Te Values Research Articles

Research on the investment Efficiency of Real Estate in Shanxi Province Based on DEA

The investment efficiency of real estate can, to some extent, reflect the development of a province's real estate industry. A good efficiency can also be conducive to economic growth and social stability. This paper uses DEA model to measure the real estate investment efficiency of 11 prefecture-level cities in Shanxi Province from 2017 to 2021, which helps to understand the current state of investment efficiency in Shanxi Province. The results found that the mean value of TE in Shanxi Province is 0.8136, the mean value of PTE is 0.9145, and the mean value of SE is 0.9369, indicating that Shanxi is inefficient and there is still room for improvement.

Comparative analysis of the degree of hydrolysis and antioxidant activity of milk and whey hydrolysates

The degree of hydrolysis and antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates from fresh cow’s milk and whey obtained by the action of the proteolytic enzymes papain, bromelain and chymosin were compared. The lowest degree of hydrolysis in fresh milk hydrolysates was reported for sample MP1 (10 min reaction time, treatment with 0.1 mg/ml papain), and the highest percentage was obtained at hydrolysate MB12 (at 60 min reaction time, treatment with 1.0 mg/ml bromelain). For the whey samples in sample WC1 (10 min reaction time, treatment with 1.0 μl/ml chymosin), the percentage of hydrolysis was the lowest. The highest percentage was achieved at WP12 hydrolysate using papain at a concentration of 1 mg/ml and a 60-min reaction time. The obtained values for the antioxidant capacity of the hydrolysed products show a higher activity compared to the starting substrates. The highest activity in the milk hydrolysates of 11.32 mg TE/100 ml was found in variant MB3, and in the whey hydrolysates of 7.83 mg TE/100 ml - in variant WP7. Hydrolysates treated with chymosin had lower TE values compared to the hydrolysate’s variants, treated with papain and bromelain.

Time-Resolved Analysis of the Electron Temperature in RF Magnetron Discharges with a Pulsed Gas Injection

Pulsed gas injection in a plasma can affect many fundamentals, including electron heating and losses. The case of an asymmetric RF magnetron plasma with a pulsed argon injection is analyzed by optical emission spectroscopy of argon 2p-to-1s transitions coupled with collisional-radiative modeling. For a fully detailed population model of argon 2p levels accounting for direct and stepwise electron-impact excitation in optically thick conditions, a rapid decrease in the electron temperature, Te, is observed during each gas injection with the sudden pressure rise. The opposite trend, with unrealistic Te values before and after each pulse, is observed for analysis based on simple corona models, thus emphasizing the importance of stepwise excitation processes and radiation trapping. Time-resolved electron temperature variations are directly linked to the operating parameters of the pulsed gas injection, in particular the injection frequency. Based on the complete set of data, it is shown that the instantaneous electron temperature monotonously decreases with increasing pressure, with values consistent with those expected for plasmas in which charged species are produced by electron-impact ionization of ground state argon atoms and lost by diffusion and recombination on plasma reactor walls.

Lithospheric structure of the Dharwar Craton (India) from joint analysis of gravity, topography, and teleseismic travel-time residuals

• Effective elastic thickness of the Dharwar Craton varies between 12 and 35 km. • Both crust and lithospheric mantle contribute in supporting topography load. • Western Dharwar craton is thicker than the eastern Dharwar craton. • A Jelly-Sandwich type lithospheric architecture is possibly applicable in the Dharwar craton. The evolution and persistence of an uplifted surface along a passive continental margin is a long-standing enigma. The long-term vertical strains generated by such surface topographic loads have to be supported and maintained by the lithosphere's elastic strength. We estimate the lithospheric strength indicated by its effective elastic thickness (Te) and associated regional lithospheric structure along an ENE-WSW profile across the Dharwar craton-western Ghats (elevation ∼1200 m). We employ a joint analysis of teleseismic travel time residuals, Bouguer gravity, and topographic data. Our results suggest the topographic load of the Western Ghats is supported by both the Archean Dharwar crust and the lithospheric mantle (∼40 %), and indicate the possibility of a Jelly Sandwich type of rheology operating in this region. However, towards the eastern section of the profile, where the terrain flattens out, the contribution of the lithospheric mantle in maintaining the topography is observed to be uncertain due to resolvability of the method. Further, we infer the presence of ∼20–30 km thicker lithosphere beneath the western Dharwar craton (WDC) than the eastern Dharwar craton (EDC). The obtained Te values varies from ∼12 km (in the west of the WDC) to ∼32 km (towards the east of the EDC). These Te estimates are in agreement with previous studies from the region and are much lower than those for the more recent geological terrains in the subcontinent, such as the Gangetic plains and the Himalaya orogen.

