Tea Extract Research Articles

One-Pot Interference-Based Colorimetric Detection of Melamine in Raw Milk via Green Tea-Modified Silver Nanostructures.

Detection of melamine has proven to be a challenge, requiring the use of complex analytical techniques. This study introduces an innovative, straightforward one-pot technique for qualitative assessment of the milk adulterant melamine. Originally, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by utilizing green tea extract, which acted as both a reducing and sensing element. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Melamine, rich in -NH2 groups, interacts with the biopolyphenols of green tea extract through hydrogen bonding. This interaction inhibits the formation of nanoparticles, resulting in a noticeable colorimetric response. The data obtained were confirmed by a standard UV-vis spectrophotometer and validated by the high-performance liquid chromatography technique. The limit of detection achieved by this scheme was quite low, falling below the permissible levels recommended by government bodies, e.g., the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI).

Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis of Starch-green Tea Extract Composite and its Therapeutic Effects on Adenomyosis by Following the MAPK/ERK Signaling and Pro-inflammatory Pathways in Mice

Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis of Starch-green Tea Extract Composite and its Therapeutic Effects on Adenomyosis by Following the MAPK/ERK Signaling and Pro-inflammatory Pathways in Mice

Potentialities of Tannase-Treated Green Tea Extract in Nutraceutical and Therapeutic Applications.

Green tea has garnered widespread interest in the past decades due to its content of health-beneficial polyphenols and catechins, besides reportedly exhibiting activities for the prevention, and possibly treatment, of many modern-life-associated afflictions. Hence, the functional food potential of health-beneficial beverages such as green tea is widely and commercially promoted. Biotransformation of green tea extract using enzymes such as tannase ostensibly enhances its beneficial well-being properties and disease-preventing functionalities. The tannase-treated green tea catechins may exhibit enhanced, amongst others, antioxidant, anti-tumour, anti-wrinkle, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity and anti-sarcopenia properties compared to native green tea extract. Nonetheless, the health benefits and therapeutic and toxicological effects associated with these compounds, before and after tannase treatment, present a scientific gap for detailed studies. Accordingly, the review surveys the literature from the late twentieth century until the year 2023 related to the aforementioned important aspects.

DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF AN EMULGEL CONTAINING SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND VITAMIN D-3 FOR ITS POTENTIAL TO ACCELERATE THE HEALING OF WOUND

Objective: The aim of this research work was to prepare a topical emulgel based dosage form incorporated with vitamin D-3 and silver nanoparticles to reduce the wound healing time in any kind of wound. Methods: Central Composite Design (CCD) was applied for the optimization of emulgel by using Design expert software. Three responses (pH, viscosity, and in vitro drug release) and two factors (Carbopol concentration and stirring duration) were chosen, and Statistical Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that all the factors were significantly affecting the responses. Silver Nanoparticles (SNPs) was prepared with Green Tea Extract (GTE) and evaluated for particle size, Poly Dispersity Index (PDI), zeta potential and Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and revealed that SNPs of desired range and stability have been synthesized. Here excision wound model was used to evaluate the wound healing activity of formulation in vivo. Results: Maximum in vitro release 88.2±2.1 has shown by the optimized formulation F13, pH and viscosity were also found in optimum range i.e., 6.2±0.4 and 1672±33 respectively, followed by Korsmeyer and Peppas model. Total eight groups were designed for animal study and silver sulphadiazine was used as marketed formulation. F13 formulation was further evaluated for in vivo data, it was revealed that emulgel loaded with high dose of vitamin D-3 along with silver nanoparticles has shown 100.5±1.7% wound contraction, while marketed formulation has shown 103.7±1.1% wound contraction, which was much similar with test formulation. Cytotoxic cell study was done using assay on chicken egg, formulation has not shown any cytotoxic behaviour like haemolysis and cell damage on chick embryo’s blood vessels. Accelerated stability study of the optimized formulation was also performed to check whether the formulation was stable or not and it was revealed that optimized formulation was found stable for the period of six months. Conclusion: It was revealed that emulgel loaded with high dose of vitamin D-3 and SNPs found suitable to accelerate wound healing and showed almost similar response in wound contraction on comparison with marketed formulation. This emulgel promised to controlled the delivery of the drug for the longer duration.

