Tea Extract Research Articles

The Role of Nanoparticles in Sunscreen: UV Protection and Particle Size

Sunscreen formulas are essential for protecting the skin from damaging UV rays, which reduces the risk of sunburn, skin cancer, and premature aging. However, conventional sunscreens frequently lack further advantages including anti-aging and antioxidant capabilities. Strong polyphenolic component epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), present in green tea extracts, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and photoprotective properties. Similar to this, poly amino acids and hyaluronic acid (HA) have hydrating, anti-aging, and skin-repairing qualities. In this work, we investigated the co-delivery of EGCG and HA/poly amino acids in sunscreen formulations using nano-carriers, namely transferosomes and polymeric nanoparticles. To increase the effectiveness of these nano-carriers, a number of formulation factors, such as the drug-polymer ratio, surfactant concentration, homogenization speed, and sonication time, were improved. When compared to normal EGCG solutions, the optimized nano-formulations showed superior properties such reduced particle size, higher encapsulation efficiency, and improved skin permeability. Studies on cytotoxicity showed that the nano-formulations were not harmful to skin cells and that they increased cell viability when compared to EGCG in its purest form. Because the nano-formulations contained EGCG and HA/poly amino acids, they offered considerable protection against skin damage caused by UV radiation. The spherical shape of the nano-carriers was shown by transmission electron microscopy, and the lack of interactions between EGCG and excipients was validated by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.

A new insight into the key matrix components for aftertaste in Ampelopsis grossedentata (vine tea) infusion: From the intensity and duration of taste profiles using non-targeted metabolomics and molecular simulation

The aftertaste with a prolonged duration in ampelopsis grossedentata infusion (AGTI) is easily perceived, however, its formation mechanism is unclear. Therefore, aftertaste-A and richness were confirmed as the characteristic aftertaste of AGTI through sensory evaluation and electronic tongue. Moreover, 5-KETE, theobromine, etc., metabolites were identified as the differential components between AGTI and green tea infusion. Among them, p-coumaroyl quinic acid, xanthine etc., and proline, dihydromyricetin, etc., components contributed more to the formation of aftertaste-A and richness, respectively. Further, the bonding between characteristic metabolites for aftertaste in AGTI with their receptors were shown to be more stable using molecular docking, compared to metabolites related to typical taste profiles. The aftertaste in AGTI was more easily perceived by saltiness components or in NaCl system by molecular simulation. This study offers novel insight into the interaction mechanism of aftertaste in tea infusion and will contribute to further study on aftertaste for other foods.

Identifying the temporal contributors and their interactions during dynamic formation of black tea cream

Tea cream formed in hot and strong tea infusion while cooling deteriorates quality and health benefits of tea. However, the interactions among temporal contributors during dynamic formation of tea cream are still elusive. Here, by deletional recombination experiments and molecular dynamics simulation, it was found that proteins, caffeine (CAF), and phenolics played a dominant role throughout the cream formation, and the contribution of amino acids was highlighted in the early stage. Furthermore, CAF was prominent due to its extensive binding capacity and the filling complex voids property, and caffeine-theaflavins (TFs) complexation may be the core skeleton of the growing particles in black tea infusion. In addition to TFs, the unidentified phenolic oxidation-derived products (PODP) were confirmed to contribute greatly to the cream formation.

Enhanced sun protection factor of octocrylene with green tea and bhringraj extracts

