програми навчальної дисципліни «Сучасні технології навчання англійської мови у закладах загальної середньої освіти (ЗЗСО)» з циклу професійної підготовки студентів напряму «6.02030302 Філологія. «Мова і література (англійська)» Дрогобицького державного педагогічного університету імені Івана Франка (2017/2018 навчальний рік). На основі набутого педагогічного досвіду обґрунтовано доцільність формування цифрової компетентності майбутнього вчителя англійської мови у процесі його фахової підготовки. Проілюстровано результати вивчення вище вказаної дисципліни на прикладі студентської проєктної роботи, презентованої як фрагмент електронного посібника як доповнення до чинного підручника з англійської мови для 1-го класу ЗЗСО. Проаналізовано фрагмент електронного посібника та доведено, що програмa-шаблон дає змогу майбутньому вчителеві англійської мови самотужки укладати, розробляти, структурувати і систематизувати мовні та мовленнєві завдання, наповнювати контент мультимедійним матеріалом (аудіо-, відео-, статичною і / або динамічною анімацією) за умови дотримання певних лінгвометодичних, психолого-педагогічних та ергономічних параметрів. Унаслідок опитування студентів встановлено, що цифрові технології удосконалюють процес навчання іноземної мови завдяки миттєвості доступу до всебічної, професійно значущої та аутентичної інформації, мультимедійності, креативності, інтерактивності та можливості міжкультурної взаємодії, що забезпечує досягнення освітніх цілей, а цифрова компетентність є невід’ємною складовою частиною професійної підготовки майбутнього вчителя англійської мови в сучасних умовах.

Between the Market and Solidarity: Commercializing Development Aid and International Higher Education in Socialist Yugoslavia

AbstractThis article examines how self-managed faculties in socialist Yugoslavia adopted market mechanisms in the 1970s and 1980s to attract international students and thus contributed to a commercialization of higher education. In the 1950s, Yugoslavia became a destination for students from postcolonial states because of its nonaligned politics. While Yugoslav officials first emphasized aid to students through scholarships, this article argues that projects based on profit seeking began to dominate thinking about aid in the late 1960s. Using archival records in Croatia and Serbia as well as UNESCO and World Bank reports, this article shows how domestic and international factors influenced these changes. Domestically, decentralizing political reforms and decreased funding for higher education allowed republic policy makers to disconnect technical aid from political priorities and to pursue self-financing international students. Detached from centralized policy making, Yugoslav university and republic leaderships, primarily in SR Croatia and SR Serbia, chose the immediate profits of international students over long-term investments in scholarship students. Internationally, reforms promoted by UNESCO and the World Bank shifted aid away from university training abroad to vocational training in situ. These new policies complemented an emerging international division of labor suited more to the economic interests of OECD states and multinational corporations than developing states.

How has a Christian church been aligned towards the East? Conclusions from statistical analyses of churches built between 300 and 1300

Historically nearly nothing has been handed down about the techniques for how a Christian church was built to a certain axis angle. The main aim of the study was to investigate whether church axis angles have been aligned in a west–east direction by either ‘astronomical' or ‘equinoctial date' orientation. Axis angles of 3014 churches were measured using Internet satellite maps. Multiple regression analyses provided statistical evidence for both astronomical and equinoctial date orientation, whereby probable technical aids (e.g., gnomon, astrolabe) came into use and not direct observations of the sunrise. The left‐skewed distribution of church axis angles can be related statistically to an ‘Easter window' orientation. However, the statistical analyses also allow for the conclusion that most of the angle orientations of the church axes were rather ‘roughly estimated'. No axis angle could be significantly assigned to sunrise angles on a saint's day; however, larger samples are necessary to finally reject this hypothesis. When churches are located on or in Roman masonries, their axis angles often coincide with the orientation angles of the Roman walls, indicating a pragmatically adopted alignment. Taken together, in most cases attempts were made to align churches towards the sunrise at the equinoxes, as requested by the ecclesiastical authorities.

Сучасний стан та проблеми у сфері координації міжнародної технічної допомоги для реформування системи охорони здоров’я України

Сучасний стан та проблеми у сфері координації міжнародної технічної допомоги для реформування системи охорони здоров’я України

Electronic interactive panel as a modern mean of professional training of future physics teachers

The article gives a theoretical justification for the effectiveness of the interactive panel as a modern mean of preparing future physics teachers for professional activities. The technical and didactic properties of the interactive whiteboard and the principles of its use are singled out. Based on the analysis of psychological, pedagogical and professional literature, the essence of the concepts "teaching aids", "technical teaching aids", "interactive teaching aids" is revealed. The author's definition of the concept of "learning tools" is given. The classification of the concept of "learning tools" on various grounds: the nature of the representation of the surrounding reality, the application in the educational process. The article describes the difference between the concepts of "electronic interactive whiteboard" and "electronic interactive panel". The didactic possibilities of electronic interactive panels as an effective teaching tool used to prepare future physics teachers for professional activities are highlighted, the advantages of their use in the educational process are described. The didactic functions of the electronic interactive panel – managerial, adaptive, informative, integrative, interactive, motivational, communicative, developing and educational are considered. The article describes the possibilities of using an electronic interactive panel used in the professional activities of a physics teacher, which will provide increased attention, increase motivation for learning and cognitive activity, activation of mental activity. The problems which are solved by mean of use of the electronic interactive panel in the course of teaching of physics in establishments of higher education are considered.