Enhanced removal of Pb(II) from acid mine drainage using green reduced graphene oxide/silver nanoparticles

Mining activities can potentially release high levels of Pb(II) in acid mine drainage (AMD), which thereafter poses a significant threat to ecological security. In this study, green reduced graphene oxide/silver nanoparticles (rGO/Ag NPs) were successfully synthesized via a one-step approach using a green tea extract and subsequently used as a cost-effective absorbent to remove Pb(II) from AMD. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that organic functional groups in the green tea extracts, such as C=O-C, CO, and CC, acted both as reductants and stabilizers in the synthesis of rGO/Ag NPs. In addition, the removal efficiency of Pb(II) by rGO/Ag NPs (84.2 %) was much better than either rGO (75.4 %) or Ag NPs (12.3 %) alone. Also, in real AMD, the distribution coefficient (Kd) of Pb(II) (4528 mL/g), was much higher than other heavy metal indicating the adsorbent had a high selective affinity for Pb(II). Interestingly, after five cycles of use, the removal efficiency of Pb(II) by rGO/Ag NPs from AMD actually increased from 46.4 to 65.2 % due to iron oxides (i.e., Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) being generated when rGO/Ag NPs was exposed to AMD. The removal of Pb(II) via adsorption on the rGO/Ag NPs surface involved formation of hexagonal rod-like precipitates. This work demonstrated the potential of rGO/Ag NPs to be continuously used for the removal of Pb(II) from AMD.

MOF-derived porous carbon microspheres Ni@C-acid as solid-phase microextraction coating for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from tea infusions

The improvement of the stability and adsorption properties of materials on targets in sample pre-treatment has long been an objective. Extensive efforts have been made to achieve this goal. In this work, metal-organic framework Ni-MOF precursors were first synthesized by solvothermal method using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as an ideal templating agent, stabiliser and nanoparticle dispersant. After carbonization and acid washing, the nanoporous carbon microspheres material (Ni@C-acid) was obtained. Compared with the material without acid treatment (Ni@C), the specific surface area, pore volume, adsorption performance of Ni@C-acid were increased. Thanks to its excellent characteristics (high stability, abundant benzene rings), Ni@C-acid was used as fiber coatings in headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technology for extraction and preconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) prior to gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis. The experimental parameters of extraction temperature, extraction time, agitation speed, desorption temperature, desorption time and sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration were studied. Under optimal experimental conditions, the wide linear range (0.01-30 ng mL−1), the good correlation coefficient (0.9916-0.9984), the low detection limit (0.003-0.011 ng mL−1), and the high enrichment factor (5273-13793) were obtained. The established method was successfully used for the detection of trace PAHs in actual tea infusions samples and satisfied recoveries ranging from 80.94-118.62 % were achieved. The present work provides a simple method for the preparation of highly stable and adsorbable porous carbon microsphere materials with potential applications in the extraction of environmental pollutants.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN HAIR TONIC EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN TEH HIJAU (Camellia sinensis L.) SEBAGAI PENUMBUH RAMBUT TERHADAP KELINCI JANTAN (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Background: hair loss is less or more hair than normal, with or without visible thinning. Green tea leaf minoxidil, whixh contains flavonoid compounds that may prevent hair loss, can be used to treat hair loss. Objective: this study aims to confirm whether green tea leaf ethanol extract can be used as a hair restorer that meets the requidments of physical stability, and to investigate the efficacy of green tea leaf extract hair restorer compared with minoxidil on hair growth purpose. Methods: This study used an experimental method that was macerated using 96% ethanol as a solvent. The formula was made into 3 concentrations, namely 2.5%; 5%; 7.5% compared with the drug minoxidil as a positive control. The three formulas were first evaluated to meet the requirements for hair tonic stability, then the hair effectiveness test was carried out with the test animal being a male rabbit. Results: the group that had the highest effectiveness on hair growth in rabbits was minoxidil which had an average value on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of 4.9 ; 6.3 ; 7.9 followed by the third formula which has a concentration of 7.5% as much as 4.5; 5.2 ; 6.5. While the negative control which was only applied with a hair tonic base only had hair growth 1,4; 1,9 ; 2,3. Conclusion: The preparation of hair tonic formula 1 to formula 3 met the requirements for physical stability, namely, pH test, viscosity test and organoleptic test. The preparation of hair tonic ethanol extract of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.) showed that the 7.5% concentration was more effective in accelerating hair growth compared to formulas 1 and 2, and also showed that the 7.5% concentration had almost the same effectiveness as minoxidil (positive control).

