Abstract
This work represents a novel method to determine phosphorus (P) concentration in phosphogypsum (PG) waste samples using calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). A 50 mJ Q-switched Nd: YAG laser has generated the PG LIBS spectrum. Spectroscopic analysis of plasma evolution has been characterized by electron density Ne and electron temperature Te using the emission intensity and stark broadening for P I characteristic lines 213.61, 214.91, and 215.40 nm under non-purged (air) and purged (helium) conditions. It was found that both Te and Ne have significant changes linearly with P concentrations 4195, 5288, 6293, and 6905 ppm. The plasma Te and Ne values increased from about 6900 to 10,000 K and 1.1 × 1017 to 3.4 × 1017 cm−3, respectively, for the non-purged PG. On the other hand, Te and Ne ranged from 8200 to 11,000 K and 1.4 × 1017 to 3.5 × 1017 cm−3, respectively, for the PG purged with helium. It is concluded that Te and Ne values represent a fingerprint plasma characterization for a given P concentration in PG samples, which can be used to identify P concentration without a PG's complete analysis. These results demonstrate a new achievement in the field of spectrochemical analysis of environmental applications.
Highlights
One of the significant nutrients is phosphorus (P), as well as nitrogen (N) and potassium (K), which are essential for plant growth and crop production
Spectroscopic analysis of plasma evolution has been characterized by electron density Ne and electron temperature Te using the emission intensity and stark broadening for P I characteristic lines 213.61, 214.91, and 215.40 nm under non-purged and purged conditions
The atomic emission spectroscopic study of emission lines from the induced plasma can give information about the investigated material's chemical composition. This technique of spectroscopic studies is known as LaserInduced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
Summary
One of the significant nutrients is phosphorus (P), as well as nitrogen (N) and potassium (K), which are essential for plant growth and crop production. The atomic emission spectroscopic study of emission lines from the induced plasma can give information about the investigated material's chemical composition This technique of spectroscopic studies is known as LaserInduced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). LIBS is typical atomic emission spectroscopy where a high power laser pulse strikes the sample surface to produce a plasma, which will generate a unique fingerprint for the elemental content in the sample using their characteristics lines (Ahmed et al 2020; Farooq et al 2020; Farooq et al 2018; Tawfik et al 2015a). The LIBS technique was used to assess agricultural products and precision agriculture compared to a standardized chemical analysis method In their experiment, soil samples classified as thermic, fine-silty, and mixed from grassland and uplands in Tennessee (USA) were collected and smashed. Spectroscopic analysis of plasma evolution of laser-produced plasma has been characterized by elemental content spectra, plasma electron density, and electron temperature assuming the Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) and optically thin plasma conditions under air (non-purge) and helium gas (purge) to enhance the LIBS signal
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