Tape Condition Research Articles

Influence of External Ankle Support on Lower Extremity Joint Mechanics During Drop Landings

To investigate the effects of external ankle support (EAS) on lower extremity joint mechanics and vertical ground-reaction forces (VGRF) during drop landings. A 1 x 3 repeated-measures, crossover design. Biomechanics research laboratory. 13 male recreationally active basketball players (age 22.3 +/- 2.2 y, height 177.5 +/- 7.5 cm, mass 72.2 +/- 11.4 kg) free from lower extremity pathology for the 12 mo before the study. Subjects performed a 1-legged drop landing from a standardized height under 3 different ankle-support conditions. Hip, knee, and ankle angular displacement along with specific temporal (TGRFz1, TGRFz2; s) and spatial (GRFz1, GRFz2; body-weight units [BW]) characteristics of the VGRF vector were measured during a drop landing. The tape condition (1.08 +/- 0.09 BW) demonstrated less GRFz1 than the control (1.28 +/- 0.16 BW) and semirigid conditions (1.28 +/- 0.21 BW; P < .0001), and GRFz2 was unaffected. For TGRFz1, no-support displayed slower time (0.017 +/- 0.004 s) than the semirigid (0.014 +/- 0.001 s) and tape conditions (0.014 +/- 0.002 s; P < .05). For TGRFz2, no-support displayed slower time (0.054 +/- 0.006 s) than the semirigid (0.050 +/- 0.006 s) and tape conditions (0.045 +/- 0.004 s; P < .05). Semirigid bracing was slower than the tape condition, as well (P < .05). Ankle-joint displacement was less in the tape (34.6 degrees +/- 7.7 degrees) and semirigid (36.8 degrees +/- 9.3 degrees) conditions than in no-support (45.7 degrees +/- 7.3 degrees; P < .05). Knee-joint displacement was larger in the no-support (45.1 degrees +/- 9.0 degrees) than in the semirigid (42.6 degrees +/- 6.8 degrees; P < .05) condition. Tape support (43.8 degrees +/- 8.7 degrees) did not differ from the semirigid condition (P > .05). Hip angular displacement was not affected by EAS (F(2,24) = 1.47, P = .25). EAS reduces ankle- and knee-joint displacement, which appear to influence the spatial and temporal characteristics of GRFz1 during drop landings.

Effects of Ankle Taping on Single and Double Leg Balance

Effects of Ankle Taping on Single and Double Leg Balance Ankle sprains are a common injury and athletic tape is often applied to help prevent this injury, however, the effects of ankle taping on balance are relatively unclear. Additionally, the dominant and non-dominant legs often have different demands placed upon them and may yield different balance scores. Twenty five healthy participants (18 female, 7 male; age=20.5±1.19 years; mass=69.24±12.72 kg; height=1.69±.087 m) completed double and single leg balance assessments with the eyes open and eyes closed under three ankle support conditions: no ankle tape, PowerTape™, and Coach™ Tape, on the Neurocom Basic BalanceMaster™. Balance assessments were completed before ankle taping (pre-test), immediately after ankle taping (acute-test), and after 20 minutes of walking (post-test). The sway velocity of the participants' center of gravity (deg/s) was the dependent variable. A significant three way interaction was found for the single leg, eyes closed assessment (P = .037), with increased sway velocity for the PowerTape™ and Coach™ tape condition. The non-dominant leg had significantly less sway velocity than the dominant leg for the eyes open condition (P &lt; .001). These results indicate differing affects on balance for different types of athletic tape, and balance differences between the dominant and non-dominant leg, with the non-dominant leg presenting lower sway velocities.

Patellar Taping, Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome, Lower Extremity Kinematics, and Dynamic Postural Control

Patellar taping has been a part of intervention for treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). However, research on the efficacy of patellar taping on lower extremity kinematics and dynamic postural control is limited. To evaluate the effects of patellar taping on sagittal-plane hip and knee kinematics, reach distance, and perceived pain level during the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) in individuals with and without PFPS. Repeated-measures design with 2 within-subjects factors and 1 between-subjects factor. The University of Toledo Athletic Training Research Laboratory. Twenty participants with PFPS and 20 healthy participants between the ages of 18 and 29 years. The participants performed 3 reaches of the SEBT in the anterior direction under tape and no-tape conditions on both legs. The participants' hip and knee sagittal-plane kinematics were measured using the electromagnetic tracking system. Reach distance was recorded by hand and was normalized by dividing the distance by the participants' leg length (%MAXD). After each taping condition on each leg, the participants rated the perceived pain level using the 10-cm visual analog scale. The participants with PFPS had a reduction in pain level with patellar tape application compared with the no-tape condition (P = .005). Additionally, participants with PFPS demonstrated increased %MAXD under the tape condition compared with the no-tape condition, whereas the healthy participants demonstrated decreased %MAXD with tape versus no tape (P = .028). No statistically significant differences were noted in hip flexion and knee flexion angles. Although patellar taping seemed to reduce pain and improve SEBT performance of participants with PFPS, the exact mechanisms of these phenomena cannot be explained in this study. Further research is warranted to investigate the effect of patellar taping on neuromuscular control during dynamic postural control.

