Tasks For Independent Work Research Articles

USING MICROSOFT TEAMS IN ONLINE LEARNING OF STUDENTS: METHODICAL ASPECT

The article presents the main tools, methods and techniques for using Microsoft Teams in online teaching of students, as well as detailed methodical recommendations for teachers on organizing the educational process using Microsoft Teams, based on the author’s practical experience. These recommendations allow readers to more easily master the features of working in Teams, which determines the practical value of the article. A model for using Teams in online student learning has been created. It has been found that by using Teams, the teacher can take into account the peculiarities of synchronous and asynchronous ways of submitting assignments by students, as well as the possibility of submitting missed topics of practical classes. Among the main advantages, it is also noted that Teams provides for the creation and posting of the main types of educational materials, including recordings of video lectures, practical tasks and tasks for independent work, current student grades, tests, final grades, etc. The article notes that Teams is well integrated with the main Microsoft 365 applications, including PowerPoint, Word, etc., which is an advantage for the effective organisation of the educational process, as these applications are quite sufficient for teachers to demonstrate presentations at lectures via video conferencing, as well as for them to check the tasks completed by students in the format of text or presentations. Particular attention is paid to identifying the most important features of a teacher's work in Teams, such as the need to create separate teams for each discipline, connecting students to discipline teams using existing corporate university accounts in Microsoft, the ability to post various types of educational materials, commenting and evaluating completed assignments by the teacher. In conclusion, the main advantage of using Microsoft Teams in online learning is the ability to organise the learning process using a single platform. As a result, the structured nature of educational materials using Teams can be one of the most important factors in improving the quality of students' education in online learning.

Образовательная технология формирования здорового мировоззрения и развития жизненного потенциала

The purpose of the review article is to provide the methodological component of pedagogical and psychological disciplines, including physical education, with a specific model of activity, as well as the opportunity to implement a new educational technology as a separate discipline of advanced training courses or retraining programs. The pedagogical components that systematically reflect the essence of educational technology are presented: the goals and content of training, means and methods of pedagogical interaction, learning tools, stages of technology implementation. The main method underlying the described technology is a conversation (with a subsequent semantic system-specific analysis of the products of students’ learning activities with an emphasis on the content aspect of learning). Mastering by students, undergraduates, postgraduates, students of advanced training courses or retraining courses involves further extended and in-depth study of each analyzed section, creative development of certification tasks for students, tasks for independent work, tests. The study solved the following tasks: 1) the didactic substantiation of the concepts of “healthy worldview”, “life potential” is given; 2) an algorithm for organizing the educational process has been developed. The meaning and content of a healthy deep worldview formed with the help of transdisciplinary educational technology, which multiplies life potential every second, includes, in addition to the didactic component, an obligatory and closely related educational component: the unconditional priority of love in the subconscious over any aggressive character traits and over any other components of a person’s personality. With this ratio, the volume of vital energy is sufficient for a full life, for development, for future childbearing function, for the normal spiritual, moral, mental and physical development of the child at all stages of its ontogenesis, including the realization of the subsequent childbearing function of offspring from generation to generation. This is how the information-diagnosing (measuring the level of development of life potential), organizational-developmental, activity- heuristic (discovery, science) and spiritual-moral-humanitarian components of the mastered technology are implemented. The successful implementation and long-term development of the technology will be facilitated by medical, psychological and pedagogical collaboration in the field of education.

Methodology and Organization of Professional Research and Academic Integrity in the Formation of a Modern Foreign Language and Literature Teacher