Objectives The aim of this study of sun protection factor boosting effect sunscreen compositions with herbal extract and combination with octocrylene. Materials and Methods The standardized herbal extracts procured and studied their sun protection Factors. Camellia Sinensis (Green tea) leaf Extract, Eclipta prostrata (bhringraj) leaf extract are selected for the development of the herbal sunscreen composition along with octocrylene as synthetic sunscreen. The developed sunscreen composition contains defined concentration of herbal extracts and octocrylene were evaluated for their different physicochemical properties and stability. Sun protection factor boosting effect of herbal extracts is studied combination with octocrylene. Results Invitro SPF studied for herbal extract individually and combination with octocrylene. The results of Invitro SPF study revealed the presence of green tea extract and, Eclipta prostrata (bhringraj) leaf extract shows excellent sun protection factor (SPF) boosting value of sunscreen composition containing 5% concentration of herbal extract and octocrylene. The sunscreen formulation containing 5% herbal extracts are stable for 12 weeks in an oven (45 °C). Conclusion The findings of this in-vitro SPF study revealed a sun protection boosting capacity of green tea extract and bhringraj extract confirmed. Summary The over exposure of human skin to Ultra-Violet Radiation (UVR) can trigger photodamage, UV burn, pigmentation, erythema, and enhance the chance of dermal carcinoma. UVR causes DNA damage, which leads to dermal cancer. Daily sunscreens protect the skin from the adverse effects of sun rays, especially UVB (290-320 nm) and UVA (320-400 nm). The ozone layer filters UVC (200-290 nm) radiation when it enters into atmosphere of the earth. UVB causes sunburn, photo damage and cause mutagenic changes in nucleic acids. UVA increases ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) accumulation. ROS is responsible for cell repair which leads to carcinogenesis, and the cause of photodamage. Herbal extracts contain polyphenols, and flavonoids act as a natural sunscreen that will filter Ultra-Violet (UVB) light and contain antioxidant characteristics to modulate the photo-oxidative damage that results from UV-induced Reactive Oxygen Species production. The UVR protection of most herbal extracts are required to attain the higher UV protection in the sun care products. The approaches for preparing sun care products with higher Sun Protection Factor (SPF) possible through Oil in water formulation with herbal extract combinations of octocrylene. The developed sunscreen composition containing different concentration of herbal extracts were evaluated for their other physicochemical properties and stability. Invitro SPF was studied for Camellia Sinensis (Green tea) Leaf Extract and Eclipta prostrata (bhringraj) leaf extract individually and in combination with octocrylene. The results of the Invitro SPF study revealed the Camellia Sinensis (Green tea) Leaf Extract with octocrylene shows better Sun protection factor than Eclipta prostrata (bhringraj) leaf extract with octocrylene. The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) enhancement value of sunscreen compositions was compared to both sunscreen macroemulsion and nanoemulsion.

Estimation of MBC: MIC Ratio of Herbal Extracts against Common Endodontic Pathogens

ABSTRACT Herbal extracts have evoked interest owing to the small number of terpenoids and phenolic compounds, which impart antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of four herbal extracts (lemon grass oil, basil oil, peppermint oil, and Obicure tea extract) against endodontic pathogens along with the MIC: MBC/MFC ratio were evaluated. The antimicrobial activity by detecting the MIC of three essential oils and tea extract was evaluated against eight common endodontic pathogens by the broth dilution method, while MBC was detected by subculturing onto blood agar from the first –three to five tubes from the MIC dilution tubes (showing no turbidity), which were plated on blood agar. All herbal extracts proved to be effective antimicrobials against tested endodontic pathogens. Basil oil had a bacteriostatic effect on all the organisms (P < 0.05). Mint oil showed bacteriostatic activity on Enterococcus (E.) faecalis and Peptostreptococcus (P > 0.05). Tea extract had a bacteriostatic effect (P > 0.05) against all tested microbes except Actinomyces, Lactobacilli, Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, and Fusobacterium (F.) nucleatum. Lemon grass oil had a bactericidal effect against all the organisms and a bacteriostatic effect against Peptostreptococcus (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that basil oil showed a strong bactericidal effect on the test organisms. The MIC for the organisms ranged from 0.2 to 50 μg/ml.

