Target Language Readers Research Articles

A. S. Puşkinin “Yevgeni Onegin” romanında müqayisələrin (simile) rus dilindən ingilis dilinə tərcüməsinin təhlili

“Eugene Onegin” is the first Russian realistic novel. Pushkin noted that all events in it he wrote due to the calendar. In “Eugene Onegin” Pushkin gave the full picture of the life in Russia in 20s. For this reason, Belinski called the novel “encyclopedia of Russian life”. In comparison with the other languages there are a lot of adjectives in Russian. As it is seen from the Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin” the author used adjectives in order to describe the objects. The novel was translated into English by Johnston and Ledger. Translation of the similes is complicated, because there is not such a notion “simile” in Russian. Therefore, it is very important to differentiate comparison and simile. What kind of translation preferred more? There are equivalent, analogical, descriptive and approximate methods of translation, which both translators used in their translations. The reason of which method of translation the translators preferred depends on the context and cultural elements, realties, historical facts, traditions and customs, which are different in Russia and in England. Therefore, the translators selected the best method which transfers the meaning of the Source Text perfectly, without losing its colorfulness. In general, the article consists of the lines taken from the original which are compared with the two versions of translations made by Johnston and Ledger. Both translators tried to transfer all colorfulness, emotions, customs and traditions to the Target language reader. The methods of translations used by translators are reflected in analyzes which are given under each example.

“OBSTACLES” IN TRANSLATION PROCESS (THROUGH TRANSLATION OF O. PAMUK’S NOVEL “MY NAME IS RED” INTO THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE)

Precedent text (PT) is a cultural phenomenon which emphasizes the attributes of a certain language community and the strangeness of an interlocutor to that culture and language community.The essence of PT and the obstacles in intercultural communicative process lies in its relation to natives’ culture (source language) and its strangeness to culture of the target language. Therefore, although PT can assist a translator, it can also cause difficulties for translation and intercultural communication. One of the particular differences can be the religious identity of authors/readers of source language and the time gap. In this case, PT may be difficult for not only readers of target language but also natives.The article examines the role of precedent texts in Russian version of the novel "My Name is Red" by O. Pamuk. Comparative method is used here in order to identify translation problems arising in the process of translating these texts and to propose solutions to them.

Türkçe bir romandaki Marksist feminist söylem ve romanın çevirisinin değerlendirmesinde Eugene Nida’nın “eşdeğerlik” kavramının uygulanması

The aim of this study is to analyze the novel Kürk Mantolu Madonna (Madonna in a Fur Coat)
 by Sabahattin Ali based on Marxist feminist theory and evaluate the
 translation of those contexts with Marxist feminist discourse based on Nida’s
 (2000) concept of “equivalence”. The source text was analyzed to find out how
 the contexts with such discourse conform to Marxist feminist theory and it was
 found that the patriarchal family structure was the main reason underlying the
 oppression of women in a family. Besides forming the oppressed class in a
 family structure, some other contexts were found to show the oppression of
 women in social life and business life. Translation evaluation of the contexts
 with Marxist feminist discourse showed that this translation was in compliance
 with Nida’s (2000) concept of ‘dynamic equivalence’. The contexts analyzed in
 this study were translated into the target language with a focus on conveying
 the relationship between the source text message and its reader to the target
 text and its reader. Certain grammar modifications were found to be made in
 translation of the contexts in the novel analyzed in this study to make it
 sound natural to the target language reader, an important aspect of Nida’s
 (2000) equivalence model.    