The study is devoted to the issue of methodology and organization of professional research and academic integrity (AI) in the formation of a foreign language and literature teacher. The purpose of the article is to characterize the role of the educational component «Methodology and organization of professional research and academic integrity» in the formation of the personality of a foreign language and literature teacher and his/her compliance with the principles of AІ, to offer methodological advice for studying the course, to reveal the policy of academic integrity in higher education institutions on the example of Hryhorii Skovoroda University in Pereiaslav. Methods. To achieve the goal, the author used the following methods: theoretical (analysis, synthesis of normative and scientific-pedagogical sources) and empirical (observation of the educational process). Results. The author considers that the study of the educational component «Methodology and organization of professional research and academic integrity» by students of the second (master's) level of higher education under the Еducational programs «Secondary education (English language and literature)» and «Secondary education (German language and literature)» to be an important element of their professional training as highly competent teachers of foreign language and literature and a necessary tool for countering violations of AІ principles. The main elements of the course were considered (goal, tasks, general and professional competences that are formed during study, program learning results, content components of the course, a list of indicative topics and tasks for independent work, etc.), the certain methodical tips for studying the course are offered, the policy of academic integrity in Higher Education Institutions on the example of Hryhorii Skovoroda University in Pereiaslav are defined. Then article states that Higher Education Institutions have a number of documents that highlight the policy, standards and procedures for compliance with academic integrity, certain tools are in place to counter AІ violations, and a set of preventive measures is used. Conclusions. The educational component «Methodology and organization of professional research and academic integrity» for applicants of the second (master's) level of higher education under the Educational programs «Secondary education (English language and literature)» and «Secondary education (German language and literature)» is an important element of their professional training, which together with other components of the Educational programs and certain tools of the higher education institution to counter violations of academic integrity, with the support of non-formal education and self-control regarding compliance with the principles of AІ, will be able to ensure the formation of the future foreign language and literature teacher as a highly competent scientist, professional and virtuous pedagogue. A detailed study of online services for assistance in processing the results of professional research of future foreign languages and literature teachers is defined as the perspective of further investigations.

Moodle tools for teaching foreign languages at distance learning department

The paper investigates the use of the Moodle system tools for teaching the subject of Foreign Languages (English) at the faculty of distance and part-time education of the Institute of Oil and Gas Technologies (INGT) of Samara State Technical University (SSTU). The analysis was carried out on the content material of Moodle electronic course for the specialty Petroleum engineering 21.03.01, 2020-2021 years. The course structure, tools for presenting educational material for practical classes and independent work, as well as assessment tools for intermediate and final monitoring control were analyzed. The study showed that the content of the course is presented logically and divided into modules in accordance with the main educational program and the Federal State Educational Standard of the Russian Federation. The Page tool was chosen to present the material for practical classes, which ensures the availability and clarity of educational material provided. Tasks for independent work and study are implemented via the Task tool in such a way that the files can be downloaded, then done and uploaded to the system. The effectiveness of the course was analyzed according to the data automatically provided by the system. The following aspects were taken into consideration: online activity of students in the system, the number of downloaded and completed assignments, the number of attempts to take tests, assessment reports based on the results of students` performance. The study has shown that the tools chosen for the course are relevant and provide effective learning. Analysis of program data has suggested that materials and exercises are easily accessible and system navigation has not caused any difficulties for students. Thus, it can be concluded that the Moodle system has proved to be an effective platform for distance learning of part-time students with a low level of language proficiency.

ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ЗНАКОМСТВУ С ИДЕЯМИ В. И. ВЕРНАДСКОГО В ЕСТЕСТВЕННОНАУЧНЫХ МУЗЕЯХ

The paper considers the use of two pedagogical approaches, person-centered and systemic-structural, in the development and implementation of two thematic museum classes dedicated to V.I. Vernadsky’s life and scientific activities. These classes, namely, “From the soil to the biosphere” and “V.I. Vernadsky’s life and scientific activity”, were developed at the Earth Science Museum of the Lomonosov Moscow State University and aimed at in-depth acquaintance of schoolchildren with the teaching about the biosphere. The paper presents methodological materials for the classes: a description of the stages of the lessons and tasks for independent work (a crossword and a quest). Our analysis of the second lesson’s approbation showed that the schoolchildren were unanimous in their opinion: the organization of an independent search for answers to the posed questions and the leading role of the museum teacher allowed them to better accepting complex concepts and understanding the relationship of various scientific directions.

