Error Taxonomy Research Articles

Disorder of Spanish Verbs Usage in the Production of Grammatical Sentences Based on Pictures

The aspect of verbs is one of the grammatical aspects that is more complex than the other word classes in learning Spanish as a foreign language. This happens because Spanish is a synthetic relative language that has a high inflection level on verb conjugation. The differences between the verb system in Spanish and the students’ native language cause confusion to the students in producing grammatical sentences in writing and lead to error. This study focused on the disorder and verb errors encountered by students in producing Spanish sentences. The respondents consisted of 30 students taking Spanish level I course at Sultan Idris Education University, Perak (UPSI). This study used the descriptive qualitative method with the application of the Taxonomy of Errors by Dulay, Burt & Krashen (1982) to analyse the data. The results of the study showed that verb disorder occurred particularly on the various forms of verb conjugation based on the subject (doer) and number, the use of verb Ser, Estar, Tener, and reflexive verb of Gustar. This confusion caused grammatical errors, ungrammatical sentences, the addition of unnecessary verbs, reduction of the important elements, incorrect verbs selection, and inaccurate order in sentence construction.

Lexical Errors in EFL Students’ Written Production


 
 
 This research describes and analyzes common vocabulary errors found in the written production of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students. Based on the lexical errors identified, the analysis of the data was carried out by adapting James’ lexical error taxonomy and included the written production of 56 students from the Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica). It can be concluded that the participants had more lexical errors in semantics and less at the level of discourse. Recommendations on teaching methodologies to correct lexical errors related issues are included.
 
 

Taxonomía de errores y dificultades en la construcción e interpretación de tablas de frecuencia

Se describe un proceso de investigación cualitativa llevada a cabo con estudiantes de educación básica y media en Colombia. Se tuvo como objetivo corroborar un conjunto de dificultades y errores que se preveían a partir de la práctica pedagógica para los cuales no se hallaba sustento teórico particular. Se estableció la necesidad de centrar la atención en los elementos estructurales de las tablas de frecuencias y su relación con los errores reportados para gráficos estadísticos con el fin de encontrar una explicación teórica de los errores asociados a tablas. Los datos fueron recolectados de un total de 100 estudiantes, mediante el uso de instrumentos diseñados con el propósito de obtener evidencia que permitiera la formulación de una taxonomía de los errores y las dificultades asociadas en la construcción e interpretación de tablas de frecuencia. La taxonomía representa una contribución teórica que puede ser relevante en el estudio de los procesos pedagógicos relacionados con este objeto de estudio, y el diseño gestión de actividades para superar o mitigar tales errores y sus dificultades.

Towards the development of a grammar checker and its utilization in the teaching of Modern Greek as mother tongue

Abstract The goal of the current study is the exploration of the standardization of grammatical errors through templates, a process that ultimately led to the development of a Grammar Checker for Modern Greek, an electronic tool for the automatic recognition and correction of grammatical errors. Moreover, the study investigates the utilization of such a tool in a classroom setting and its contribution to the teaching of mother tongue. The participants of the study were secondary school students and main results showed that errors they made in text production activities could be categorized as errors of mechanics, grammar, and usage through certain templates, which then lead to the development of a Grammar Checker for Modern Greek. Moreover, we also found other errors that could not be analysed and categorized using the theory of taxonomy of errors by Ho, i.e. style: forms—learned forms and semantic. Additionally, the participants highlighted that the specific tool has advantages for the teaching of mother tongue. Implications for the methodology of Grammar Checkers’ development and their use in the teaching of mother tongue, generally, are discussed.

The Impact of Listening Phonological Errors on Speaking : A Case Study on English Education

Phonological errors in communicating will let the listener gain a different meaning and communication becomes impeded. The students’ errors are due to their lack of understanding of the sound system of language, as their second-language acquisition. The problem in this research is what type of phonological errors are made by students when they are listening to the short story and will impact on their speaking. The data is conducted in the language laboratory of The National University in Jakarta by second-semester students in the subject of Spoken English. in the Faculty of Letters, English Department. The purpose of this research study is to learnthe difficulties of students when learning Basic Spoken English. The method used is descriptive with content analysis techniques. The result showed the most the biggest of surface structure taxonomy of phonological errors created by the students when they are listening to the short story and has impacted on speaking is global errors in diphthong (61,29%). This is because in Indonesian there is no sound of a diphthong. These global errors will have an effect on good communication. The students should study the phonological system in the target language, especially diphthong sound, in addition to vowels and consonants. It is expected that the lecturer often guides students’ pronunciation based on the point and the manner of articulation and improve if they are not able to.