THE TRANSLATION OF ARABIC RELIGIOUS – CULTURAL COLLOCATIONS IN LITERARY TEXTS INTO ENGLISH: AN APPLICATION OF DOMESTICATION AND FOREIGNIZATION TRANSLATION STRATEGIES

Since the goal of translation is to bridge the gap between two cultures, translators need to pay attention to literary works. Here lies the importance of good translation to convey cultural messages. The mistranslation of cultural concepts in a literary text may cause misunderstanding of this culture by the TL readers. Therefore, to produce a well-translated literary work, translators need to investigate the expressions that relate to culture such as religious beliefs. The vital role of cultural collocations in a language requires translators to apply effective translation strategies. Domestication and foreignization are two important strategies in translating cultural collocations in a literary text. The authors of this study have applied these strategies to investigate whether religious-cultural collocations in a literary text are domesticated or foreignized. The sentences that have religious-cultural collocations are chosen from an Arabic novel. The collocations are analyzed along with two versions of translation, then the English translations are compared. As a result of the discussion, the two translators tend to apply the domestication strategy more frequently. It is found that since religious-cultural collocations are difficult to be understood by the target language readers, the translators tend to reduce their strangeness and domesticate them.

Strategi Menterjemah dan Upaya Pengentasan Probelamatika Penerjemahan Arab di Kalangan Mahasiswa

If someone wants to get a good quality translation, a translator cannot add or reduce the meaning contained in the source language because it is affected by the original form of the target language. Translation is a bridge between the writer of source language text and the target language reader to make the text come naturally appropriate in the target language. This is certainly different when the results of a translation are still too related to the language and culture of the source. The translation will be wrong and rigid. A translator must master the translation strategy, namely: collocation, domestication and technicality. As well as aspects that must be understood, namely: accuracy, readability and acceptability. This can also be a reference for students in finding solutions to problems in translating difficulties, especially for the Arabic Language and Literature students.

Metode dan Prosedur Penerjemahan Quote Anime Bahasa Jepang ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia pada Official Akun LINE Bahasa Jepang Bersama

The title of this research is “Method and Procedure of Translation used in Anime Quotes from Japanese to Indonesia at Official Account LINE Bahasa Jepang Bersama”. The purpose of the research is to identify the types of technique, procedure, and method of translation applied in translating anime quotes. Theories used in this research are the theory of translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir (2002), the procedure of translation by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), and the translation methods by Newmark (1988). The research data was analyzed by translational equivalence method and glossing. The result of the data analysis indicates that there are several translation techniques applied, they are literal translation, amplification, modulation, linguistic amplification,established equivalence, reduction, and transposition. The most found translation technique is literal translation because its aim is to produce a translation that stick to the originality of the language source text content and form. Then, there are procedures of translation applied, they are literal translation, transposition, and modulation. Thereafter for the method of translation applied they are literal translation, free translation, communicative translation, and idiomatic translation. The most found translation method is free translation because its aim is to produce a translation that fit to the need of target language readers. The translation methods applied tend to be oriented towards the target language.

The Use of Cultural Transposition for Rendering Culture-Specific Items in English-to-Indonesian Translation of Brown’s Inferno

Translation always involves the transfer of culture between languages. Culture-specific items (CSIs) are objects of translation that often make translator find difficulty due to their peculiarity that root in source language (SL) culture. This requires the translator to consider both the SL culture and target language (TL) culture. Cultural transposition that consists of exoticism, cultural borrowing, calque, communicative translation, and cultural transplantation are translation procedures that concern with the transfer of culture between languages. This research is aimed to analyze the implementation of these procedures in rendering CSI from English to Indonesian. This study employed a descriptive qualitative research approach. The interpretation of the data is described in depth explanation. The object of this study is CSI extracted from Brown’s Inferno novel. The results of this study show that almost all of the cultural transposition procedures are implemented in rendering CSI in all categories. Results also show how these procedures are implemented in practices. Exoticism is implemented on items that are very peculiar to SL or items that derive from language that is not popular in TL. There are also a large number of CSI in the form of names that requires the translator to transfer the item without modification. Cultural borrowing procedure is implemented in on items that are strange but derive from language that is popular in TL or items in which TL culture have owned their general kind. This is done by phonological adjustment and specification. Calque is implemented on CSI in which their elements can be translated to TL. Results also show CSIs in the category of names are rendered using calque. Meanwhile, communicative translation and cultural transposition, from the result, only occur in CSI in the form of common expressions. Communicative translation occurs in rendering CSI that requires an explanation for its peculiarity. This is done by making a simple description that explains the CSI. Cultural transplantation is implemented in CSI that is developed differently in TL such as measurement/scales. This is done by rendering items with others that are similar or by converting that scales roughly. As the conclusion, there is a tendency that CSIs are rendered with SL biases procedures that bring TL readers to SL cultures.