On-line determination of selenium compounds in tea infusion by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry combined with a heating reaction device

Selenium is one of the important trace elements in the human body. Its deficiency will directly affect human health. With people's attention to health, the content of selenium in food has gradually attracted attention. However, detecting selenium compounds in complex samples remains a challenge. In this work, we built an online heating-reaction device. This device combines the electrospray extraction ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) with the heating reaction device, which can simultaneously detect various selenium compounds in complex liquid samples. Under acidic conditions, the sample was heated and catalyzed by a heating reaction device, so that the SeO32− and O-phenylenediamine (OPD) could generate 1,3-dihydro-2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole. Based on the above reactions, we can detect organic selenium, inorganic selenium and other compounds in liquid samples by organic mass spectrometry. In this experiment, we determined the content of three forms of selenium: selenomethionine (SeMet), L-selenocystine (SeCys(2)), and sodium selenite. The calibration curves for SeMet, SeCys(2), and sodium selenite showed strong linearity within a range of 0.50-50.00 μg/L. The limits of detection (LOD) for the three compounds were 0.22 μg/L, 0.27 μg/L, and 0.41 μg/L, respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.68 μg/L, 0.81 μg/L, and 1.23 μg/L, respectively. Spiked recoveries at three levels ranged from 98.8% to 106.1%. In addition, this method can simultaneously detect three selenium compounds and three other specific chemical components in tea infusion samples, providing a rapid and efficient method for identifying tea quality.

Comparison of different methods for evaluating the antioxidant activity of instant Torbangun (Coleus amboinicus L.) drinks

Torbangun (Coleus amboinicus L.) is a natural breast milk stimulant with antioxidant activity. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant activity of instant Torbangun drinks (ITD) ethanolic extract using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil), ABTS (2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) methods. Ethanolic extract of commercial Torbangun tea (CTT) and lactation booster milk (CLM) was also included in all analyses as a product reference. At the same time, vitamin C was used as an antioxidant standard. The antioxidant activity was expressed as EC50 value. Among breastmilk booster drinks, the sample with the highest antioxidant activity obtained from ABTS and FRAP methods was ITD (EC50 18.26 mg/mL) and CLM (EC50 0.187 mg/mL), respectively. Assessing with the DPPH method, the activity of ITD and CLM was not significantly different (EC50 35.200 mg/mL and 33.035 mg/mL, respectively), and those were higher than that of CTT (EC50 52.22 mg/mL). However, the antioxidant activity of all products was significantly lower than vitamin C in all analysis methods (EC50 < 0.05 mg/mL). This finding was proposed due to different antioxidant compounds and antioxidant mechanisms among breast milk booster products. This study also revealed that ABTS and FRAP were the most suitable methods for determining antioxidant properties in all samples.

Synergistic Renoprotective Effects of Green Tea Extract and Gemigliptin against Tacrolimus-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice

Synergistic Renoprotective Effects of Green Tea Extract and Gemigliptin against Tacrolimus-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice

Simple and sensitive determination of Cr (III), Cu (II) and Pb (II) in tea infusions using AgNPs-modified resin combined with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

The detection of heavy metals in tea infusions is important because of the potential health risks associated with their consumption. Existing highly sensitive detection methods pose challenges because they are complicated and time-consuming. In this study, we developed an innovative and simple method using Ag nanoparticles-modified resin (AgNPs-MR) for pre-enrichment prior to laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for the simultaneous analysis of Cr (III), Cu (II), and Pb (II) in tea infusions. Signal enhancement using AgNPs-MR resulted in amplification with limits of detection of 0.22 μg L−1 for Cr (III), 0.33 μg L−1 for Cu (II), and 1.25 μg L−1 for Pb (II). Quantitative analyses of these ions in infusions of black tea from various brands yielded recoveries ranging from 83.3% to 114.5%. This method is effective as a direct and highly sensitive technique for precisely quantifying trace concentrations of heavy metals in tea infusions.

Investigating the Status of WHO VigiAccess Adverse Drug Event Reporting and Exploring its Potential for Application Using Anti-Obesity Agents as Examples