Uso y adquisición de artículos en español como segunda lengua

The objective of this research is to establish a typology of errors linked to the use of articles in SSL, and to associate the greater or lesser recurrence of errors at different levels of target language: A2 and B2. The contribution of this work is to help the more systematic and consistent treatment of articles among non-native speakers of Spanish. This investigation contemplated the analysis of 67 free Spanish-language essays in two language levels, from which a taxonomy of errors was created. Subsequently, a module for teaching the articles to each level group was carried out to see the effect that the instruction had on the handling of these elements, an effect that was measured in relation to a pretest and a posttest. The results show that after the teaching module increases the overuse and the wrong selection, over the concordance errors that appeared before the teaching module. The explanation for this may be the use of hyper generalization strategies and a greater feeling of trust among the learners. The error counts also show a positive correlation between a higher level of language, and a better use of articles in Spanish. Finally, it can be said that after the teaching module a better use of the neutral is observed, although the difficulties with the defined articles persist.

Writing Errors Among Arab EFL Learners: A Review of Literature

The aim of this article is to provide an overview of common writing errors among Arab learners of English as a second language by analyzing the findings of 15 studies. The negative influence of the first language (L1) is called interference and was first introduced by Lado (1957). This article focused on studies that have examined the negative influence of Arabic on the English writing of Arab learners. It has excluded studies that dealt with common errors resulting from different sources such as, intra-lingual errors (i.e. resulting from L2). The findings of the reviewed studies were analyzed based on James’s (2013) error taxonomy. Accordingly, three types of errors were identified, namely, substance errors, textual errors, and discourse errors. The analysis suggested that Arabic has influenced learners’ English writings at multiple levels.

Detecting errors that result in retractions.

We present a taxonomy of errors in the scientific literature and an account of how the errors are distributed over the categories. We have developed the taxonomy by studying substantial errors in the scientific literature as described in retraction notices published in the journal Science over the past 35 years. We then examine how the sorts of errors that lead to retracted papers can be prevented and detected, considering the perspective of collaborating scientists, journal editors and referees, and readers of the published articles.

Creating a Taxonomy of Mathematical Errors for Undergraduate Mathematics

In this paper we develop a taxonomy of errors which undergraduate mathematics students may make when tackling mathematical problems. We believe that a taxonomy would be useful for staff in giving feedback to students, and would facilitate students’ higher-level understanding of the types of errors that they could make.

A use error taxonomy for improving human-machine interface design in medical devices

Use error is one of the leading causes of medical device incidents. It is crucial for all stakeholders to have a unified means to better understand, classify, communicate, and prevent/avoid medical device use errors. In this paper, we present our ongoing work on developing a new use error taxonomy for medical devices that has the potential to enable fine-grained analysis of use errors and their root causes in system design. Our ultimate goal is to create a generic framework that can be used by medical device designers to better identify effective design solutions to mitigating use errors.

Machine Learning Based Taxonomy and Analysis of English Learners' Translation Errors

This study extracts the comments from a large scale of Chinese EFL learners' translation corpus to study the taxonomy of translation errors. Two unsupervised machine learning approaches are used to obtain the computational evidences of translation error taxonomy. After manually revision, ten types of English to Chinese (E2C) and eight types Chinese to English (C2E) translation errors are finally confirmed. There probably exists three categories of top-level errors according to the hierarchical clustering results. In addition, three supervised learning methods are applied to automatically recognize the types of errors, among which the highest performance reaches F1 = 0.85 on E2C and F1 = 0.90 on C2E translation. Further comparison to the intuitive or theoretical studies on translation taxonomy shows some phenomenon accompanied by language skill improvement of Chinese learners. Analysis on translation problems based on machine learning provides the objective insight and understanding on the students' translations.

Impact of predictor measurement heterogeneity across settings on the performance of prediction models: A measurement error perspective.

It is widely acknowledged that the predictive performance of clinical prediction models should be studied in patients that were not part of the data in which the model was derived. Out‐of‐sample performance can be hampered when predictors are measured differently at derivation and external validation. This may occur, for instance, when predictors are measured using different measurement protocols or when tests are produced by different manufacturers. Although such heterogeneity in predictor measurement between derivation and validation data is common, the impact on the out‐of‐sample performance is not well studied. Using analytical and simulation approaches, we examined out‐of‐sample performance of prediction models under various scenarios of heterogeneous predictor measurement. These scenarios were defined and clarified using an established taxonomy of measurement error models. The results of our simulations indicate that predictor measurement heterogeneity can induce miscalibration of prediction and affects discrimination and overall predictive accuracy, to extents that the prediction model may no longer be considered clinically useful. The measurement error taxonomy was found to be helpful in identifying and predicting effects of heterogeneous predictor measurements between settings of prediction model derivation and validation. Our work indicates that homogeneity of measurement strategies across settings is of paramount importance in prediction research.

