Tax Incentives Research Articles

Decarbonization Strategies in the U.S. Maritime Industry with a Focus on Overcoming Regulatory and Operational Challenges in Implementing Zero-Emission Vessel Technologies.

The U.S. maritime industry plays a significant role in global trade and is a substantial contributor to carbon emissions, with the sector facing increasing pressure to decarbonize in line with global climate goals. This paper discusses the challenges and strategies for decarbonizing the U.S. maritime industry, laying emphasis on the adoption of zero-emission vessel (ZEV) technologies, such as battery-electric ships, hydrogen fuel cells, wind-assisted propulsion, and alternative fuels like bio-LNG and ammonia. Despite the availability of these technologies, the transition to ZEVs faces several barriers, including high capital costs, regulatory inconsistencies, and insufficient infrastructure. Existing regulatory frameworks, including the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) emissions targets, the U.S. Clean Air Act, and the U.S. Coast Guard requirements, offer some guidance but are often fragmented and insufficiently aligned to foster widespread adoption of decarbonization technologies. Upcoming mandates, such as the IMO's 2050 target, further brings to view the urgency of this transition. However, gaps in regulations and the lack of incentives hinder technological innovation and fleet modernization. The paper also discusses the need for enhanced governmental involvement, with organizations like the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Maritime Administration (MARAD), and the U.S. Coast Guard playing a critical role in streamlining policies and supporting the adoption of zero-emission technologies. It also emphasizes the importance of addressing infrastructure gaps related to fueling, charging, and port readiness for ZEVs. Furthermore, it highlights operational challenges such as range, performance, and energy density concerns that must be overcome for ZEVs to become commercially viable. The paper advocates for stronger policy frameworks, including subsidies, tax incentives, carbon pricing, and investment in research and development, to drive the transition. Public-private partnerships and industry collaboration are essential to overcoming financial barriers and creating a sustainable, decarbonized maritime sector. By implementing these strategies, the U.S. maritime industry can significantly reduce its emissions, contribute to global climate goals, and set a precedent for sustainable maritime practices worldwide.

Public Revenues and Educational Sector Productivity in Nigeria

This study examined the influence of public revenue on the productivity of the educational sector, focusing on how various tax policies and expenditures impact education’s contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), focusing on the role of Company Income Tax (CIT), Education Tax (EDT), Research and Development Investment (R&DI), and Capital Expenditure (CAPEX). Using annual data spanning from 1994 to 2023, the study employs econometric techniques, including the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, to analyze the relationship between these variables and the education sector’s economic performance. The findings reveal that CIT and EDT positively influence the education sector’s contribution to GDP, suggesting that these forms of taxation play a crucial role in funding educational activities and stimulating economic growth within the sector. Additionally, R&DI and CAPEX exhibit mixed effects on the education sector, with lagged investments showing a more significant impact on economic performance over time. It was recommended that there is a need by policy makers and stake holders for continued efforts to create a conducive fiscal environment for businesses operating in the education sector, including favorable tax policies and incentives to stimulate investment and innovation. Keywords: Nigerian tax system, educational sector, Company Income Tax, Education Tax, Capital Expenditure.

The Role of AI in Transforming Local Economies: Exploring How AI Technologies Are Impacting Local Businesses and Labor Markets

Abstract: AI is emerging as a key disruptor of local economies. The impact of AI technologies including machine learning, automation and precision farming in reshaping local business landscape, unlocking innovation, enhancing productivity and creating net new jobs, is yet to be fully appreciated. This paper provides an analysis of the role of AI in revitalising local economies: how AI technologies are enabling small and medium sized enterprises (SME) to improve productivity, how rural economies can overcome labour shortages and supply chain issues and how to realise AIs transformative potential in the near term. It goes on to discuss the impact of AI on labour markets, the creation of net new jobs in data and drone related occupations and need for reskilling and upskilling. It also discusses the role of local governments in encouraging AI adoption through public-private partnerships, tax incentives and infrastructure improvements. The paper concludes with a discussion about how AI shapes the future of work, the need to address the digital divide and the role of AI in fostering sustainable economic development at the local level. This paper analyses the impact of AI on productivity, consumer engagement, supply chain optimisation and workforce transformation.