Objectives: This study reviewed the status of adverse event (AE) reporting in VigiAccess using anti-obesity agents as examples and explored the possibility of its use and future challenges.Methods: AE reports related to some representative drugs among herbal medicines (HMs), complex HM prescriptions, ingredients of supplements, and over-the-counter and prescription medicines were investigated using VigiAccess on February 1, 2024.Results: AE reports on prescription drugs were overwhelmingly higher than those on HMs or supplements. Although most reports were submitted from North America, reports on &lt;i&gt;Ephedra sinica&lt;/i&gt; and green tea extract (GTE) were more from Asia and Europe, respectively. The female population reported more, and the difference in the sex ratio was the smallest for &lt;i&gt;Ephedra&lt;/i&gt; spp. The age group was concentrated on young adults, but many older patients reported GLP-1 receptor agonist-related AEs. Symptoms related to the gastrointestinal and nervous systems were most commonly reported, but mental and cardiac disorders were common in &lt;i&gt;Ephedra&lt;/i&gt;-type HMs. Hepatobiliary disorders are also commonly found in GTE-related reports.Conclusions: VigiAccess was useful for easily checking the global status of AE reporting for prescription drugs. However, several limitations were observed in using VigiAccess for HMs because of the few reports. Thus, it is necessary to increase the number of reports by education and to promote AE reporting among HM prescribers and users. The full range of HMs should be included in the pharmacovigilance system, and the coding and classification of HMs should be revised.

Tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivated in three agro-ecological regions of Bangladesh: Unveiling the variability of methylxanthine, bioactive phenolic compound, and antioxidant activity

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is a widely consumed beverage known for its numerous health benefits, largely attributed to its rich content of quality determining secondary metabolites such as methylxanthine compounds and bioactive phenolic compounds. The goal of this study was to find out variations of the levels of methylxanthines, bioactive phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity in methanolic and hot water extracts of 129 tea samples grown in three different ecological regions of Bangladesh named Panchagar, Sylhet, and Chattogram. Methylxanthine and bioactive phenolic compounds were determined by using HPLC-DAD, and the antioxidant profile was analysed by UV–vis spectrophotometric methods for methanol and hot water extracts of tea leaves. The IC50 values showed the trend as Panchagar > Sylhet > Chattogram and Sylhet > Chattogram > Panchagar for water and methanol extract, respectively. The results revealed significant (p < 0.05) variations in the levels of methylxanthines content: Panchagar > Chattogram > Sylhet. Caffeine was significantly higher (103.02 ± 5.55 mg/g of dry extract) in the methanolic extract of tea leaves of Panchagar district and lower (53.33 ± 4.30 mg/g of dry extract) in the hot water extract of Sylhet district. Panchagar and Chattogram possessed significantly (p < 0.05) higher catechin content for methanol (57.01 ± 5.50 mg/g dry extract) and hot water (55.23 ± 4.11 mg/g dry extract) extracts, respectively. The utilization of canonical discriminant functions yielded highly favorable outcomes in the classification of tea from three distinct cultivation origins in Bangladesh, relying on their inherent features. This study demonstrated the potential effects of geographical variations on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of tea, emphasizing the importance of regional differences in tea cultivation for optimizing its health benefits as well as dispersing tea cultivation across the country.

Green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles using tea extract and its antimicrobial activity against economically important phytopathogens of rice

The aim of the present work is to biosynthesize Chitosan nanoparticles (CTNp) using tea (Camellia sinensis) extract, with potent antimicrobial properties towards phytopathogens of rice. Preliminary chemical analysis of the extract showed that they contain carbohydrate as major compound and uronic acid indicating the nature of acidic polysaccharide. The structure of the isolated polysaccharide was analyzed through FTIR and 1H NMR. The CTNp was prepared by the addition of isolated tea polysaccharides to chitosan solution. The structure and size of the CTNp was determined through FTIR and DLS analyses. The surface morphology and size of the CTNp was analysed by SEM and HRTEM. The crystalinity nature of the synthesized nanoparticle was identified by XRD analysis. The CTNp exhibited the antimicrobial properties against the most devastating pathogens of rice viz., Pyricularia grisea, Xanthomonas oryzae under in vitro condition. CTNp also suppressed the blast and blight disease of rice under the detached leaf assay. These results suggest that the biosynthesized CTNp can be used to control the most devastating pathogens of rice.