Taciana Fisac’s Translation of Chinese Modern and Contemporary Literature

The internationalization of literature manifests achievement of source language literature and witnesses the target language readers’ requirement of understanding the source language country. Moreover, it reflects the developments and changes on international strategies and relationships. The translation of Chinese literature to Spanish began from 1949, but the first translation from Chinese original edition arose in 1978. Taciana Fisac is one of the first Chinese-Spanish translators in Spain. All her translations were translated from Chinese original edition since Lu Xun’s “Argument” and “Such soldiers” in 1982. Although it is much more difficult, this translation mode is closer to target reader’s habit, and forms personal translation method. This methodology requires translator’s overall grasp and connoisseurship of source literature as well as literature expression and culture delivery ability in target language. Besides, it not only pays attention to source language literatures narrative style, but also considers target language reader’s reception psychology and expression. Taciana Fisac’s translation enriched theory of literaturetranslation, and made significant contribution for internationalization of Chinese modern and contemporary literature.

Dissenting Voices: When Paratexts Clash With Texts. Paratextual Intervention in Persian Translations of Texts Relating to the Iran-Iraq War

This study uses narrative theory and the concept of narrative framing, as elaborated by Somers and Gibson (1994) and Baker (2006), to study the paratextual mediation and discursive presence of different agents in Persian translations of political texts written by Western authors about the Iran-Iraq war. By exploring the narratives dominant in the paratexts, and more specifically in the prefaces and footnotes of Persian translations, this paper examines how these have played a crucial role in reframing the narratives of Western authors through paratextual material. To this end, the narratives in the paratexts have been analyzed using four framing techniques elaborated by Somers and Gibson (1994) and Baker (2006), which are framing by temporality/spatiality, selective appropriation, labeling and participant positioning. The analysis of paratextual material shows that, apart from their introductory and explanatory functions, paratexts can be viewed as a kind of metadiscourse on the actual translations. The paper concludes that paratexts in the Persian translations are used in political and ideological ways to guide target language readers and to express the appropriate interpretations, or deemed appropriate, by the various institutional participants involved in the translation process in Iran.

A Diachronic Study on Translation Strategies of Culture-specific Items --- With the Translation of Measurement Unit in Howard GoldBlatt’s Works as An Example

Abstract: The translation of Culture-specific Items (CSI) has been a challenge for translators as well as cited examples for untranslatability. With the analysis of the strategies employed on the Chinese-English translation of measurement unit by Howard Goldblatt in his translation works of different times, this paper discusses the transition from “untranslatable” to “translatable” of certain CSIs. Translation strategies for CSI are also proposed with the consideration of how Chinese culture being introduced into the outside world. The study shows that although Goldblatt clearly advocates “reader-centered” translation, that is, the translator should translate for the target language reader, and emphasizes that the translator can only translate and be responsible for the target language reader, we can still see his efforts to introduce Chinese culture to American readers through his translation.

On Zero Translation in Howard Goldblatt’s Translation of Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out

Zero Translation, mainly referring to transference and transliteration, is inverse translation. This study, by way of parallel texts analysis, discussed the application of Zero Translation in the English version of Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out translated by Howard Goldblatt, and its enlightenment on transmission of Chinese literature. It is found that Relative Zero Translation is commonly used in translating cultural-specific items, partly due to the huge difference between English and Chinese. Moreover, Zero Translation is complementary to other translation strategies. These translation strategies always work together to facilitate target language readers to better comprehend the source language culture behind the target text.