Anti-atherogenic role of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in South Indian smokers

Ethnopharmacological relevanceGreen tea (Camellia sinensis) is a popular beverage consumed all over the world due to its health benefits. Many of these beneficial effects of green tea are attributed to polyphenols, particularly catechins. Aim of the studyThe present study focuses on underlying anti-platelet aggregation, anti-thrombotic, and anti-lipidemic molecular mechanisms of green tea in South Indian smokers. Materials and methods: We selected 120 South Indian male volunteers for this study to collect the blood and categorised them into four groups; control group individuals (Controls), smokers, healthy control individuals consuming green tea, and smokers consuming green tea. Smokers group subjects have been smoking an average 16–18 cigarettes per day for the last 7 years or more. The subjects (green tea consumed groups) consumed 100 mL of green tea each time, thrice a day for a one-year period. ResultsLC-MS analysis revealed the presence of multiple phytocompounds along with catechins in green tea extract. Increased plasma lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein carbonyls, cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol with decreased HDL-cholesterol levels were observed in smokers compared to the control group and the consumption of green tea showed beneficial effect. Furthermore, docking studies revealed that natural compounds of green tea had high binding capacity with 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA) when compared to their positive controls, whereas (−) epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and (−) epicatechin-gallate (ECG) had high binding capacity with sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1c). Further, our ex vivo studies showed that green tea extract (GTE) significantly inhibited platelet aggregation and increased thrombolytic activity in a dose dependent manner. ConclusionIn conclusion, in smokers, catechins synergistically lowered oxidative stress, platelet aggregation and modified the aberrant lipid profile. Furthermore, molecular docking studies supported green tea catechins' antihyperlipidemic efficacy through strong inhibitory activity on HMG-CoA reductase and SREBP1c. The mitigating effects of green tea on cardiovascular disease risk factors in smokers that have been reported can be attributed majorly to catechins or to their synergistic effects.

THE EFFECT OF GREEN TEA INFUSION (CAMELLIA SINENSIS) ON THE DIAMETER OF THE SPLEEN LYMPHATIC NODULUS OF MICE (MUS MUSCULUS) EXPOSED TO ELECTRIC CIGARETTE

E-cigarettes are the most widely used nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), particularly among young people. Exposure to e-cigarette vapor increases free radicals and suppresses the body's immune system. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the spleen causes inflammation and tissue injury that decreases immune reactivity. It causes changes in the histoarchitecture of the spleen, including the lymphatic nodules. It might be repaired by the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity of green tea that stimulates and enhances the immune system. Green tea polyphenols affect the production of cytokines along with the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of lymphocytes in the body. Increasing the diameter of the lymphatic nodules is an indicator of the immunomodulatory activity of green tea in mice exposed to e-cigarette vapor. The study design was a randomized post-test only controlled group with 27 sampled mice divided randomly into 3 groups, namely; P0 (e-cigarette vapor), P1 (e-cigarette vapor + green tea 0.020 g/bb/day), and P2 (e-cigarette vapor + green tea 0.040 g/bb/day). There were significant differences between the control and treatment groups, while between green tea doses of 0.020 g/bb/day and 0.040 g/bb/day was no significant difference. The study showed green tea infusion with an optimal dose of 0.020g/bb/day affected increasing the diameter of the spleen lymphatic nodules of mice exposed to e-cigarette vapor. Further research based on the difference in duration of infusion exposure and overall observation of the white pulp component are needed. Keywords : Green tea infusion, Lymphatic nodules, E-cigarette vapor.