Simultaneous analysis of long-pulse laser irradiated plasma-facing materials (PFMs) microstructure and hardness by in-situ laser Opto-ultrasonic dual detection (LOUD)

Laser-induced transient heat load events such as edge localized mode (ELM) could induce recrystallization, grain growth, surface degradation, and hardness changes. In this regard, we used the long-pulse laser beams with power densities ranging from 0.165 to 1.909 GW m−2 to simulate transient heat load events for pure tungsten and tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) materials. The investigated samples showed that pure tungsten exhibited a higher recrystallization threshold, steady grain growth, and less surface hardness deterioration than WHA. However, the real-time simultaneous analysis of structural and mechanical properties such as matrix elements, grain size, surface degradation, and hardness changes is challenging in this domain. Therefore, in this study, we utilized a novel laser Opto-ultrasonic dual detection (LOUD) multimodal technique that integrates the benefits of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser ultrasonic testing (LUT) for simultaneous and in-situ detection of elemental information, grain size and hardness. The preliminary results showed that the variation in hardness is well correlated with the LIBS calibration curve formed by the ionic to atomic line intensity ratio and plasma electron temperature (Te). Despite the different matrix compositions of both samples, the observed increase in the value of Te with hardness justifies the Saha-Eggert relation. The coefficient of determination (R2 ≥ 0.970) value in the calibration curve and Te for hardness evaluation showed the goodness of the fitted model. Furthermore, the correlation of grain size with ultrasonic acoustic attenuation (α) was analyzed by the pulse-echo technique of the ultrasonic waveform for investigated samples. The results showed that grain size is also directly associated with acoustic attenuation with R2 > 0.989. The findings showed that the regression coefficient has a good approximation, which demonstrates the preciseness and potential ability of the LOUD technique for in-situ grain size and hardness analysis.

How precisely European equity ETFs mirror their flagship benchmarks? Evidence from funds replicating performance of Euro Stoxx 50 Index

The main goal of the article is to examine the tracking efficiency of a homogenous sample of 14 ETFs listed on European exchanges, replicating the performance of Euro Stoxx 50 Index—a benchmark index for blue chips from the euro area. This study provides some insights into the tracking quality of European ETFs over the long time horizon (2012–2021 period) including data from entire business cycle: both economic prosperity and COVID-19 crisis. The study has been made applying different tracking error calculation techniques and return intervals—daily, weekly and monthly. Passive investing may be a highly desirable, cheap and accurate method for long or short term investments in the largest 50 cap companies in the euro zone. Hence, this unique research may help to succeed in ETF selection process. The study reveals that ETFs are very effectively managed by keeping the TEs below 0.3% (for ETFs with accumulating share classes) and below 1% (for ETFs with distributing share classes). This shows that the ETFs with accumulating share classes perform much better—the average TE for three different methods is 0.11% for accumulating share classes ETFs and 0.33% for distributing share classes ETFs. It proofs, that it is not important whether to use the standard deviation of the difference between the return of an ETF and that of its benchmark index, or the standard error of regression in TE assessment, both methods give very similar results. However, TE calculation method signifies, if the average of the absolute difference between the return of an ETF and that of the index is used. Additionally, it is found that time intervals used in TE calculations matter—the shift from monthly to daily intervals results in reduction of TE levels. Using shorter intervals brings lower TE values of European ETFs.

Improved detection limits of J-coupled neurometabolites in the human brain at 7T with a J-refocused sLASER sequence.