Typology and contexts of article errors: Investigation into the use of English articles by Hong Kong Cantonese ESL learners

Abstract This paper provides a taxonomy of errors in the use of English articles by Hong Kong Cantonese ESL learners. A study was conducted with 387 Hong Kong Cantonese ESL learners, including 65 students from three local universities and 322 students from five local secondary schools. They did two free writing tasks of about 200–300 words. Over 600 pieces of free writing were obtained. The use of English articles was analyzed and errors were identified. Irrespective of learners’ proficiency levels, similar types of article errors have been observed. While over-extension errors and under-extension errors are both quite common, co-occurrence errors are nearly non-existent. Intended generic reference triggers most problems, although this reference has been least attempted. The function of the noun phrase in which an article error occurs may play a part in error severity, with Object creating most problems for learners, yet the precise effects of noun functions are yet to be determined. It is suggested that more emphasis be put on the teaching of English articles to learners at different proficiency levels. Advanced learners, such as university students, should be engaged in metalinguistic analyses uncovering the subtle differences between the use of different articles in the same linguistic context.

Adaptation of Tracer—Technique for The Retrospective and Predictive Analysis of Cognitive Errors- for Analyzing Indonesian Train Accident Involving Train Dispatcher

Human factors have been as major factors that contribute to many accident in rail industry, including Indonesia. High train accident rate in Indonesia is underlining the importance to develop method in identifying and analyzing human error in rail system in particular for the second most involved in train accident that is train dispatcher. Purpose of this study is to adapt technique for the retrospective and predictive analysis of cognitive errors (TRACEr) in identifying human error in Indonesian train dispatcher. Task, sub-task, and cognitive domain analysis of Indonesian train dispatcher is identified through Standard Operation Procedure (SOP)’ review and direct observation involving four train dispatchers. Further, TRACEr taxonomy including task error, error taxonomies, information taxonomy of Indonesian train dispatcher is determined based on literature review and group discussion among authors and a station master. Performance shaping factors are observed through a questionnaire involving 26 train dispatchers. The adapted TRACEr is developed and the application of the adapted TRACEr in analyzing one train accident in Indonesia that is validated by Indonesian National Transportation Safety Committee reveals the usefulness of the adapted TRACEr. The result revealed that the adapted TRACEr is a valuable aid to analyze Indonesian train accident involving train dispatcher and can be used as a basis for further applications in train dispatcher in other countries with necessary adaptation.

Understanding Error Rates in Software Engineering: Conceptual, Empirical, and Experimental Approaches

Software-intensive systems are ubiquitous in the industrialized world. The reliability of software has implications for how we understand scientific knowledge produced using software-intensive systems and for our understanding of the ethical and political status of technology. The reliability of a software system is largely determined by the distribution of errors and by the consequences of those errors in the usage of that system. We select a taxonomy of software error types from the literature on empirically observed software errors and compare that taxonomy to Giuseppe Primiero’s Minds and Machines 24: 249–273, (2014) taxonomy of error in information systems. Because Primiero’s taxonomy is articulated in terms of a coherent, explicit model of computation and is more fine-grained than the empirical taxonomy we select, we might expect Primiero’s taxonomy to provide insights into how to reduce the frequency of software error better than the empirical taxonomy. Whether using one software error taxonomy can help to reduce the frequency of software errors better than another taxonomy is ultimately an empirical question.

중국인 한국어 학습자의 ‘체언+용언’ 형 연어 오류 양상에 대한 연구

The Journal of Studies in Language 34.4, 607-628. Systematic and in-depth analyses of Chinese Korean language learners'' lexical errors in general and of collocation errors, in particular, are relatively rare. This study presents empirical data verifying the theoretic assertions that Chinese learners of Korean language produce ''unnatural'' word combinations. In this paper, the authors used a more comprehensive error taxonomy based on previous studies to analyze Chinese learners’ use of Korean collocations. The analysis revealed that the identified sources of errors were mainly from L2’s inherent difficulty rather than first language (L1) transfer. The findings from the Chinese learners’ errors in the use of Korean collocations have implications for L2 vocabulary teaching and learning, which should be of interest to the wider Korean as a Second Language (KSL)/Korean as a Foreign Language (KFL) contexts. (Chung-Ang University)