Comparison of colorimetric methods for the analysis of total polyphenols in green tea extracts.

Two colorimetric methods are used to determine the total polyphenol contents of tea, namely, "the Folin-Ciocalteu method," defined by the International Organization for Standardization, and the "iron tartrate method," specified in the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan. In this study, we compared the Folin-Ciocalteu and iron tartrate methods using green tea extracts. When comparing the 2 methods, the sum of the 4 major catechins measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was regarded as the standard value. The total polyphenol contents obtained using the Folin-Ciocalteu method were closer to the HPLC value than those obtained using the iron tartrate method. However, the iron tartrate method is adequate if the current official method is improved, that is, our results suggest that the coefficients appropriate for common green tea varieties, as well as the degree and duration of cover cultivation, in the official iron tartrate method must be considered.

Differential Anti-Fibrotic and Remodeling Responses of Human Dermal Fibroblasts to Artemisia sp., Artemisinin, and Its Derivatives.

Fibrosis is a ubiquitous pathology, and prior studies have indicated that various artemisinin (ART) derivatives (including artesunate (AS), artemether (AM), and dihydroartemisinin (DHA)) can reduce fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. The medicinal plant Artemisia annua L. is the natural source of ART and is widely used, especially in underdeveloped countries, to treat a variety of diseases including malaria. A. afra contains no ART but is also antimalarial. Using human dermal fibroblasts (CRL-2097), we compared the effects of A. annua and A. afra tea infusions, ART, AS, AM, DHA, and a liver metabolite of ART, deoxyART (dART), on fibroblast viability and expression of key fibrotic marker genes after 1 and 4 days of treatment. AS, DHA, and Artemisia teas reduced fibroblast viability 4 d post-treatment in up to 80% of their respective controls. After 4 d of treatment, AS DHA and Artemisia teas downregulated ACTA2 up to 10 fold while ART had no significant effect, and AM increased viability by 10%. MMP1 and MMP3 were upregulated by AS, 17.5 and 32.6 fold, respectively, and by DHA, 8 and 51.8 fold, respectively. ART had no effect, but A. annua and A. afra teas increased MMP3 5 and 16-fold, respectively. Although A. afra tea increased COL3A1 5 fold, MMP1 decreased >7 fold with no change in either transcript by A. annua tea. Although A. annua contains ART, it had a significantly greater anti-fibrotic effect than ART alone but was less effective than A. afra. Immunofluorescent staining for smooth-muscle α-actin (α-SMA) correlated well with the transcriptional responses of drug-treated fibroblasts. Together, proliferation, qPCR, and immunofluorescence results show that treatment with ART, AS, DHA, and the two Artemisia teas yield differing responses, including those related to fibrosis, in human dermal fibroblasts, with evidence also of remodeling of fibrotic ECM.

Utilization of factory tea (Camellia sinensis) wastes in eco-friendly dyeing of jute packaging fabrics

Eco-friendly dyeing of jute packaging fabrics was evaluated using aqueous extraction of factory tea (Camellia sinensis) wastes. Jute and factory tea wastes are available in Bangladesh and jute bags are used for packaging of various exportable agricultural commodities. The extract of factory tea waste (FTW) is dark coffee colored and it was characterized by attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and microbial analysis. Nontoxic, non-allergic and eco-friendly natural dyeing process of jute packaging fabrics using extract of FTW were developed and optimized. Metal mordants 10 % on the weight of fabric was used to get the fastness properties of dyed jute fabric. The methods of application of mordants were pre-mordanting, simultaneous or meta-mordanting and post-mordanting. The color fastness and tensile properties were measured for all jute packaging fabrics and it is found that the dyed jute packaging fabrics showed a slight decrease in tensile breaking force (N) than undyed jute packaging fabric. The highest color fastness obtained with the meta mordanting method with ferrous sulfate mordant in a shade of dark coffee. The results of the color fastness for light and washing showed an excellent value of grade 4–5.