К вопросу о введении специального учебного курса «Философско-педагогическое наследие А.С. Хомякова»

Further development of national education is impossible without reference to the spiritual and moral categories of the legacy of the Russian philosopher Alexey Stepanovich Khomyakov. Also the introduction of an appropriate special training course at the university is relevant. The content of the special training course examines the current state of education; philosophy of education; a brief introduction to the history of Slavophilia; pages of Alexey Stepanovich's biography; triads of A.S. Khomyakov's life activity; components of the philosopher's heritage: man – people – humanity; man – spirituality – morality; man – life-awareness – educational activity and its essence, which consists in Orthodox enlightenment; technologies; tasks for independent work. The ideas of an outstanding Russian thinker are the basis of Russian education. Their implementation in educational practice gives hope for way out of state of crisis for modern education. In our opinion, the study of this special training course sets the direction for further research and practical activities on the in-depth study of the national heritage, and also forms the basis for understanding and perception of traditional spiritual and moral values of Russian education.

Studying 3D modeling and prototyping in pre-professional classes with the help of the T-FLEX CAD program

The article presents the experience of using the Russian computer-aided design program T-FLEX CAD to study 3D modeling and prototyping in pre-professional engineering classes as a course of choice for students. The advantages and limitations of the educational version of T-FLEX CAD are considered, a brief overview of the tasks for which the professional T-FLEX CAD program can be used is given.A practical work for beginners is proposed, in which the creation of a manual citrus juicer is described step by step. At the end of the practical work, tasks for independent work are provided, during which students receive their own simulation result, which can be used to create a prototype of the product.The material will be useful for teachers of informatics and technology working in engineering or information and technology classes, when teaching an advanced course in informatics or a course in 3D modeling and prototyping.

THE PECULIARITIES OF PREPARATION OF A TEACHER-PHILOLOGIST BY MEANS OF THE ELECTIVE COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC COURSES

The article is devoted to the problem of training a teacher of Philology by means of elective cognitive linguistic courses. On the one hand, the penetration of cognitivism in various fields of humanities, the urgent need to create a new understanding of the role of languages in the processes of cognition and comprehension of the world, the essence and functioning of the mental lexicon, including proper names, and deep relationships between history and culture, on the other hand, not less critical need for specialists ready to work in the new Ukrainian school, able to understand languages in cognitive processes, to implement a socio-cultural approach to language and speech material, determine the relevance of the proposed topic. Except for this, we also considered that nowadays, the students’ training includes the curriculum with at least 25 % of credits for elective courses, which ensures the implementation of a student-centred approach to learning. The article aimed to find out the peculiarities of the training of a teacher-philologist in the study of such elective disciplines of the language cycle as “Cognitive Linguistics”, “Cognitive Onomastics” and “Ukrainian Ethnolinguistics in the Cognitive Dimension”. To achieve this goal, the example of studying individual topics has shown how to optimize the learning process. In particular, short theses on the mentioned topics, control questions, tasks for independent work and literature review are offered. The conclusion is made about the advantages of both lectures and practical training. If during the lectures, students should, first of all, master the terminology and master the theoretical knowledge, then at the workshops, they ought to acquire skills of conceptual analysis, learn to model and structure concepts, understand language as a creative product of ethnosociety, and proper names - as units of the mental lexicon. The observations allowed us to conclude that the study of these disciplines is of great theoretical and practical importance. Theoretical value includes the assimilation of linguistic information to understand the cognitive mechanisms and role of language in them, the processes of ethnogenesis, and the functioning of language units in the mental lexicon; the practical one lies in need to develop students’ skills to use knowledge in future teaching. In general, the study outlined several problems caused by the penetration of cognitivism in language, which require further in-depth analysis, especially in terms of Linguodidactics.

USING PADLET VIRTUAL BOARD IN THE PROCESS OF DISTANCE LEARNING IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The article deals with the issue of organizing educational process in a distance format in institutions of higher education in a way that ensures the transfer of educational information, effective interaction of students and opportunities for independent work at a convenient time. The following two ways of organizing distance learning are highlighted and described: synchronous and asynchronous. Special attention is paid to the problem of organizing distance learning using various web resources, particularly Padlet virtual board as an effective interactive tool for storing educational content and organizing active interaction between students and teachers during synchronous and asynchronous learning, with the ability to download various types of files, independently control its design and content, choose the layout, change privacy settings, etc. The following advantages of Padlet virtual whiteboard are defined and explained: availability and free access to the web resource; multimedia capabilities; possibility to adjust privacy; mobility; ability to work in synchronous and asynchronous modes; possibility of regular feedback, correction and editing; easy access etc. Its functions (visual, informative, interactive) and opportunities during the implementation in the educational process are characterized. The experience of using Padlet in the process of distance learning of future social workers is represented using the example of the subject "Social Prevention". The author highlights peculiarities of preparing virtual boards with general information about the subject, tasks for independent work, a list of references and recommended literature, an individual creative task, as well as using the virtual board for organizing group work in all lectures and practical classes. The following algorithm for teaching students to use the possibilities of a virtual board in educational activities is presented: creating a board, choosing its type, filling it with content, commenting, evaluating, adding links, presentations, photos and videos, configuring user access, etc. It is determined that Padlet became not only a web repository of educational materials prepared by the teacher, but also allowed to save the results of joint activities of students themselves, which can be accessed at any time by all students using the appropriate link.