Improvement of Spreadsheet Quality through Reduction of End-User Overconfidence: Case Study

This paper is prompted by and based on earlier research into developers' overconfidence as one of the main causes of spreadsheet errors. Similar to related research, the aim of the paper was to ascertain the existence of overconfidence, and then examine the possibility of its reduction by means of experimental treatment designed for the needs of the research. A quasi-experiment was conducted to this end, in which 62 students of the Faculty of Economics of the University of Novi Sad participated, divided into the experimental and control group. Participants of both groups developed domain free spreadsheets in two iterations each. After the first iterations, students in the experimental group were subjected to experimental treatment: they attended lectures on spreadsheet errors taxonomies supported by real-life examples, and about spreadsheet best practices in the area of spreadsheet error prevention. Results showed that spreadsheet developers who were informed about spreadsheet error taxonomies and spreadsheet best practices create more accurate spreadsheets and are less self-confident in terms of accuracy of their spreadsheets.

The Harm of Ableism: Medical Error and Epistemic Injustice.

This paper argues that epistemic errors rooted in group- or identity-based biases, especially those pertaining to disability, are undertheorized in the literature on medical error. After sketching dominant taxonomies of medical error, we turn to the field of social epistemology to understand the role that epistemic schemas play in contributing to medical errors that disproportionately affect patients from marginalized social groups. We examine the effects of this unequal distribution through a detailed case study of ableism. There are four primary mechanisms through which the epistemic schema of ableism distorts communication between nondisabled physicians and disabled patients: testimonial injustice, epistemic overconfidence, epistemic erasure, and epistemic derailing. Measures against epistemic injustices in general and against schema-based medical errors in particular are ultimately issues of justice that must be better addressed at all levels of health care practice.

Common Linguistic Errors among Non-English Major Libyan Students Writing

This study aims to investigate the most common types of linguistic errors and their frequency occurrence in compositions written by forty (40) non-English major Libyan students at the pre- intermediate level in Language Centre at Omar EL-Mukhtar University, EL-Beida, Libya. A corpus of 40 compositions was collected from a sample of 40 students in order to be investigated in terms of Hubbard et al.’s (1996) taxonomy of errors. This study is designed to answer the following questions: 1) what are the most common types of linguistic errors made in English writing by non-English major Libyan students? 2) How frequent do these errors occur in their English written work? The findings showed that substance errors (331) constituted the highest number of errors, followed by grammatical errors (150), syntactic errors (54), and lexical errors (29). The findings also revealed that spelling, capitalization, tenses, punctuation, articles, varied words, subject-verb agreement, and prepositions were the most common types of linguistic errors found in the students’ writings. These errors could be due to overgeneralisation in the target language, resulting from ignorance of rule restriction and incomplete application of rules and interference resulting from first language (Arabic) negative transfer. This study is important for teachers and educators who should become aware of the types of linguistic errors that their target learners make. These findings are discussed with implications for English as foreign language Libyan teachers. Along with the discussion of findings, limitations of the present study are discussed, and directions for further research are highlighted.

How variation in predictor measurement affects the discriminative ability and transportability of a prediction model

Background and ObjectiveDiagnostic and prognostic prediction models often perform poorly when externally validated. We investigate how differences in the measurement of predictors across settings affect the discriminative power and transportability of a prediction model. MethodsDifferences in predictor measurement between data sets can be described formally using a measurement error taxonomy. Using this taxonomy, we derive an expression relating variation in the measurement of a continuous predictor to the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of a logistic regression prediction model. This expression is used to demonstrate how variation in measurements across settings affects the out-of-sample discriminative ability of a prediction model. We illustrate these findings with a diagnostic prediction model using example data of patients suspected of having deep venous thrombosis. ResultsWhen a predictor, such as D-dimer, is measured with more noise in one setting compared to another, which we conceptualize as a difference in “classical” measurement error, the expected value of the AUC decreases. In contrast, constant, “structural” measurement error does not impact on the AUC of a logistic regression model, provided the magnitude of the error is the same among cases and noncases. As the differences in measurement methods between settings (and in turn differences in measurement error structures) become more complex, it becomes increasingly difficult to predict how the AUC will differ between settings. ConclusionWhen a prediction model is applied to a different setting to the one in which it was developed, its discriminative ability can decrease or even increase if the magnitude or structure of the errors in predictor measurements differ between the two settings. This provides an important starting point for researchers to better understand how differences in measurement methods can affect the performance of a prediction model when externally validating or implementing it in practice.