Leveraging the Dismisura: translating the mediterraneity of Franco Cassano’s Southern Thought

ABSTRACT This essays reflects on the philosophy and ideology underlying the practice of translaTING Il pensiero meridiano by Italian sociologist Franco Cassano. II pensiero meridiano is a foundational text to understand the culture of deliberate thinking that the author suggests is characteristic of a ‘Mediterranean’ and ‘Southern’ perspective on the world, which he sets counter to the Neoliberal globalizing modes of thinking of Western capitalism. I take as my starting point the terms misura (moderation, measure) and dismisura (lack of moderation, excess), that have been translated in multiple ways in the English text; and I explore how, precisely because Cassano’s book uses the terms to highlight ‘tensions of opposite signs, those of earth and sea’ (which he also uses to compare those of Western capitalism and Southern resistance), they are polyvalent and express more than a single interpretive key in which to read them. As such they embolden the translator to ‘play around’ and transform them in the target text, so that the translator can transfer the ideological fluidity of the original in a textual fluidity that defamiliarizes the target language readers, forcing them to appreciate the original’s message in English even from the textual standpoint.

Modulation: A Translation Method to Obtain Naturalness in Target Language Texts

One of the requirements in order to produce equivalent translation is that the translation must sound natural for target language (TL) readers both lexically and grammatically. This naturalness can be obtained through the use of both lexical items and grammar familiar to the TL readers. However, naturalness in translation is not always easy to achieve. One of the causes is the difference in the way the source language (SL) and TL readers express a certain message in their languages. According to Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) this difference can be overcome by applying a translation method called modulation. Modulation is a method in which translators try to maintain naturalness by using various form the message done by changing the point of view. This procedure is usually chosen when translators find that literal translation would result in awkward or unnatural translation.Keywords: modulation, naturalness, equivalence

The Interface between Translation and Drama:

Translating a dramatic text is a daunting task. The challenge is rooted in the fact that the text is specifically written to be acted or performed on the stage. A dramatic text is written in acts, scenes, and contains dialogues spoken by the characters. Apart from this, translating a dramatic text from one language with a different cultural setting into another language requires high creativity to guarantee faithfulness in the target language and culture. This article analyzes the interface between translation and drama as well as the woes and possibilities of translating Wole Soyinka’s The Lion and the Jewel into French. The result of this research indicates that linguistic and cultural issues which are based on the shared knowledge of the original author and the readers are mostly problematic in translation and usually require the translator to do serious research to acquire the necessary background knowledge, and find out whether this background knowledge is at the target language readers’ disposal; if not, to make it available to them through translations, expansions, explanations, and footnotes.

The importance of being Earnest : strategies for translating irony from English into Macedonian

Irony has significant stylistic function in texts. Given that in many cases it works in a certain linguistic, cultural, social and political context, irony may present a major challenge for the translator. The challenge involves not only recognizing and understanding it, but, perhaps, more importantly, conveying it in the target language so that all its stylistic effects become accessible for the target language reader. The purpose of this paper is to examine the strategies used to translate irony from English into Macedonian as well as to identify if there is any correlation between the type of irony and the translation strategy used. The results are based on an analysis of Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest and its translation into Macedonian. The study focuses on ironic utterances and their rendition in translation. The method combines qualitative and quantitative approaches.

Literary Translation, Translating Culture: The Case of Shahriyar, the Famous Iranian Azeri Poet