Методичні аспекти викладання молекулярної біології

The article considers the methodological characteristics of teaching molecular biology at the Department of Biology and methods of its teaching at Kamianets-Podilsky Ivan Ohiienko National University. The educational and methodical support of the discipline is analyzed; features of delivering lectures and tutorials are given; features of the organization of independent work of students are characterized; effective methods of control of student knowledge are defined. Thus, the department has developed an educational and methodological complex of the discipline, which includes the syllabus, lecture notes, plans of tutorials with methodological recommendations for their implementation, tasks for independent work, test tasks and tasks for monitoring and final control. Multimedia support of lectures has been developed, which fully reveal the problematic issues of relevant topics. For effective independent work of students methodical recommendations containing all tasks, including materials for self-control of level of mastering the knowledge by students are provided; a virtual learning environment based on the Moodle learning management system is available. It is stressed that independent work develops efficiency, disciplines, maintains interest in learning. From among modern approaches to teaching the discipline active teaching methods are used, notably video lectures, discussion of problematic issues, methods of group discussion, preparation of speeches on certain topics that contribute to the formation of required students' competencies, public speaking skills, ability to formalize the results, teamwork skills, etc. It is noted that the prospect for further research is the search for effective means of motivating students to study, creation of their own channels of educational nature in social networks, the development of electronic assessories for monitoring students' knowledge.

Testing the results of the training aimed at future preschool educators by means of the Microsoft Teams program in distance and mixed forms of teaching / learning

The article considers the specifics of teaching the discipline "Methods of Acquainting Children with Ukrainian Ethnography in Establishments of Preschool Education" in terms of distant and blended learning. The educational and methodological complex of the course is elaborated in accordance with the syllabi; program learning outcomes; a list of general and profession-related competences that are expected to be formed while studying the discipline; lectures, seminars, practical, laboratory classes; tasks for independent work; individual educational research tasks; evaluation criteria for different types of work for all types of control, etc. At the initial stage of teaching the discipline, a special seminar was held for students – future educators on the topic "Organisation of distance learning using Microsoft Teams software». During a specialised seminar, the future educators were acquainted with: the features of the online content of Microsoft Teams; registration procedure on the platform; obtaining an access password and e-mail address to participate in the work of virtual classes and commands; organisation of the educational process, remote dialogic communication using Microsoft Teams resources; creation of a library of learning materials (lecture notes, video lectures, presentations on the content of lectures, assignments for seminars, practical classes, etc.); possibilities of placing practical materials (tasks for practical classes, independent work, individual educational research tasks, etc.) with the help of OneDrive. The specialised seminar helped to increase the level of digital, information-related, information-digital competence of future educators of preschool educational institutions, which was a prerequisite for success in mastering profession-related disciplines. The article provides instructions for organising practical classes and lectures on the course "Methods of Acquainting Children with Ukrainian Ethnography in Establishments of Preschool Education", prescribes the procedure for testing (current (modular) and final testing). The testing of the programme outcomes using Microsoft Teams and Office 365 software allowed us to optimise the teaching of the course within blended and distance learning.