A look upon the adsorption of different astringent agents to oral models: Understanding the contribution of alternative mechanisms in astringency

Salivary proteins precipitation by interaction with polyphenols is the major mechanism for astringency. However, alternative mechanisms seem involved in the perception of different subqualities of astringency. In this study, adsorption of four astringent agents to in vitro oral models and their sensory properties were assessed. Overall, green tea infusion and tannic acid have shown a higher adsorption potential for models with oral cells and absence of saliva. Alum and grape seed extract presented higher adsorption in models with presence of oral cells and saliva. Multiple factor analysis suggested that adsorption may represent important mechanisms to elicit the astringency of alum. Models including saliva, were closely associated with overall astringency and aggressive subquality. Models with cells and absent saliva were closely associated with greenness, suggesting a taste receptor mechanism involvement in the perception. For the first time a correlation between an oral-cell based assay and astringency sensory perception was shown.

Exploring tea and herbal infusions consumption patterns and behaviours: The case of Portuguese consumers

Consumption of tea and herbal infusions (THIs) have a long history in traditional medicine and cultural practices. The health-promoting benefits attributed to THIs are considered influential factors in consumer choices. However, there is limited data on consumer choices and attitudes that might interfere with the positive effects associated with THIs consumption.The aim of this study was to investigate the consumption pattern and behavior of THIs consumers in Portugal, assessing the influence of socio-demographic factors on the selection of THIs products and consumer practices related to these beverages.An online survey was conducted, and from the collected data, 720 responses met the aim of the study and were further analyzed. Most of the respondents were female, 74.4%, belonging to the 40–60 age group (40.6%) and were medium consumers of THIs (47.2%). Green tea was the most consumed type among participants, and its consumption was associated not only with age but also with the pattern of THIs consumption. Despite that, participants preferred herbal infusions, with citronella, chamomile, and lemon verbena being the most consumed types. For certain types of herbal infusions, consumption was associated with age, while other types were preferred by moderate or heavy consumers. Most participants purchased THIs in supermarkets, registered trademark and brand stores, in the form of THIs bag. Light consumers use only bag, while medium/heavy consumers indicated the use of other forms. Almost half of the respondents admitted to not reading the information on product labels before consumption and using THIs after the expiry date, while only one-third of them declared paying attention to the label instructions.This study revealed the impact of socio-demographic factors as age on the consumption patterns and preferences of THIs of consumers. Of concern is the neglect of label usage among Portuguese consumers. This emphasizes the urgency of implementing interventions to guide proper label use and promote good consumption practices to ensure the quality of THIs products.

Effect of Ethanol Extract of Tea on the Microstructural Features and Retrogradation Characteristics of Glutinous Rice Starch.

The glutinous rice starch (GRS) regeneration process could lead to decreased product quality and shorter shelf life. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of an ethanol extract of tea (EET) on the regeneration properties of GRS. The microstructure of starch was determined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to determine the microstructure of starch-polyphenol molecular groups, an X-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument was used to determine the starch crystal structure, a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to determine the thermodynamic properties of starch, and the inhibitory effect of EET on GRS regeneration was comprehensively evaluated. The effect of EET on the in vitro digestion properties of GRS was also determined. The results showed that the addition of EET in GRS resulted in an increase in solubility and swelling power and a decrease in crystallinity and ΔHr. Compared to the control group, when retrograded for 10 days, the ΔHr of GRS with 1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% addition of EET decreased by 34.61%, 44.53%, 52.93%, and 66.79%, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of EET resulted in a decrease in the content of RDS and an increase in the content of SDS and RS in GRS. It was shown that the addition of EET could significantly inhibit the retrogradation of GRS, improve the processability, and prolong the shelf life of GRS products.

Ecological effects of biochar-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron on Eisenia foetida in cadmium-contaminated soil: Oxidative stress, DNA damage, gene expression and transcriptomics analysis