Selected health and social needs resulting from state of health of disabled rural inhabitants from the aspect of problems with defining disability

Introduction The state of health of an individual and the population depends on many factors, their number and type constituting a specific background of consequences which model the level of health. Human health status is determined by so many factors that despite many scientific studies, also from philosophical aspect, to-date an unequivocal determination of the term – health has not been possible. A similar situation concerns the defining of disease and states of disability. Determination of the dimensions of disability in this respect should be based on a long-term, multi-stage prospective population epidemiological studies, with consideration of constantly performed corrections in order to specify health and social needs. Place of residence, i.e. rural or urban area, is one of the factors which condition the state of health of an individual and the population. Objective The aim of the study was presentation of the most important medical and social problems resulting from the state of health of adult disabled persons living in rural areas from the aspect of defining disability. The main goal was pursued based on two sources of results of research, the first of which were the results of a study conducted within the system of statutory research at the Chair and Department of Epidemiology, Medical University in Lublin. The other source were the results of studies published by other researchers concerning the discussed problem. Selected results of own study and studies by other researchers The article presents the selected results of studies which constitute a certain type of a compendium of scientifically documented problems of the disabled, with particular consideration of such characteristics as: place of residence, causes of disability, objective and subjective state of health, health and social needs. On the level of organization of some studies the dimensions of disability were also considered in rural settlements, communes and provinces. In 1987-1990, a study of the disabled was carried out by a team of researchers from the Institute of Rural Health in randomly selected rural areas of agricultural and industrialized character. Parallel to the above-mentioned study, a comprehensive, all-Polish research of the state of health of rural population was conducted at the Institute of Rural Health. Among the many goals of these studies was the assessment of the state of health and determination of medical and social needs of the disabled. In order to perform a reliable and valid evaluation for the qualification of the examined population of the disabled a 5-degree scale of medical epicrisis was developed. A relatively large research task concerned the epidemiological trends in the occurrence of chronic diseases and the size of disability in Poland during 1990-2006. Own research instruments and data from the reports by the Main Statistical Agency (GUS) and other institutions were used for analysis. The subsequent research task concerned analysis of the selected epidemiological characteristics of disability in Poland and their importance for health care organizations. Patients in hospital wards were examined, as well as primary health care units, specialist outpatient departments, residential homes and occupational therapy workshops. The main aim of the next research task (2013-2015) was determination of the trends in the occurrence of the most important problems of the disabled, according to the cause of disability, as well as the importance of the obtained study results for health care organizations and health policy in the Lublin Province. Also, Lech Panasiuk dealt with the selected characteristics of the state of health of rural inhabitants, and performed analysis of the most important medical and social problems of adult inhabitants of the Lublin Province. The results of studies published by other Polish and international institutions were also presented. Summary and conclusions Similar to many countries, the percentage of the disabled in Polish society is determined in terms of estimates. The main reason for such a situation is the lack of uniform methods and principles of qualification of persons into the group of the disabled. The greatest problems of the disabled living in rural areas include multimorbidity, lack or insufficient provision of rehabilitation, orthopaedic equipment and technical aids, loneliness and various forms of discrimination. It is necessary to carry out multi-thematic health education addressed to rural inhabitants, both the disabled and healthy. Great hopes for improving the quality of life of people with disabilities are connected with the philosophy of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. To-date, this is the only classification addressing the need for unification of the assessment of the state of health, with consideration of the environment where the disabled person lives, and evaluation of this person’s potential. Similar to earlier Classifications and definitions, the ICF is a ‘live’ classification because efforts are still continuing to make it more comprehensive and detailed.

Technical assistance and socialist international health: Hungary, the WHO and the Korean War

ABSTRACT From the establishment of the World Health Organization in 1948, the question of technical assistance was hotly debated by Eastern European countries. Recuperating from the war and undergoing radical political change, they were both recipients and donors of technical assistance in a newly forming system of international health. These countries had specific ideas about the obligations of states and the role of technical aid that did not necessarily map on the dominant, US-led interpretation. While there is a growing literature on technical assistance between Eastern Europe and the so-called Third World, the role of technology and expertise at the intersection of liberal and socialist international health has been little explored. Through the case of hospital-building projects and expert networks from a Hungarian perspective, this paper asks how we can understand socialist engagement in international health, and how technical assistance among the Second and Third worlds fitted into broader systems.

Indirect visual guided fracture reduction robot based on external markers.