A literary translation is a device of art used to release the text from its dependence on prior cultural knowledge (Herzfeld, 2003). The present research investigates the use of pragmatic equivalence in two translations of the Azeri Turkish long poem "Haydar Bābāye Salām" by "Shahriyar". Based on Koller’s theory of equivalence (2001) four elements were assigned for the pragmatic equivalence: 1) domestication rather than foreignization, 2) naturalness of the expressions, 3) focus on target-text reader, and 4) content-based product. Thirty six stanzas from the initial, middle and final part of the poem were selected and then their two translations were analyzed according to the aforementioned elements. Moreover, based on Newmark’s model (1988) it is also investigated that whether a translation with all the four elements of pragmatic equivalence is a good one or not. According to Newmark’s model (1988) three markers of a good translation are: 1) utilization of pragmatic equivalence, 2) naturalness, and 3) not sounding like a translation. The results suggest that a translator who has utilized all the elements of pragmatic equivalence is also successful in reproducing a better translation for the target language readers. Keywords : Equivalence theory, Literary translation, Poetry translation, Pragmatic equivalence

Exploring Expansion and Reduction Strategies in Two English Translations of Masnavi

The present study aimed to investigate the frequency of the use of two semantic adjustment strategies; namely, expansion and reduction, in the two English translations of book one of Masnavi. For this purpose, 300 lines of Masnavi by Rumi (2014) along its two corresponding English translations by Nicholson (2004) and Whinfield (2001) were critically analyzed based on Nida and Taber's (2003) theoretical framework. Based on the outcomes of the present study, both translators applied the expansion strategy more than the reduction because poems in Masnavi were so condensed and the writer of Masnavi applied classic words which were not understandable to the target language readers. Therefore, both translators used expansion strategy to explicate what was implied in the source text and to make a natural and a comprehensible translation to the target text readers. Keywords : Semantic Adjustment Strategies, Expansion, Reduction, Masnavi

Proper Names in Translational Contexts

Rendering of proper names in translational contexts may be a simple and automatic procedure that only involves minor sound adjustments. However, translators take, and sometimes have to adopt, all kinds of strategies with proper names, especially in fictional texts, where names almost always carry auctorial meanings that implicitly support the theme of the story. Names, in fact, bear a variety of connotative meanings and also serve as cultural identifiers of texts. Accordingly, rendering of names in translational contexts often has to deal with many issues such as their phonological, orthographical, morpho-semantic, and pragmatic idiosyncrasies, their accessibility to the target language readers, and their socio-political implications. Following the framework of descriptive translation studies, this paper first examines some English translations of Japanese literary texts from primary and secondary sources, and then provides a qualitative analysis of English translations of a novel by Kenji Miyazawa (1896-1933), Ginga Tetsudō no Yoru (Night of the Milky Way Railway), focusing on proper names. The latter novel is filled with fictional and non-fictional names whose cultural identities are deliberately made unclear or paradoxical to support the theme of the novel. The analysis provided in this paper empirically shows that translation of proper names plays a pivotal role for sustaining the cultural orientation of the text and the theme of the story.

Attitude Expression of the Business Text and Its Translation Study Under the Appraisal Theory

According to the Appraisal Theory put forward by Martin, this paper explores the attitude expression of the business text and its translation. There are several different kinds of business texts which have the same ways to express the textual attitude, including overt and covert presentation. Both overt and covert presentation can convey the positive and negative attitude of the text. While working out the translating work, translators need to know well the attitude of the source text first. And in the process of translation, it is necessary for translators to use corresponding words which can directly express overt attitude of the business text. As for covert attitude, translators need to figure out the implications from the ideational meaning of the words with the help of understanding the specific context. In addition, the translators also need to apply ‘unfaithful’ method to do trnslating work in order to meet the need of target-language readers.

A Study on News Headline Translation from the Cognitive Perspective-Based on Conceptual Blending Theory

<p>In the light of cognitive linguistics, particularly the conceptual blending theory the author holds that translation is a cognitive activity closely related to human cognition and bodily experience. What the translator needs to do is re-experience the cognition and mental or physical experience of the source language writer and transfer it into the target language with reference to the target language readers’ cognition and experience. Translation is the blend of concepts concerned in the two language spaces vie the translator’s mental work. The same is true with the process of news translation. Combining the conceptual blending theory with the practice of news translation, the author aims at on-line exploring and investigating the process of translation and explains it from cognitive perspective.</p>