In a standard spin echo, the time evolution due to homonuclear couplings is not reversed, leading to echo time (TE)-dependent modulation of the signal amplitude and signal loss in the case of overlapping multiplet resonances. This has an adverse effect on quantification of several important metabolites such as glutamate and glutamine. Here, we propose a J-refocused variant of the sLASER sequence (J-sLASER) to improve quantification of J-coupled metabolites at ultrahigh field (UHF). The use of the sLASER sequence is particularly advantageous at UHF as it minimizes chemical shift displacement error and results in relatively homogenous refocusing. We simulated the MRS signal from brain metabolites over a broad range of TE values with sLASER and J-sLASER, and showed that the signal of J-coupled metabolites was increased with J-sLASER with TE values up to ~80 ms. We further simulated "brain-like" spectra with both sequences at the shortest TE available on our scanner. We showed that, despite the slightly longer TE, the J-sLASER sequence results in significantly lower Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) for J-coupled metabolites compared with those obtained with sLASER. Following phantom validation, we acquired spectra from two brain regions in 10 healthy volunteers (age 38 ± 15 years) using both sequences. We showed that using J-sLASER results in a decrease of CRLBs for J-coupled metabolites. In particular, we measured a robust ~38% decrease in the mean CRLB (glutamine) in parietal white matter and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). We further showed, in 10 additional healthy volunteers (age 34 ± 15 years), that metabolite quantification following two separate acquisitions with J-sLASER in the PCC was repeatable. The improvement in quantification of glutamine may in turn improve the independent quantification of glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and will simultaneously help to track possible modulations of glutamine, which is a key player in the glutamatergic cycle in astrocytes.

Langmuir probe characterization of spatially confined laser-induced Bismuth plasma

The influence of spatial confinement on the laser induced plasma parameters of Bismuth (Bi) at different laser irradiances ranging from 2.9 GWcm−2 to 6.2 GWcm−2 has been investigated using Langmuir probe technique. The spatial confinement is introduced with the help of metallic blocker placing at different distances of 5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm from the target. It is observed that electron temperature (Te), electron density (ne), and electron thermal velocity (vth,e) of Bi plasma are significantly influenced by laser irradiance, biasing voltage and blocker distances. In the absence of blocker, maximum values of Te, ne, and vth,e, are 13 eV, 1.6 × 1017 cm−3 and 2.4 × 108 cms−1 respectively, whereas, in the presence of blocker these values are significantly enhanced to 31.6 eV, 2.9 × 1017 cm−3 and 3.7 × 108 cms−1 respectively. This enhancement is attributed to increased collisional frequency of plasma species after compression due to reflection of shock waves from blocker. The analytical evaluated values of work done to compress plume vary from 0.7 mJ to 0.2 mJ, whereas, the variation in plasma pressures is from 0.35 MPa to 1.47 MPa and shock pressures variation comes out to be in the range from 0.32 GPa to 0.56 GPa.

The Project Performance Evaluation of Road Construction Project Using Earned Value Method


 
 
 
 The fundamental goal of project management is to finish a facility building project on schedule and within budget while adhering to defined standards and specifications. No matter how great the construction project plan is, if frequent and timely reviews are not done throughout project execution, neither the project progress nor the plan's efficacy can be evaluated. The Earned Value Method (EVM) is one of the tools used in project management that integrates scope, cost and time or schedule measures and provide an accurate picture of current project state at the time of control. This research implements the EVM to road construction project to observe the project performance during its execution and to estimate the cost and the duration of the project completion. Based on the calculation, the project team has efficient performance in using their time and cost for week one until week three, but it decreased especially in time of execution (0,864 of SPI value). Further calculations predict the project needs to prepare Rp. 115.935.300,00 to finish with Rp. 264.828.113,00 of total cost while the TE value shows this project will be finished one week behind its initial planning if no corrective action is done.
 
 
 

In Situ Supramolecular Polymerization via Organometallic-Catalyzed Macromolecular Metamorphosis

In Situ Supramolecular Polymerization via Organometallic-Catalyzed Macromolecular Metamorphosis

Synthesis and characterization of nanoemulsion of citronella oil (Cymbopogon Nardus L. Rendle) and its Sunscreen Potential Evaluation