Traditional fracture reduction surgery cannot ensure the accuracy of the reduction while consuming the physical strength of the surgeon. Although monitoring the fracture reduction process through radiography can improve the accuracy of the reduction, it will bring radiation harm to both patients and surgeons. We proposed a novel fracture reduction solution that parallel robot is used for fracture reduction surgery. The binocular camera indirectly obtains the position and posture of the fragment wrapped by the tissue by measuring the posture of the external markers. According to the clinical experience of fracture reduction, a path is designed for fracture reduction. Then using position-based visual serving control the robot to fracture reduction surgery. The study is approved by the ethics committee of the Rehabilitation Hospital, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China. Ten virtual cases of fracture were used for fracture reduction experiments. The simulation and model bone experiments are designed respectively. In model bone experiments, the fragments are reduced without collision. The angulation error after the reduction of this method is 3.3° ± 1.8°, and the axial rotation error is 0.8° ± 0.3°, the transverse stagger error and the axial direction error after reduction is 2 ± 0.5 mm and 2.5 ± 1 mm. After the reduction surgery, the external fixator is used to assist the fixing, and the deformity will be completely corrected. The solution can perform fracture reduction surgery with certain accuracy and effectively reduce the number of radiographic uses during surgery, and the collision between fragments is avoided during surgery.

Control Strategies and Daily Affect

Abstract. Adjusting strategies to manage daily goal pursuit with new functional limitations may impact not only the affect of patients, but also that of their partners. Associations between patients’ control strategies and both partners’ affect were examined at the onset of patients’ incontinence following prostatectomy. Eight-day diary data from 180 heterosexual couples were used to fit two-level models. In patients, investing personal resources to keep up goal pursuit despite incontinence (selective primary control) was associated with better affect, particularly when incontinence was pronounced. Yet, partners’ decreased negative affect coincided with patients’ asking for help and using technical aids (compensatory primary control) when the incontinence was severe. Patients and partners may benefit from different control strategies used by patients, especially when their functional limitations are pronounced.

Disability and gait disturbances in older adults: a systematic review

Background: there are different alterations that produce changes in the progress of the elderly which, cause effects on the march producing a physical deterioration and establishing a relative fear of having falls. There is a high percentage, of about 93% of the geriatric population, of pathologies and alterations in the feet, percentage that is increasing with the progressive increase of the age. Because of these changes and the increase in the number of postural alterations, there is a progressive decrease in walking speed. The main objective of our review was to analyze the different technical aids that are used by older adults, including as an aid to wander footwear.
 Methods. A Narrative review was carried out, whose search was conducted for studies published in different languages, by examining the Pubmed; Enfispo, CINAHL; and Google Scholar databases. The inclusion criteria were studies related to alterations of the walking of older adults who use technical aids to improve walking, in patients over 60 and studies published in English or Spanish.
 Results: Of the potential 861 articles identified, 13 studies were included in the review for qualitative synthesis after the analysis. The imbalances have to be monitored and studied by professionals to be able to change technical assistance if necessary and that the patient does no suffer a worsening in your ambulation and quality of life.
 Conclusions: Due to the varied gait alterations, the treatment of these should be multidisciplinary. The importance of the Podiatrist's work in maintaining a walking and walking as physiologically as possible.
 Keywords: older adults, technical aids, disability.

Indirect visual guided fracture reduction robot based on external markers.

Traditional fracture reduction surgery cannot ensure the accuracy of the reduction while consuming the physical strength of the surgeon. Although monitoring the fracture reduction process through radiography can improve the accuracy of the reduction, it will bring radiation harm to both patients and surgeons. We proposed a novel fracture reduction solution that parallel robot is used for fracture reduction surgery. The binocular camera indirectly obtains the position and posture of the fragment wrapped by the tissue by measuring the posture of the external markers. According to the clinical experience of fracture reduction, a path is designed for fracture reduction. Then using position-based visual serving control the robot to fracture reduction surgery. The study is approved by the Rehabilitation Hospital, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing , China. 10 virtual cases of fracture were used for fracture reduction experiments. The simulation and model bone experiments are designed respectively. In model bone experiments, the fragments are reduction without collision. The angulation error after the reduction of this method is:3.3°±1.8°, and the axial rotation error is 0.8°±0.3°, the transverse stagger error and the axial direction error after reduction is 2mm±0.5mm and 2.5mm±1mm. After the reduction surgery, the external fixator is used to assist the fixing, and the deformity will be completely corrected. The solution can perform fracture reduction surgery with certain accuracy and effectively reduce the number of radiographic uses during surgery, and the collision between fragments is avoided during surgery. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS IN SERBIAN LANGUAGE TEACHING PRACTICE

The subject of this paper is the implementation of theoretical knowledge in the processes of teaching practice realization, while the focus of the research is on identifying the causes of students’ most common mistakes during the realization of the course Professional (methodological) practice of Serbian language teaching at philological faculties. By analyzing the records and material (student portfolios for the realization of the teaching practice) from the exam classes provided by students of the Serbian language and literature from the Faculty of Philosophy in Niš during four academic years (from 2015/16 to 2018/19), we found and analyzed characteristic beginner mistakes, and classified them into six categories: methodological mistakes in class realization, a lack of compliance with teaching principles, a lack of required class structure, unskilled application of teaching forms and methods, unskilled application of teaching aids (and technical aids) and mistakes in behavior and communication. The results obtained point to the complexity of teaching theory (developmental and pedagogical psychology and didactics), which needs to be linked to academic disciplines (linguistics, science of literature and the literary art itself) during the methodological formation of Serbian language and literature classes.