Pathways in the governance of shipping decarbonization from perspective of balancing the conflicting interests

The shipping industry is featured by high carbon emissions. The 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships sets forth the global goals of shipping decarbonization. Shipping decarbonization involves complicated issues of economy, technology, policy and law etc., and implies the conflicts between economic interests and environmental interests, between individual interests and public interests, between individual States’ interests and international common interests and between current interests and long-term interests. This research suggests that balancing such conflicting interests need to follow the principle of prioritizing the international public environmental interests while taking into account the other interests because protection of environmental interests should be taken as the basic value orientation in shipping decarbonization governance and the principle of collaborating governmental intervention and market mechanisms by reference to the theory on the relationship between government and market in economics. Under the guidance of these principle, by reference to the equilibrium analysis method in economics and following the progressive decision theory in management, this research demonstrates that the main pathways in achieving such balance may include: making strategic plan and basic policy for reducing GHG emissions from ships by the government, implementing economic incentive policies such as tax incentives and fiscal subsidies, implementing ship energy efficiency measures, prudently implementing shipping carbon emissions trading mechanism, accelerating the establishment of alternative marine fuel supply chain, innovating alternative marine fuel technology and ship propulsion technology, and actively engaging in international cooperation.

SUPPORT FOR ATTRACTING INVESTMENTSTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM SECTOR

The article examines the institutional support for attracting investments to the development of the tourism sector in Ukraine, which serves as a key factor for creating a favorable investment climate and stimulating industry growth. The aim of the research is to analyze, systematize, and summarize the existing institutional foundations for attracting investments, as well as to develop recommendations for overcoming institutional problems in the tourism sector's development. The study presents a system of legal, organizational, economic, and social instruments that create conditions for activating investment activities in the tourism sector. The importance of state support, improving legislation, and developing effective financial mechanisms for attracting investors is substantiated. The research findings indicate that Ukraine has significant potential in the tourism sector due to its natural, cultural, and historical resources. It is revealed that the lack of systematic legislation, inadequate training of personnel, weaknesses in financial mechanisms, and the mismatch of the tax system with industry needs hinder the development of the tourism sector. The study also identified the urgent need for a unified legislative act regulating activities in the tourism sector. Special attention is paid to the role of government organizations that provide informational support and cooperation between the state and business, as well as their participation in developing tourism development strategies. The article presents examples of international cooperation and Ukraine's participation in international organizations' programs that promote foreign investment attraction. The necessity of creating effective financial instruments, including state subsidies and grants, to support new tourism projects is justified. The research emphasizes the importance of implementing tax incentives for enterprises in the tourism sector and developing informational platforms for convenient access to investment opportunities. It is argued that institutional support for attracting investments to the development of the tourism sector in Ukraine is a comprehensive process that requires the systematization of legislation, support for innovative enterprises, modernization of personnel training, and the development of financial mechanisms that will contribute to the sustainable development of tourism infrastructure and the attraction of new investments.

Quantifying the Emergence of Basic Research Capabilities in Cluster Enterprises: An Analytical Framework Based on Information Entropy

This study looks at how basic research capabilities develop within enterprise clusters, focusing on the complex and adaptive nature of these systems. It builds a conceptual model using systems theory and applies information entropy to measure how much these capabilities have emerged. This study introduces an innovative application of information entropy to model and quantify the emergence of research capabilities within enterprise clusters, offering a novel framework for assessing research development. To dive deeper, China Pingmei Shenma Group (Henan, China) was used as a case study. A case study approach was used to gather empirical data. This case—focused on a state-owned enterprise cluster in China’s coal-based energy and chemical industries—highlights the key factors that influence research capability growth. These factors include support from external systems, how internal resources are used, and their renewal over time. From 2017 to 2022, the study tracked how the organization of research capabilities evolved over time by tracking changes in entropy, revealing the process of research development driven by both internal and external forces. The methodology involves measuring system entropy to evaluate the degree of orderliness and innovation performance, incorporating entropy generation and exchange metrics, which allows for a more precise understanding of system emergence and complexity. The interactions within the system, such as knowledge exchange, research collaboration, and external input from government subsidies or tax incentives, are modeled to track how they influence the system’s overall entropy. This study finds that the ability of an enterprise cluster to bring in external resources and reduce internal inefficiencies is critical for enhancing research capabilities. This model can help policymakers and enterprises in strategic decision-making, particularly in industries undergoing technological transformation. This framework also provides practical insights for improving research collaboration and innovation in enterprise clusters, especially in rapidly evolving industries like energy and chemicals.