Abstract Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L. Rendle) essential oil contains active compounds such as antioxidants and has the potential to be developed as a sunscreen. Nanoemulsion is a water and oil dispersion stabilized by a surfactant layer and has a particle size below 100 nm. This study described the formulation, characterization of citronella oil nanoemulsions, and determination of their activity as a sunscreen through the SPF values. The nanoemulsion formulation was made with 3 variations of oil concentration: F1 (1%), F2 (3%), and F3 (5%). The results of the organoleptic test were following the standards which were clear and no phase separation occurred. In addition, the pH value of the 1%, 3%, and 5% prepared nanoemulsions were categorized as safe to be used on the skin. The prepared formulas were categorized as O/W nanoemulsion types. The viscosity values were found to be 12.76, 25.13, and 84.05 cP respectively. Furthermore, the percent transmittance values were 98.4, 98.9, and 99.9%. The particle sizes, respectively, were 9.4 (100%), 10.07 (97%), and 8.96 nm (82.5%). The centrifugation and freeze-thaw cycle tests showed good physical stability. The results of the sunscreen potential test of the 1%, 3%, and 5% citronella oil nanoemulsion showed SPF values of 1.03, 1.13, and 1.14 with %Te values of 77.42, 70.21, and 67.86% respectively, and %Tp values of 95.94, 94.04, and 93.61% respectively. Keywords: Citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus L. Rendle), nanoemulsion, antioxidant, sunscreen, SPF.

Potential – Current characteristics of lunar surface at average solar wind conditions

The plasma environment of the Moon is dominated by the solar wind- the most energetic particles from the Sun. In this paper, we present an analysis of Lunar Prospector Electron Reflectometer data from the selected time periods to predict the lunar surface electrostatic potential over the dayside and nightside with respect to the ambient plasma. Here average solar wind condition (when the electron energy is below 100 eV) data was used to predict the surface potential. We used probe theory to derive the potential values. On the dayside, the potential is 5 V and on the nightside, it reaches up to −82 V. The variations in electron temperature (Te) values show strong dependence in the night side potential values. The potential reaches a value of −82 V at Te = 58 eV. Our calculated values agree well with the values measured by the Electron Reflectometer instrument aboard the Lunar Prospector spacecraft. We investigate the variation of the electric field over the two regions and located a transition region on the surface where the potential value is almost zero. This region is most suited for exploration activities, as the region is free from hazards caused by surface charging.

Effect of film mulching on crop yield and water use efficiency in drip irrigation systems: A meta-analysis

Improving water use efficiency is an effective way to conserve water in agriculture. Drip irrigation is a water-saving irrigation technology that has been adopted worldwide. Film mulching can prevent undesired water vaporization losses and enhance soil surface temperature. This study used a meta-analysis to assess the effects of mulching on crop yield (CY) and water use efficiency (WUE) under drip irrigation to determine whether a superposition effect occurs when combining film mulching and drip irrigation and whether the limiting factors of film mulching play a positive role in agricultural production. The results showed that film-mulching drip irrigation (FMDI) increased CY and WUE by about 20% and 30%, respectively, compared with nonmulching drip irrigation (NMDI). These improvements were affected by climatic conditions (climate), soil conditions (SC), crop type (CT), water consumption (WC), and mulching material (MM). For climate, film mulching was most effective in areas with temperature (Te) values below 10 °C and rainfall (RF) less than 400 mm, increasing CY by 17.6% and WUE by 16.2%. For SC, FMDI improved CY and WUE the most in medium-textured (loam) soil types with less than 17% plant available water capacity. As water consumption increased, the effect size of CY and WUE under FMDI decreased. For CT, FMDI increased vegetable CY (13.3–17.5%) and field crop WUE (12.3–53.7%). MM had no significant effect on improving CY or WUE. This study provides a reference for the practice of film mulching under drip irrigation conditions.

Estimating relative diglyceride to triglyceride content with localized MRS at 3 T.

It has been previously shown that the MRS sequence stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM; mixing time, TM = 20 ms) with an echo time (TE) of 100 ms resolves triglyceride glycerol resonances from that of water at 3 T. The purpose of this work is to determine if STEAM with a TE of 100 ms facilitates relative quantification of diglyceride/triglyceride levels at 3 T. Spectra were obtained from tricaprylin (triglyceride) and dicaprylin (diglyceride) with a range of STEAM TE values (TM = 20 ms). TE values that resulted in two resolved glycerol resonances for triglycerides (rendering them suitable for distinguishing triglyceride contributions from those of diglycerides) were selected. One resonance resides in the 3.85-4.2 ppm spectral range (overlapping the 1,3-diglyceride resonance) and the other in the 4.2-4.6 ppm spectral range (overlapping one of the 1,2-diglyceride resonances). STEAM with TE values of 40 ms and 100 ms (TM = 20 ms) yielded two resolvable triglyceride resonances (tricaprylin phantom), at about 4 ppm and 4.4 ppm. Direct integration of the resonances showed that the former peak has 0.86 and 0.17 times the area of the latter for TE = 40 ms and 100 ms, respectively. Spectra obtained from the phantoms containing mixtures of diglyceride (1,3-dicaprylin) and triglyceride (tricaprylin) were acquired. The triglyceride contribution to the 4 ppm glycerol resonance, a mixture of signal from 1,3-diglyceride and triglyceride, can be approximated from the area of the 4.4 ppm peak, resulting in an estimate of the 1,3-diglyceride contribution. Analysis was performed for STEAM TE = 40 ms and TE = 100 ms spectra acquired from phantoms with 1,3-dicaprylin/tricaprylin weight/weight contents of 2.5%/97.5%, 5%/95%, 10%/90% and 20%/80%. Concentration ratios of 1,3-dicaprylin/tricaprylin estimated with both STEAM TE values resulted in linear correlations with expected concentration ratios (R2 > 0.99).