Application of LMS Moodle for distance learning foreign languages at university

The article deals with the application of the Moodle system for teaching the subject of foreign languages (English language) at the distance learning department of Petroleum engineering at Samara State Technical University (Russia). The paper provides an outline of the course structure, tools for practical classes, independent work and the forms of assessment procedure. The course content is presented and divided into modules in a logical way according to the main education programme. The tool chosen for instruction for practical classes has been the Page tool. Tasks for independent work are provided via the Assignment tool. The efficiency of the course has been analyzed according to the data provided by the system: students` online activity in the course, fulfilled assignments and assessment reports based on the quiz results. The research has proved that the tools chosen for the course to be relevant to the subject. Analysis has shown that the learning materials and files with exercises are easily accessible. Moodle system has been considered to be appropriate for distance learning of students with a low level of language proficiency.

ROLE OF INDEPENDENT WORK IN DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF MEDICAL SPECIALISTS

Current global trends in the medical services market are creating new requirements for the quality of medical training. First of all, graduates of medical educational institutions should be guided in the latest technologies of medical science, be prepared to develop and implement scientific achievements in the system of practical health care. The assistance and quidance of future specialists in acquiring a high level of professional competencies, along with the fostering moral, emotional, and volitional qualities, life values and professional orientation, clinical thinking, are priority tasks of a modern higher medical school. The educational and scientific environment of a medical university provides great opportunities for successful professional and personal growth of specialists, however, the ever-increasing amount of knowledge and information requires the intensification of the learning process, and well-planned and organized tasks for students’ independent work is one of the forms of the effective learning strategy. In the context of the ECTS implementation, this form of learning is able to provide an independent search for the necessary information, creative perception and comprehension of educational material in the classroom and extracurricular time, the development of analytical skills and critical thinking. The effectiveness of independent work depends both on the organization of classes and the nature of the teacher’s influence, and on the self-organization of the student. The key to the success of this learning form also consists in a reasonable ratio between the volumes of class work and independent work, providing the student with the necessary methodological materials for independent work, conducting individual consultations, maintaining motivation among students. The tasks for independent work should include two levels of tasks: basic tasks, which are obligatory for everyone, and more advanced tasks, which based on deep understanding and mastering the basics. The article provides a theoretical justification and some aspects of the practical implementation of students' independent work at the Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University as one of the sources for improving the medical training quality.

Лекционно-практический учебный курс "Искусство орнамента" в контексте подготовки художника-педагога

The article deals with ornament - an important component of plastic arts. It is claimed that the ornament preserves a rich, historical, cultural, and artistic heritage. It defines the different attitude of art historians to the ornament: a type of art, or a type of decorative and creative activity. The article refers to the presence of the discipline "art of ornament" in the content of educational programs of various art institutions of secondary and higher education. The article considers the great pedagogical potential of the ornament; the main aspects of ornament development in art education are defined. Methods of teaching ornaments with consideration of the specifics of art education are compared based on the analysis of available educational and methodological literature. What is common for training courses is determined-theoretical materials on the history of ornament. Differences define practical tasks for independent work. The article analyzes the features of training of an artist-teacher, asserts the importance of mastering the ornament. Features of the author's program "art of ornament"are revealed. The program was developed taking into account the specifics of the professional activity of the artist-teacher.

Innovative approaches to the formation of future specialists’ professional competencies in summer educational practices course

The article examines the issues of pedagogical science through a modern approach, the search for new forms and practices of teaching. The current issue of forming future specialists’ professional competencies, namely, in the field of art and additional art education, is shown in the article through the organization of the educational environment during summer practices and schools. The task is to trace how much the effectiveness of future specialists depends on the construction of educational practice programs using interactive and interdisciplinary forms of training. As successful factors in this process of training future specialists in the field of art and additional art education, such forms as a master class and a web quest are considered, as well as the principle of a harmonious set of theoretical and practical materials used, including the process of independent work of a student. The article deals with the issue of interactive communication through a master class, which also develops the ability of professional communication of students. The use of the teacher-student dialogue in an extracurricular format, the use of interactive, multimedia and visual technologies, as well as setting tasks for independent work contributes to more effective development of professional skills and their application in the real conditions of future career guidance.