The impact of corporate digital transformation on stock market activity: evidence from the Chinese listed manufacturing companies

Purpose This research aims to investigate the impact of corporate digital transformation (CDT) on stock market activity. Design/methodology/approach A data set of Chinese listed manufacturing enterprises from 2012–2021 is used as a research sample. Findings This research finds that CDT can promote stock market activity. This study validates two potential mechanisms: increasing financial performance and mitigating information asymmetry. This study further suggests that internal control and analyst coverage can strengthen the impact of CDT on stock market activity. Research limitations/implications The research exhibits certain limitations that should be considered in future research. Because the findings are based on the Chinese context, the applicability and generalizability of the findings to other environments may be limited. This research enriches the literature on the determinants of stock market activity from a technological perspective and incrementally contributes to understanding the impact of CDT on stock markets. After analyzing two opposing perspectives on the economic consequences of CDT, the favorable effect of CDT on stock market activity is proven based on the resource-based view and agency theory. This research extends the literature on the relationship between CDT and investor behavior, demonstrating that investors perceive CDT as beneficial. The results provide evidence that CDT can increase financial performance and improve the information environment, leading to increased investor attention and enhanced trading activity. Practical implications This research has incremental practical implications for enterprises and regulatory authorities to comprehend the economic consequences of CDT in developing countries. First, enterprises should increase their digital investments to improve their performance and decrease information asymmetry. Furthermore, enterprise managers should strengthen information systems to adapt to the process of CDT and train employees on digital skills. Second, regulatory authorities should provide comprehensive digital policies and programs supported by tax incentives, subsidies and digital infrastructure projects (Wang et al., 2023). Originality/value This research strengthens the debate on the market impact of CDT. Unlike prior literature, this study explores the influence of CDT on stock market activity for the first time, enriching the literature on CDT and stock market activity. Furthermore, the outcomes guide regulatory authorities to actively support CDT and expedite the digital upgrading of manufacturing industries to promote stock market activity.

Arts management and economic development: The role of cultural organizations in China’s regional growth

This study explores the role of arts management in regional economic development within major Chinese cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen. Cultural organizations—such as museums, theaters, and galleries—contribute significantly to local economies through tourism, job creation, and the enhancement of cultural branding. Using a qualitative approach, 18 semi-structured interviews with arts managers and policymakers selected based on their influential roles in cultural organizations across these cities. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis, which identified key themes including the economic impact of cultural organizations, the influence of government policies, challenges in arts management, and the role of cultural tourism in fostering regional growth. The findings reveal that while government policies play a pivotal role in supporting cultural organizations, providing crucial funding, tax incentives, and infrastructure development, concerns remain about the long-term sustainability of funding due to shifting political and economic priorities. Additionally, arts managers face challenges related to balancing artistic goals with financial viability, particularly as the sector becomes increasingly competitive and technology-dependent. Key challenges identified include securing stable funding sources, adapting to digital technologies, talent retention, and maintaining artistic integrity amid commercial pressures. The study highlights the need for diversified funding models such as public-private partnerships and alternative revenue streams and suggests further exploration into the role of smaller cultural organizations in rural regions to promote inclusive regional development. Practical recommendations include developing strategies to enhance financial sustainability, investing in digital capabilities, and formulating policies that provide long-term support for the cultural sector. Overall, the research contributes to a better understanding of how effective arts management can drive regional economic development and offers practical recommendations for strengthening the sustainability of China’s cultural sector.

Taxation of foreign trusts in Greece /Tax incentives for the transfer of residence of individuals to Greece

Abstract The present overview provides a summary of the Greek tax regime applicable to foreign trusts. Up until 2017, the taxation of foreign trusts was largely left unregulated in the Greek tax system, which can be attributed to the fact that trusts, being a common-law concept, are not recognized by Greek legislation. Despite the uncertainties, foreign trusts were often used as structures for wealth management or estate planning. The guidelines provided in 2017 were thus eagerly awaited to provide clarity on a matter that was left unregulated for decades and can therefore only be considered as a very positive development. Nevertheless, certain aspects raise concern. This overview also summarizes the Greek Tax Incentive Regimes, which have been met with great demand from foreign residents seeking to transfer their (tax) residence to Greece.