التخليق الحيوي لجسيمات الفضة النانوية باستخدام مستخلصات الشاي الأخضر

اصبح تركيب جسيمات الفضة النانوية بالطرق الخضراء بواسطة النباتات شائعًا بشكل متزايد بسبب ملاءمته للبيئة ، وتوفره ، وفعاليته وكلفته القليلة ، ويمكن التعامل معه بأمان ويمتلك تنوعًا واسعًا من المركبات الفعالة ، مثل مضادات الأكسدة و ومركبات مضادة للميكروبات. في الدراسة الحالية ، تم تصنيع جسيمات الفضة النانوية AgNPs باستخدام المستخلصات المائية والميثانولية لأوراق الشاي الاخضر التي اختزلت نترات الفضة, والتي تم توصيفها باستخدام العديد من التقنيات التحليلية مثل القياس الطيفي المرئي فوق البنفسجي (UV-Vis) ، والتحويل الطيفي بالأشعة تحت الحمراء (FTIR) ، والفحص المجهري الذري (AFM) ، وتشتت الأشعة السينية (XRD) وفحص جهد زيتا. أشارت الملاحظة البصرية إلى أن لون نترات الفضة المائية قد تحول بعد المعاملة بمستخلصات الأوراق وتأكد ذلك بواسطة أطياف UV-Vis. فضلا عن ذلك ، أظهر تحليل AFM أن الجسيمات كانت كروية الشكل ، مفردة أو في مجاميع بمتوسط ​​أحجام 108.3 و 84.76 نانومتر للمستخلصات المائية والميثانولية على التوالي. كذلك, أكدت تقنية XRD الطبيعة البلورية للجسيمات النانوية, وتم تقدير متوسط ​​الحجم وفقًا لمعادلة شيرير اذ بلغت 61.24 و 99.66 نانومتر للمستخلصات المائية والميثانولية (CANPs) على التوالي. بالإضافة إلى قيم زيتا المحتملة كانت-30.31 و -32.33 مللي فولت للمستخلصات المائية والميثانولية CANPs على التوالي.

Determination of organic acids for predicting sourness intensity of tea beverage by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and chemometrics methods.

The contents of organic acids (OAs) in tea beverage and their relationship with taste intensity have not been fully understood. In this work, a rapid (10min for a single run) and sensitive (limits of quantification: 0.0044-0.4486µg/mL) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 17 OAs in four types of tea, based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring mode. The contents of 17 OAs in 96 tea samples were measured at levels between 0.01 and 11.80g/kg (dried weight). Quinic acid, citric acid, and malic acid were determined as the major OAs in green, black, and raw pu-erh teas, while oxalic acid and tartaric acid exhibited the highest contents in ripe pu-erh tea. Taking the OAs composition as input features, a partial least squares regression model was proposed to predict the sourness intensity of tea beverages. The model achieved a root-mean-square error of 0.58 and a coefficient of determination of 0.84 for the testing set. The proposed model provides a theoretical way to evaluate the sensory quality of tea infusion based on its chemical composition.

Green tea extract suppresses airway inflammation via oxidative stress-driven MAPKs/MMP-9 signaling in asthmatic mice and human airway epithelial cells.