Biochar-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI@BC) has been widely used in heavy metal contaminated soil for remediation. However, studies on the soil ecological effects of nZVI@BC were rare. In this study, nZVI@BC was synthesized by the liquid phase reduction and GnZVI@BC was prepared by a green synthesis method which was reduced by green tea extract instead of NaBH4. Earthworms (Eisenia foetida) as indicator organisms were exposed to Cd-contaminated soil. The immobilization effects and enrichment in earthworms of Cd were measured. Besides, oxidative stress, DNA damage, gene expression and transcriptomics of earthworms were deeply explored. The results indicated that the immobilization efficiency of BC, nZVI@BC and GnZVI@BC for Cd was 76.01%, 85.49%, and 80.76%, respectively. The effects of Cd on superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, peroxidase, and catalase in earthworms reduced, reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde contents decreased, and DNA damage was relieved. In addition, the gene toxicity of Cd to earthworms was restrained, and the genes expression of sod, cat and gst tended to be stable. With nZVI@BC, the main pathways affected by the differential genes were cellular oxidative phosphorylation and transforming growth factor-β signaling pathways. With GnZVI@BC, there were mainly structure of the cell phagosome, metabolism of taurine, hypotaurine, and alanine processes. This study will provide references for ecological risk assessment of nZVI@BC in practical applications.

(−)-Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate or (−)-epicatechin enhances lipid catabolism and antioxidant defense in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fed a high-fat diet: Mechanistic insights from the AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α signaling pathway

Long-term high-fat diets (HF) lead to lipid accumulation and an oxidative stress response, which deteriorates the chemical and physical characteristics of fish muscle. Green tea extracts, such as (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) and (−)-epicatechin (EC), have been found to regulate antioxidant ability and lipid metabolism. However, the effects of EGCG and EC on alleviating oxidative stress and lipid metabolism disorders caused by HF are unclear. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, a total of 360 carp (average weight: 9.75 ± 0.09 g) were provided with four experimental diets: a control diet (CN, 6.15% dietary lipids), a high-fat diet (HF, 14.05% dietary lipids), HF supplemented with EGCG (HF + EGCG, 14.05% dietary lipids +50 mg/kg EGCG), and a HF diet supplemented with EC (HF + EC, 14.05% dietary lipids +1000 mg/kg EC) for a duration of 84 days. The results indicated that EGCG or EC ameliorated the negative effects of the HF diet on muscle tissue. Apart from muscle physical characteristics, EGCG decreased yellowness (b*), redness (a*), and dripping loss (P < 0.05). Apart from muscle nutritional composition and antioxidant status, EC mitigated the reduction in protein levels in the muscle induced by the HF diet. Similarly, EGCG and EC mitigated the excessive accumulation of lipids and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the muscle induced by the HF diet (P < 0.05). Further study showed that EGCG or EC facilitated the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and increased silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) and PPARγ coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) expression in muscle. Taken together, the results of this study revealed that EGCG or EC enhance lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity in the muscle of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) via the AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α pathway.

Characterization of the intestinal transport mechanism of polystyrene microplastics (MPs) and the potential inhibitory effect of green tea extracts on MPs intestinal absorption

The aims of the current study included characterizing the intestinal transport mechanism of polystyrene microplastics (MPs) with different charges and sizes in the intestinal epithelial cell model and determining the inhibitory effect of green tea extracts (GTEs) on the intestinal absorption of MPs in Caco-2 cells. The smaller sizes, which included diameters of 0.2 μm, of amine-modified MPs compared to either larger size (1 μm diameter, or carboxylate-MPs (0.2 and 1 μm diameter) significantly lowered the cell viability of caco-2 cells that were measured by MTT assay (p < 0.05). The transported amount (particles/mL of the cell media) of amine-modified MPs by the Caco-2 cell, was not dependent according to the concentrations, energy, or temperature, but it was higher than the carboxylate-modified MPs. The co-treatment of GTEs with the amine-modified MPs inhibited Caco-2 cell cytotoxicity as well as reduced the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HepG2 generated by the exposure of amine-modified MPs. The GTEs co-treatment also increased trans-epithelial electrical resistances (TEER) and reduced the transportation of Lucifer Yellow via the Caco-2 monolayer compared to only the amine-modified MPs exposure. The GTEs treatment led to a decrease in the number of amine-modified MPs transported to the basal side of the Caco-2 monolayer. The results from our study suggest that the consumption of GTEs could enhance the intestinal barrier function by recovering intestinal epithelial cell damage induced by MPs, which resulted in a decrease of the intestinal absorption of MPs.