Enhanced R&D Tax Deduction and Corporate Short-term Loans for Long-term Investment: Evidence from China

This study empirically investigates the effect of tax incentives on enterprises’ reliance on short-term loans for long-term investment, focusing on China’s enhanced R&D tax deduction policy in 2015. By employing a regression discontinuity design and a complementary difference-in-differences specification, we find that the policy led to a notable reduction in enterprises’ resorting to short-term loans for long-term investment. In addition, the policy accomplished its effect by augmenting enterprises’ cash flows and mitigating their financing constraints, which increased their tendency to rely on internal financing for long-term investment. Furthermore, the policy exhibits a more pronounced restraining effect on financially healthy, non-state-owned, innovative, and small-scale enterprises. The study sheds light on the impact of tax incentives on enterprises’ financing decisions for long-term investment and has important policy implications.

Assessing the influence of foreign direct investment on renewable energy consumption in Somalia: an ARDL model analysis

ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on renewable energy consumption in Somalia from 1990 to 2019 using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The findings reveal a positive, statistically significant relationship between FDI, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), trade openness, and renewable energy consumption in the long run. Specifically, a 1% increase in FDI leads to a 0.0000115% increase in renewable energy consumption. Similarly, a 1% increase in GDP leads to a 0.026041% increase in renewable energy consumption. Meanwhile, a 1% rise in trade openness enhances renewable energy consumption by 0.0000280%. Increased foreign investments and economic growth promote the adoption of renewable energy, aligning with sustainable development principles. Conversely, environmental degradation negatively impacts renewable energy consumption. Specifically, a 1% increase in environmental degradation leads to a 0.570376% decrease in renewable energy consumption. Policymakers should incentivize FDI in the renewable energy industry through tax incentives, streamlined regulations, and public-private partnerships. Strategies promoting economic growth and integrating renewable energy objectives are essential, with trade openness facilitating the importation of renewable energy technologies. A limitation of this study is the reliance on yearly data, which may not capture recent developments or short-term fluctuations. Future research should use more granular, up-to-date data to understand the dynamics in Somalia better.

The rise of Chinese animation: policy evolution and industry development since the 1990s

ABSTRACT This paper examines the evolution of China’s animation industry policies from 1990 to the present and their substantial impact on industry development. The study identifies four main stages: the exploratory phase in the 1990s, the boom period from 2000 to 2011, the transition period from 2012 to 2016, and the rational phase from 2017 onwards. Each stage had distinct policy focuses, collectively driving a shift in Chinese animation from simple quantity growth to a more sustainable, quality-oriented development. Various supportive measures, including market access management, fiscal and tax incentives, and industry fund support, provided critical market space and financial resources, fostering technological innovation, talent cultivation, and broadening international collaborations. Despite notable achievements, the industry still grapples with challenges like an incomplete industrial chain, dependence on government support, and gaps in original content creation. This paper provides essential references for optimizing future policies, offering valuable insights for the animation industry’s development in other countries as well.

Do Tax Incentives Moderate the Impact of Cash Flow and Sales Growth on Accounting Conservatism

This research investigates the relationships between cash flow, sales growth, tax incentives, and accounting conservatism. The study reveals that cash flow significantly influences accounting conservatism, indicating that firms with higher cash flows tend to adopt less conservative accounting practices to seize growth opportunities. Additionally, strong sales growth is associated with reduced accounting conservatism, as companies aim to meet market expectations and present favorable financial results. However, the interaction between cash flow and tax incentives, as well as sales growth and tax incentives, does not significantly affect accounting conservatism. These findings suggest that firms prioritize immediate financial performance over tax strategies when making accounting decisions. The research highlights the need to explore further industry-specific factors, long-term effects, and the practical implementation of tax incentives. By addressing these aspects, future studies can provide deeper insights into how financial reporting practices evolve and inform better corporate governance and stakeholder communication. Overall, this research contributes to understanding the dynamics influencing accounting conservatism in a changing economic landscape

Impact of automotive tax incentives during Covid-19

In 2021, as part of the Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional/ National Economic Recovery (PEN) program, the government introduced additional tax incentives to boost durable goods consumption, the PPnBM incentives, for qualified new car purchases. This study aims to explore the PPnBM incentives’ impact on automotive sectors in 2021, utilizing the Interrupted Time-Series Analysis (ITSA) methodology and seasonal forecasting method with Holt-Winters exponential smoothing and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) for four years from 2018 until 2021. In particular, using the automobile wholesales and tax administration data, this paper assesses the impact of the PPnBM incentives on car wholesales, participating firms’ sales, purchases, and wage expenditure. The impact of the PPnBM incentives on automotive sectors in 2021 suggested no significant difference in incentives-qualifying cars’ wholesales before and after the PPnBM incentives. However, the impact of the PPnBM incentives on total sales recovery resulted in the incentive participants recovering their total sales to the pre-Covid-19 level. In general, from the variables tested, the result suggests that the PPnBM incentives had a modest impact on wholesale recovery and economic activity for participating automotive manufacturers during the incentives period.