The anti-inflammatory effect of green tea extract (GTE) has been confirmed in asthmatic mice, however, the pharmacological mechanism is not fully elucidated. To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of GTE in asthma and identify specific pathways, murine model of allergic asthma was established by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and the challenge for 4 weeks, with oral treatment using GTE and dexamethasone (DEX). Inflammatory cell counts, cytokines, OVA-specific IgE, airway hyperreactivity, and antioxidant markers in the lung were evaluated. Also, pulmonary histopathological analysis and western blotting were performed. In vitro, we established the model by stimulating the human airway epithelial cell line NCI-H292 using lipopolysaccharide, and treating with GTE and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) inhibitors. The GTE100 and GTE400 groups showed a decrease in airway hyperresponsiveness and the number of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) compared to the OVA group. GTE treatment also reduced interleukin (IL)-13, IL-5, and IL-4 levels in the BALF, and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E levels in the serum compared to those in the OVA group. GTE treatment decreased OVA-induced mucus secretion and airway inflammation. In addition, GTE suppressed the oxidative stress, and phosphorylation of MAPKs, which generally occurs after exposure to OVA. GTE administration also reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and protein levels. GTE effectively inhibited asthmatic respiratory inflammation and mucus hyperproduction induced by OVA inhalation. These results suggest that GTE has the potential to be used for the treatment of asthma.

Camellia Sinensis assisted green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles: Investigation of structural, vibrational, morphological and thermal analysis

Metal oxide nanoparticles were created via a green combustion approach, with natural tea extract and metal nitrates as the key starting components. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra were used to determine the phase of CuO, NiO, and Co3O4 nanoparticles. The findings validate the monoclinic and cubic structures of CuO, NiO, and Co3O4 nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles of CuO, NiO, and Co3O4 nanoparticles show crystallite sizes of 25.2, 31.2, and 32.5 nm, respectively. Metal oxide nanoparticles exhibit approximately equal average crystallite diameters, demonstrating the consistency of the synthesis procedure. The FTIR spectra were utilized to investigate the functional groups and other chemical components present in CuO, NiO, and Co3O4 nanoparticles. FESEM investigation revealed a leaf-like surface morphology in CuO nanoparticles. The EDX spectra confirm the presence of metals and oxygen in the produced metal oxide nanoparticles. The study focused on the thermal stability and weight loss % of metal oxide nanoparticles. Metal oxide nanoparticles synthesized from natural tea have been shown to have good thermal stability.

A V-shaped bis-coumarin based fluorescence probe for F- detection in tea infusions and potable water and bioimaging applications in living systems

Fluorine (F) is a pivotal element in the formation of human dental and skeletal tissues, and the consumption of water and tea constitutes a significant source of fluoride intake. However, prolonged ingestion of water and tea with excessive fluoride content can lead to fluorosis, which poses a serious health hazard. In this manuscript, a novel turn-on fluorescent probe DCF synthesized by bis-coumarin and tert-butyldiphenylsilane (TBDPS) was introduced for detecting F- in potable water and tea infusions. By leveraging the unique chemical affinity between fluoride and silicon, F- triggers the silicon-oxygen bond cleavage in DCF, culminating in a conspicuous emission of yellow fluorescence. Validated through a succession of optical tests, this probe exhibits remarkable advantages in terms of superior selectivity, a low detection limit, a large Stokes shift, and robust interference resistance when detecting inorganic fluoride. Moreover, it can serve as portable test strips for on-site real-time identification and quantitative analysis of F-. Furthermore, the application of DCF for in-situ monitoring and imaging of F- in zebrafish and soybean root tissues proved its significant value for F- detection in both animal and plant systems. This probe potentially functions as an efficient instrument for delving into the toxic mechanisms of fluoride in physiological processes.

Dissipation, processing factors and dietary risk assessment of the bioinsecticide abamectin in herbal plants belonging to Lamiaceae family from open field to herbal tea infusion