Desalination of Seawater, Synthetic Saline Irrigation Water and Produced Water Using Nano Zero Valent Metals: Results from a Pilot-Scale Desalination System

Two pilot-scale desalination systems employing carbon modified nano-sized, zero valent metals (n-ZVMs) were manufactured and tested to determine (1) the degree to which high-salt water (20 to 130 mS) could be desalinated and (2) if this degree of desalination could be maintained throughout an extended treatment period. The two pilot systems (referred to as Generation 1 and Generation 2) consisted of parallel lines of four individual reactors in series, a settling tank and an activated carbon cell at the end of each reactor line. The system capacity was 300 gal in Generation 1 and 600 gal in Generation 2 with a total hydraulic residence time of 6 h per reactor line (one hour per cell/tank). A slurry of n-ZVMs manufactured from mixtures of ferrous sulfate and green or black tea extract was introduced in the first reactor on each line to yield approximately 5 to 45 g of nano metal per 100 L of influent salt water based on dosing experiments required to achieve maximum salt removal at each of the three influent salt contents used, 28 mS, 44 mS and 123 mS. Once dosing was set, continuous runs (14 days, 23 days and 9 days) were carried out. The results demonstrated that maximum removal occurred with 10 g/100 L of salt for the 30 mS salt solution, 16 g/100 L of salt for the 40 mS influent water and 40 g/100 L for the 130 mS influent. Salt removal (expressed as Na+ and Cl− removed) approached 78% for the 30 mS influent and 41 mS influent, respectively, while removal for the highest concentration salt influent (130 mS) approached 81%. Continuous operation over the extended time-period showed no significant decrease in salt removal with a typical day to day variation of no more than 10%, suggesting that this approach to desalination could rapidly provide usable water from saline aquifers, seawater or even produced water.

Abstract 2963: Dihydromyricetin is a senomorphic agent to promote therapeutic outcome of age-related conditions including cancer and Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Aging is characterized by a progressive decline of organ function and gradual rise of susceptibility to multiple chronic disorders, with cancer being a primary cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cellular senescence represents a state of permanent cell cycle arrest and contributes to chronological aging and age-related diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), mainly through development of a distinct secretome termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). By screening a natural medicinal agent library, we noticed Rattan tea extract (RTE) has a prominent antiaging potential, wherein dihydromyricetin (DMY), the most abundant natural flavonoid in RTE, played a central role in suppressing the SASP expression of senescent cells. DMY enhanced total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), increased catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, upregulated the expression of HO-1, NQO1, nuclear Nrf2 and phospho-ERK (p-ERK), but decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in senescent cells. Furthermore, DMY regulates PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, NLRP3 inflammasome formation, the NF-κB complex activity and ER stress-response, each responsible for a full spectrum SASP development. Transcriptomic profiling suggested that DMY can dampen the genome-wide upregulation of pro-inflammatory factors produced by senescent cells, resulting in abrogated progression of cancer malignancy including elevated proliferation, migration, invasion and chemoresistance. Importantly, combination of DMY with classic chemotherapy significantly enhanced therapeutic efficacy, causing remarkable tumor regression and extending posttreatment survival. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by the presence of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, damaged neuronal macromolecules and redox sensitive ions. We found that DMY restrains inflammatory injury in microglial cells, reduces their apoptosis and inflammation, and inhibits TLR4 and MD2 expression. Results of small molecule-protein docking and pull-down assays indicated that DMY binds MD2 to suppress the formation of TLR4 complex. In AD mice, DMY improved the cognitive disorder of animals, suppressed inflammatory injury in brain and reduced TLR4 expression. Together, DMY represents a valid natural candidate that has senomorphic activity and can be applied for treatment of malignancies or neurodegenerative disorders such as AD, pathologies that frequently arise in late life of humans. Citation Format: Qixia Xu, Zi Li, Zhirui Jiang, Judith Campisi, Yu Sun. Dihydromyricetin is a senomorphic agent to promote therapeutic outcome of age-related conditions including cancer and Alzheimer's disease [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2963.