Performance-Based Budgeting and Corporate Innovation: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment in China

ABSTRACT This paper exploits a quasi-natural experiment to investigate the relationship between performance-based budgeting (PBB) and corporate innovation in China. The findings indicate a significant rise in patent applications and patents granted among firms headquartered in provinces that have adopted PPB. The increase is particularly pronounced for firms in provinces facing higher fiscal pressure and stronger government audits. The positive impact of PBB on corporate innovation is considerable for corporates with state-owned attributes and high financial constraints. The mechanisms of government fiscal transparency, research and development subsidies, and tax incentives are supported. Additional analyses indicate that the current PBB in China shows limitations in covering the governmental fund budget comprehensively. Moreover, in regions with increased government spending on science and technology, the influence of PBB on corporate innovation is significantly more pronounced. Collectively, the evidence implies that PBB can serve as a catalyst for corporate innovation.

Nothing special about an allowance for corporate equity: Evidence from Italian banks

This paper analyzes the impact of reduced tax incentives for equity financing on banks' regulatory capital ratios under the Basel III regime. We are particularly interested in a recent interest rate cut in the Italian corporate equity allowance, which reduces the relative tax advantage of equity financing. The results show that banks respond to this increased tax disparity by significantly reducing their regulatory capital while at the same time reducing their risk-taking. The decline in capital is more pronounced for small banks and outweighs the initial capital gains from the introduction of this tax instrument. Our results challenge the use of equity allowances, in that financial stability gains persist only as long as costly tax subsidies remain intact and diminish as the size of the subsidy is reduced.

Quantum computing and its implications for Asian innovation ecosystems

ABSTRACT Where quantum computing is emerging as a catalyst for innovation, this paper investigates its influence on R&D efficiency and innovation outcomes across 4,500 firms in six key sectors – pharmaceuticals, finance, materials science, energy, telecommunications, and logistics – in Asia between 2015 and 2024. The study employs advanced models, including Agent-Based Modeling (ABM), Bayesian Networks, Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Markov Chains, to analyse the relationship between quantum computing investments and innovation performance. The results indicate that high-R&D sectors, such as pharmaceuticals and finance, benefit most from quantum computing due to its role in accelerating drug discovery and optimising risk management. In contrast, low-R&D sectors like telecommunications and logistics face slower adoption due to infrastructure challenges and limited resources. Government support, particularly through subsidies and tax incentives, enhances the impact of quantum computing investments on innovation outcomes, especially in high-R&D industries. This study addresses key gaps by providing empirical evidence of quantum computing’s role in driving sectoral innovation and offering actionable insights for policymakers and industry leaders.

SMEs’ dependency on large corporations’ technology for sustainability in the United States

Introduction/Background: This study discusses how small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) depend on major corporations for key technology resources that support sustainability initiatives. While SMEs contribute considerably to economic development and innovation, they typically rely on bigger enterprises for access to new technology and market possibilities. This partnership gives SMEs benefits like greater operational efficiency and global market access but also creates obstacles such as budgetary limits and technical reliance. The essay explores techniques for SMEs to effectively exploit new technologies, balancing partnership with larger firms while retaining their autonomy and competitiveness in a quickly shifting business climate focused on sustainability. Materials and Methods: The materials used for this study were sourced from different databases which include scholarly journal articles, reports, and government gazette and policy papers in the areas of business, small and medium scale enterprises, entrepreneurship, management and economics. The inclusive criteria ensured that only those articles that investigated the merits and demerits of SMEs dependence on large corporation were utilised. The review of literature was conducted on 50 documents published between 2009 and 2024. Results: The findings as revealed from the reviewed literature revealed the different merits and demerits of SMEs dependence on large corporation. Case studies of Tesla, Microsoft, Walmart, and Amazon demonstrate the intricate reliance of SMEs on major firms in the United States. Tesla's reliance on SMEs for crucial components like batteries underlines the reciprocal advantages and dangers involved, since SMEs' stability rests on Tesla's performance. Microsoft helps SMEs through initiatives that stimulate innovation and technology adoption, boosting their capabilities. Walmart gives SMEs with access to huge distribution networks, enabling sales growth. Similarly, Amazon's platform gives SMEs tremendous market reach but also brings issues in competitiveness and price. Together, these instances show the potential and challenges SMEs confront in their relationships with bigger enterprises. Discussion: Encouraging supplier growth and enhancing supply chain resilience are vital for establishing a sustainable SME environment. Policymakers may promote SMEs through mentorship programs, financial aid, and tax incentives for partnership with large enterprises. Addressing financial impediments with targeted funding and boosting skills development through collaborations with educational institutions would help SMEs embrace new technology. Additionally, establishing technology-sharing activities and developing a legal framework that supports fair competition are vital. Fostering innovation among SMEs and supporting sustainable practices will eventually boost their competitiveness and contribute to broader economic and environmental goals, benefitting both SMEs and bigger organizations. Conclusion: The reliance of SMEs on big corporations provides noteworthy hurdles and possibilities that require for the adoption of effective government involvement. Through the elimination of financial obstacles, the upgrading of technical skills, the promotion of fair competition, and the encouragement of innovation and sustainability, governments may build a fair climate that enables SMEs to prosper alongside bigger firms. This approach not only allows SMEs access to resources and contemporary technology, but it also stimulates economic variety and creativity, which in turn contributes to continuous development and competitiveness in a dynamic market.