TEACHING INFORMATICS IN A PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDENTS

The emergence of an increasing number of foreign students in Russian universities indicates the importance of the Russian higher education system in the world community. At the same time, a new problem emerged on the agenda — how to train foreigners from abroad with high quality, taking into account their different readiness in mastering the Russian language and different subject training. The article describes the problems that foreign students face when studying informatics at a pedagogical university. The combined profiles, including “Informatics”, of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Mordovian State Pedagogical Institute named after M. E. Evsevjev were the experimental research site. On the example of the “Theoretical Foundations of Informatics” discipline, the ways of teaching informatics are shown. Examples of assignments, including tasks for independent work, for teaching foreign students to informatics at the specified university are given.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ МАГИСТРАНТОВ-ФИЛОЛОГОВ ПРИ ИЗУЧЕНИИ КУРСА «ТЕОРИЯ И МЕТОДИКА ПРЕПОДАВАНИЯ ИСТОРИИ РУССКОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ В ВЫСШЕЙ ШКОЛЕ»

The article summarizes the experience accumulated by the author in the field of organizing independent work of master’s degree students of the Faculty of Philology at Ogarev Mordovia State University on the discipline “Theory and Methodology of Teaching the History of Russian Literature at Higher School”. The paper offers questions and tasks for independent work on all the key topics of this course. It is concluded that properly organized independent work contributes to the successful acquisition of the course “Theory and Methodology of Teaching the History of Russian Literature at Higher School”, on the basis of which the further professional activity of master’s degree students in philology is built.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКАЯ РАЗРАБОТКА ИНТЕРАКТИВНОГО СЕМИНАРА НА ТЕМУ «РОССИЙСКАЯ НАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТЬ В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ»

The contents of the educational material correspond to the strategy of the state national policy of the Russian Federation until 2025 which focuses on formation of the Russian identity and nation’s strengthening in the multicultural world in the era of globalization. The teacher and student’s interaction is achieved through a free exchange of ideas for some debatable issues of modern Russian society. Tools for assessment of competences and teaching skills are creative tasks for independent work of students in preparation for the lesson.

The analysis of the state of the training of future teachers of informatics in higher pedagogical educational institutions for the career guidance of pupils on IT-specialties

The ability to realize the pedagogical support of processes of socialization and professional self-determination of schoolchildren is considered as the one of subject (special professional) competences of a teacher of informatics. That is why it is extremely urgent to elaborate the renewed system of training of informatics teacher to the realization of the carrier guidance work with schoolchildren that would take into account features and tendencies of the labor market formation, would able to react timely on demands and challenges of today or even outrun them to some extent. Despite the presence of many-sided native and foreign achievements in the scientific-pedagogical sphere, that the training of future informatics teachers in the system of Ukrainian pedagogical education is based on, there are not enough studies, directed on the substantiation of theoretical and methodical principles of the professional training of future informatics teachers to the carrier guidance of pupils on IT specialties. The aim of the study is to characterize the state of future informatics teachers training for the carrier guidance work with schoolchildren on IT-specialties in the practice of the work of higher pedagogical educational institutions. The study of curriculums, programs of academic disciplines, pedagogical practices, textbooks, schoolbooks and also other learning-methodological support (compendia of lectures, plans of practical, laboratory, individual activities, tasks for independent work, topics for course works, materials for control and so on) testified the absence of the proper elucidation of questions of future informatics teachers training for the realization of schoolchildren carrier guidance on IT specialties. Thus, it seems to be necessary to introduce essential changes in the process of future informatics teachers training for the carrier guidance work with children, connected with IT field. The training of future informatics teachers for the carrier guidance of schoolchildren in IT sphere must be an inalienable component of the professional training of students in higher pedagogical educational institutions and must be based on the elaboration of the new learning-methodological support

Интерактивные задания по информатике для организации самостоятельной работы учащихся начальной школы

The article gives the requirements for pupils to interactive work, defi ned on the basis of the features analysis of the organization of independent work of elementary school. Interactive tests on informatics and IT are developed for elementary school according to the approximate program; a set of interactive work includes 15 tasks for independent work of elementary school pupils. As the tool for tasks development LearningApps.org is chosen. This service is quite simple for independent development, has ample opportunities, instant check of correctness of performance of a task, has a possibility of embedding of a task for html, and also convenience of navigation. Methodical recommendations are developed for the teacher of use of interactive tasks exercise machines at the organization of independent work of elementary school pupils at a lesson and at home.