Crustal structure and tectonic evolution of Greater Maldive Ridge, Western Indian Ocean, in the context of plume-ridge interaction

The Greater Maldive Ridge (GMR), consisting of the Maldive Ridge (MR) and Deep Sea Channel (DSC) region, is the N-S trending, middle segment of Chagos-Laccadive Ridge system. This ridge system is widely considered to be the repository representing the interaction between Central Indian Ridge spreading centre and Reunion plume. The present study investigates in detail, spatial variations in effective elastic thickness (Te), isostasy and crustal structure of GMR using high resolution satellite derived gravity, residual geoid and bathymetry data. Estimated Te values along the GMR from 2D and 3D flexural modelling ranges from 6.5–16.5 km with comparatively lower Te values over MR (7–9 km) and slightly higher values over the DSC region (>10 km). Geoid to Topography Ratio computed for two wavelength bands shows almost similar kind of variation along the ridge with a maximum value of 1.4 m/km in the DSC region, decreasing northwards to 0.6 m/km over MR. Integrating results from the present study with crustal thickness, Moho undulations and Curie depth along the entire length of the GMR suggest that MR was formed in the vicinity of spreading centre while DSC region was under a long transform fault which has given rise to the gap zone between Chagos Bank and Maldive Ridge during plume-ridge interaction.

Fast determination of phosphorus concentration in phosphogypsum waste using calibration-free LIBS in air and helium

This work represents a novel method to determine phosphorus (P) concentration in phosphogypsum (PG) waste samples using calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). A 50 mJ Q-switched Nd: YAG laser has generated the PG LIBS spectrum. Spectroscopic analysis of plasma evolution has been characterized by electron density Ne and electron temperature Te using the emission intensity and stark broadening for P I characteristic lines 213.61, 214.91, and 215.40 nm under non-purged (air) and purged (helium) conditions. It was found that both Te and Ne have significant changes linearly with P concentrations 4195, 5288, 6293, and 6905 ppm. The plasma Te and Ne values increased from about 6900 to 10,000 K and 1.1 × 1017 to 3.4 × 1017 cm−3, respectively, for the non-purged PG. On the other hand, Te and Ne ranged from 8200 to 11,000 K and 1.4 × 1017 to 3.5 × 1017 cm−3, respectively, for the PG purged with helium. It is concluded that Te and Ne values represent a fingerprint plasma characterization for a given P concentration in PG samples, which can be used to identify P concentration without a PG's complete analysis. These results demonstrate a new achievement in the field of spectrochemical analysis of environmental applications.

Lithospheric flexural isostasy background of the 2017 Ms7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake and its implications for material extrusion in the northeastern Bayan Har block

We applied a 2-dimensional, non-spectral technique to investigate the spatial variations of the lithospheric effective elastic thickness (Te) in the eastern Bayan Har block and its adjacent areas. A program was designed to calculate the Moho flexure induced by topography loading, as well as the Bouguer gravity anomalies caused by that Moho flexure. The Te values were determined by minimizing the RMS differences between the observed and calculated Bouguer gravity anomalies. The results suggested that Te varies significantly from eastern Tibet to the Sichuan Basin. The eastern Bayan Har block and northern Sichuan-Yunnan block have low Te values (0 < Te < 20 km), indicating an easily deformable lithosphere. The Sichuan Basin has high Te values (40 km < Te < 100 km) acts as a rigid block that resists the eastward extrusion of plateau materials. The moderate Te values (30 km < Te < 40 km) found under the Longmen Shan fault belt indicate that the lithosphere of the Sichuan Basin plays an important role in supporting the Longmen Shan topography. The extremely low Te (Te < 10 km) observed in the seismogenic zone of the Ms7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake indicated that the topography is compensated locally, which is significantly different from the Longmen Shan topography. A banded region of relatively low Te values (< 40 km) stretching from the northeastern Bayan Har block to the southwestern Ordos block sketches out an escape channel for plateau materials, and challenges the existing of crustal flow on the north side of the Sichuan Basin.