Abamectin, the mixture of avermectin B1a and B1b, is widely used as a bioinsecticide and is an alternative to chemical pest control from insects. To our knowledge, its behaviour is not fully recognized, especially in herbs. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the environmental fate of abamectin in herbal plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, its dissipation in open field studies laboratory processing treatments and dietary risk assessment. Three medicinally and culinary important species of herbs: Melissa officinalis L., Mentha × piperita L. and Salvia L. were treated with single and double dose than recommended on the label during their cultivation (BBCH 11–29). Residues were monitored using the QuEChERS method followed by the LC-MS/MS. The dissipation pattern of the sum of avermectin B1a and B1b and their persistence were observed 14 d after spraying. Abamectin decline was very rapid in plants and followed the first-order kinetics model. The half-life (t1/2) was in the range of 0.96–1.08 d (single dose) and 0.93–1.02 d (double dose). The pre-harvest intervals (decrease to the level of 0.01 mg kg−1) were 7.29–7.92 d at single and 7.99–8.64 d at double dose application. Herbal infusion preparation in previously washed and dried mint, lemon balm and sage leaves was the key processing step in the removal of abamectin residues. The reduction of initial deposits after single dose treatment was noted up to 65% (PF = 0.35–0.67) and up to 79% after double dose application (PF = 0.21–0.72) in herbal tea. Acute risk assessment of children and adults for the highest residues in EFSA PRIMo model at single and double dose expressed as hazard quotients (HQ) were <1, indicating no risk to humans via consumption of the herbal products. The data provide a better understanding of abamectin behaviour in herbal plants and can help assure herbs' safety for consumers.

Antimicrobial treatments with chitosan microencapsulated angelica (Angelica archangelica) and marsh Labrador tea (Rhododendron tomentosum) supercritical CO2 extracts in linen-cotton jacquard woven textiles

In this study antimicrobial linen-cotton jacquard textiles were manufactured using green chemistry methods. The functionalization of the fabrics was executed by impregnating chitosan microencapsulated bio-based oils from angelica ( Angelica archangelica L.) (AAC) and marsh Labrador tea ( Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja) (MLTC) obtained with pilot scale supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The chemical compositions of the extracts of angelica and marsh Labrador tea were analyzed by a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts, AAC and MLTC microcapsules, and the microencapsulated textiles (AAC and MLTC textiles) were analyzed against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria, dimorphic yeast Candida albicans and filamentous mold Aspergillus brasiliensis. The AAC textile proved 40% inhibition against S. aureus, whereas the MLTC textile demonstrated 43.8% and 51.7% inhibition against both S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Although the chitosan shell material itself indicated mild activity against both bacterial strains, the extracts increased the antibacterial activities in microencapsulated textiles. In addition, the antifungal impact of the MLTC textile was demonstrated against A. brasiliensis. According to the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection and field emission scanning electron microscopy analyses, covalent bonding between the microcapsules and textile fibers was established with citric acid as a cross-linker. The antimicrobial activity was also shown to persist in the MLTC textiles after six domestic washing cycles.

A Novel Magnetic Nano-Adsorbent Functionalized with Green Tea Extract and Magnesium Oxide to Remove Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions: Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Behavior

In this study, a novel green tea/Mg-functionalized magnetic nano-adsorbent, denoted as GTE-MgO-Fe3O4 NPs, was developed and applied to the extraction of Methylene Blue (MB) from water-based solutions. The GTE-MgO-Fe3O4 NPs were synthesized by incorporating green tea extracts (GTE) and Mg species onto the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles using a hydrothermal method. Characterization analyses corroborated the successful functionalization of the Fe3O4 surface with GTE and Mg species, resulting in a superparamagnetic adsorbent equipped with abundant surface functional groups, which promoted MB adsorption and facilitated magnetic separation. Batch experiments revealed that different operating parameters had an impact on the adsorption behavior, such as adsorbent dosage, pH, coexisting ions, contact time, the initial MB concentration, and temperature. The investigations of adsorption kinetics and isotherms emphasized that the MB adsorption onto GTE-MgO-Fe3O4 NPs was an exothermic process dominated by chemisorption. The experimental adsorption capacity of GTE-MgO-Fe3O4 NPs for MB surpassed 174.93 mg g−1, markedly superior to the performance of numerous other adsorbents. Ultimately, the utilized GTE-MgO-Fe3O4 NPs could be effectively regenerated through acid pickling, retaining over 76% of its original adsorption capacity after six adsorption–desorption cycles, which suggested that GTE-MgO-Fe3O4 NPs was a suitable adsorbent for eliminating MB from effluent.