Identifying the policy configurational conditions for off-site construction development: a case of China

PurposeA series of policies have been formulated to promote off-site construction (OSC) development. However, the effectiveness of these policies has yet to be fully explored. This study aims to explore the practical policy configurational conditions for achieving a high level of OSC development.Design/methodology/approachData on policy configurational conditions and the OSC development level were collected from 28 provinces/municipalities in China using text mining. A mixed-method approach was used to conduct data analysis involving text analysis and qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). Text analysis was used to identify current policies with frequencies as independent variables and obtain the proportion of OSC projects in new construction projects as the dependent variable. QCA is employed to analyze the necessary and sufficient conditions of policy conditions for the high-level development of OSC by exploring the complex causal relationships between policy configurational conditions and the OSC development level.FindingsNine policies are obtained from the current policy framework for promoting OSC development using text analysis: industry supports, land policies, presale policies, reputation rewards, regulation controls, tax incentives, floor area rewards, financial subsidies, and loan subsidies. Four policy configurational conditions are identified that can achieve a high development level of OSC: three incentive-driven policy conditions with industry supports, presale policies, tax incentives, and floor area rewards as the core conditions, and one compulsory-driven policy conditions with land policies, financial supports, and loan supports as the core conditions using fuzzy set QCA. Moreover, our study found that a single policy cannot achieve a high level of OSC development as a necessary condition, and the policy configurational conditions that lead to high and nonhigh levels of OSC development are asymmetrical.Research limitations/implicationsThe study did not test the policy’s dynamic effects on the OSC development. A longitudinal study will be conducted to further identify the impact of policy on OSC implementation.Practical implicationsIt provides policymakers with four practical policy configurational conditions to promote OSC development and guides policymakers to optimize effective policies considering the interaction effects of effective policies such as industry supports, presale policies, tax incentives, and floor area rewards instead of their net effects.Originality/valueIt contributes to the existing literature concerning the effects of policy on emerging technology (i.e. OSC) promotion by elucidating configurative effects rather than net effects. Meanwhile, it enriches the research on the antecedent conditions that affect the implementation of other emerging technologies in the architecture engineering and construction industry.

Shining a Light on Equitable Solar Energy: Addressing Challenges and Enhancing Opportunities for Business Participation in Community Solar

Solar energy plays a vital role in achieving the United States’ decarbonization goals. Enabling community solar projects is an underutilized strategy for increasing renewable energy generation and offers potential solutions for addressing disparities in solar energy distribution. Although community solar use has been initiated through utility-scale platforms, less attention and efforts have gone into facilitating community solar programs that collaborate with businesses who use distributed solar (i.e., rooftop) panels. Engaging businesses in community solar programs provides opportunities for commercial buildings to expand solar energy panels, maximizing use of available space for solar installations and decreasing land-use for solar farms, increasing use and energy resiliency at the residential level, and improving equitable access. We propose three policy recommendations: (1) Renewing and expanding the Sunny Awards recognition program; (2) Modifying tax incentives for businesses to reduce costs of solar installation and encourage energy distribution; and (3) Introducing a new business model for energy distribution. These recommendations provide strategies and insights for encouraging businesses to implement community solar on a broader scale.