PERAN KOPERASI SUSU DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP EFISIENSI PRODUKSI USAHATERNAK SAPI PERAH

National milk production has not been able to meet domestic demands. One way to increase national milk production is the development milk cooperatives. This study aimed (1) to measure the technical, allocative, and economic efficiency of dairy farm business and (2) to analyze the effect of cooperative roles and member participation on the production efficiency of dairy farm business. This research was conducted at KPSBU Lembang, West Java, with 95 farmers as respondents. Data were analyzed using scoring techniques, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), and Tobit regression. This study discovered that the average level of technical efficiency in dairy farming is high that increasing milk production should be directed at increasing business scale. It aligns with the CRS TE value, which is more dominantly influenced by SE than VRS TE. However, the allocative and economic efficiency is still low because the farmers have not allocated production inputs with minimal costs. Cooperative roles has a positive effect on technical and economic efficiency. Member participation has a positive effect on technical, allocative, and economic efficiency. These results strengthen that milk cooperatives' empowerment can be one solution to increasing national milk production by optimizing cooperatives' roles and increasing member participation quality

Generation of Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Using Water Electrode

In this experiment, an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) generated with a water electrode is investigated by means of optical measurements and imaging. The discharge was generated using a high voltage (0-20kV) power supply operating at 10-30 kHz with water as one of the electrode and borosilicate glass as a dielectric barrier of 2.5mm thickness. This paper reports the generation and characterization of atmospheric pressure plasma in nitrogen environment and its application in the surface modification of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The generated plasma has been characterized by image analysis and optical emission spectroscopy. Our results showed that the distribution of micro-discharges depends significantly on the inter electrode gap and applied voltage. In order to characterize the discharge, electron temperature has been determined by using line intensity ratio method. The results showed that Te depends on applied voltage and pressure inside the chamber. The values of Te were found to be 1.40 eV and 0.95 eV applied at 1kV and 10kV voltage using 1% concentration. The discharge was produced at various conditions for the study of effectiveness of treatment on the surface property of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET). After the treatment of the sample in different treatment time: 10s, 20s, 40s, and 60s, the hydrophobic properties of sample changed to the hydrophilic. To investigate the effect of plasma treatment on Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer contact angle was measured by using goniometer with water as a testing liquid. The surface properties of the untreated and plasma treated PET samples were characterized by contact angle measurement, and surface energy analysis. Before treatment the contact angle for untreated sample was 77.1° and after treatment its contact angle becomes 38.7° , 35.04° , 33.6° and 31.6° respectively.

MUSE spectroscopy of planetary nebulae with high abundance discrepancies

ABSTRACT We present MUSE deep integral-field unit spectroscopy of three planetary nebulae (PNe) with high-abundance discrepancy factors (ADF &amp;gt; 20): NGC 6778, M 1–42, and Hf 2–2. We have constructed flux maps for more than 40 emission lines, and use them to build extinction, electron temperature (Te), electron density (ne), and ionic abundances maps of a number of ionic species. The effects of the contribution of recombination to the auroral [N ii] and [O ii] lines on Te and the abundance maps of low-ionization species are evaluated using recombination diagnostics. As a result, low Te values and a downward gradient of Te are found toward the inner zones of each PN. Spatially, this nearly coincides with the increase of abundances of heavy elements measured using recombination lines in the inner regions of PNe, and strongly supports the presence of two distinct gas phases: a cold and metal-rich and a warm one with ‘normal’ metal content. We have simultaneously constructed, for the first time, the ADF maps of O+ and O2+ and found that they centrally peak for all three PNe under study. We show that the main issue when trying to compute realistic abundances from either ORLs or CELs is to estimate the relative contribution of each gas component to the H i emission, and we present a method to evaluate it. It is also found that, for the studied high-ADF PNe, the amount of oxygen in the cold and warm regions is of the same order.