The effect of medial patellar taping on pain, strength and neuromuscular recruitment in subjects with and without patellofemoral pain

Objectives Patellar taping is used by clinicians to reduce pain, increase strength and enhance neuromuscular recruitment in patients with patellofemoral pain. This study explored the effect of medial patellar taping on these parameters in physically active subjects with and without patellofemoral pain. Study design A placebo-controlled clinical trial with randomised interventions. Setting Sport Science Institute of South Africa. Participants Fifteen subjects with patellofemoral pain (experimental group) and 20 subjects without patellofemoral pain (healthy cohort). Methods Pain perception, quadriceps force output and electromyographic (EMG) data were collected during maximal quadriceps strength testing and submaximal step testing for each intervention. Intervention Subjects were tested during three different knee taping conditions: (1) no tape; (2) placebo tape; and (3) medial tape, in a randomised order. Main outcome measures Visual analogue scale (VAS), isokinetic and isometric force output, and EMG analysis. Results Medial patellar tape did not result in a significant reduction in pain during the step testing (step-up) in the group with patellofemoral pain (no tape condition: mean VAS 1.0, 95% confidence interval 0.30–1.70; taped condition: mean VAS 1.07, 95% confidence interval 0.22–1.91) or an increase in quadriceps force output. However, there was a significant decrease in EMG activity of the vastus medialis oblique in both groups during the closed chain step test (e.g. group with patellofemoral pain, no tape condition: mean 77%, 95% confidence interval 62–92%; taped condition: mean 64%, 95% confidence interval 53–75%, P < 0.05). Conclusion Although taping did not reduce pain in the patellofemoral pain group, it did enhance the efficiency of the vastus medialus oblique. Future studies should determine whether there are clinical benefits to these findings.

Vastus lateralis vastus medialis obliquus muscle activity during the application of inhibition and facilitation taping techniques

To evaluate the effect of inhibition and facilitation taping techniques on the activity of vastus lateralis and vastus medialis obliquus. Repeated-measures design. Laboratory in an educational institution. Thirty healthy females aged between 18 and 23 years. Subjects were tested during the application of inhibition tape, facilitation tape and no tape to vastus lateralis in random order. Electromyographic activity of vastus lateralis and vastus medialis obliquus during stair descent was recorded using bipolar surface electrodes. Electromyographic activity of vastus lateralis and vastus medialis obliquus during the application of inhibition tape or facilitation tape did not alter significantly compared with no tape condition. Taping designed to inhibit or facilitate muscle activity via sensory stimulation does not affect vastus lateralis or vastus medialis obliquus activity in healthy subjects. Further investigation is required to find a means of muscle taping that could be recommended as an intervention for patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

The effects of patellar taping on knee kinetics, kinematics, and vastus lateralis muscle activity during stair ambulation in individuals with patellofemoral pain.

Pre- and postintervention repeated measures design. To determine the effects of patellar taping on knee kinetics, kinematics, and vastus lateralis muscle activity during stair ambulation in individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP). Patellar taping is a common treatment technique for individuals with PFP. Specific data on whether patellar taping improves gait variables, however, are limited. Ten subjects with a diagnosis of PFP were studied (five men, five women). The subjects' mean age, height, and mass were 36.5 +/- 11.1 years, 173.1 +/- 10.3 cm, and 70.9 +/- 13.3 kg, respectively. Lower extremity kinematics, ground reaction forces, and vastus lateralis EMG were obtained simultaneously while subjects ascended and descended stairs, under taped and untaped conditions. Knee moments were calculated using inverse dynamics equations. Four 2 x 2 (tape condition x stair condition) ANOVAs for repeated measures were generated for cadence and average stance phase knee extensor moment, knee flexion angle, and EMG. On the average, a 92.6% reduction in pain was observed following the application of tape. Increases in cadence, knee flexion angles, and knee extensor moments were observed under the taped condition for both stair ascent and descent; however, no difference in average vastus lateralis EMG was found. Although patellar taping resulted in decreased pain and increased knee extensor moments, knee flexion angles, and cadence during stair ambulation, the vastus lateralis EMG activity level did not change with taping. Based on data from the vastus lateralis, care must be taken if improved gait parameters indicate change in muscle recruitment.

Effect of patellar taping on knee kinetics of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

Single-group repeated measures examining patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. To examine the effect of McConnell patellar taping on single-leg vertical jump height and knee extensor moment and power during a vertical jump and lateral step-up. Patellar taping is used by clinicians in an attempt to maximize knee extensor function during sporting activities and rehabilitation of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. No studies have examined the effect of patellar taping on vertical jump height and knee extensor moment and power during a maximal vertical jump or lateral step-up. Fourteen women (24.4 +/- 5.8 years) with unilateral patellofemoral pain performed a single-leg vertical jump and lateral step-up during 4 knee conditions: patellar tape, placebo tape, no tape, and the uninvolved knee. Maximal knee extensor moment, knee power, and vertical jump height were measured for each condition using a force platform and motion analysis system. Analysis of variance and post hoc analyses revealed a main effect for knee condition. The patellar tape condition resulted in a greater knee extensor moment (1.57 +/- 0.32 N.m/kg) and power (3.47 +/- 0.67 W/kg) than did the no-tape (1.31 +/- 0.39 N.m/kg and 2.79 +/- 1.21 W/kg) and placebo tape (1.33 +/- 0.30 N.m/kg and 2.70 +/- 0.99 W/kg) conditions. Additional analyses showed that the vertical-jump height was significantly greater in the uninvolved lower extremity (25.69 +/- 2.66 cm) compared with the patellar tape (23.33 +/- 4.22 cm), placebo tape (23.08 +/- 4.20 cm), and no-tape (23.45 +/- 4.54 cm) conditions. The patellar tape condition did not show a different vertical jump height than the placebo or no-tape conditions. These results suggest that patellar taping compared with no tape may improve the knee extensor moment and power during weight-bearing activities such as the lateral step-up exercise and the vertical jump.

Relaxation-induced EEG alterations in panic disorder patients

Based on previous reports of relaxation-induced panic attacks in panic disorder patients, quantitative electroencephalographic (EEG) profiles and subjective anxiety ratings were assessed in panic disorder patients and normal controls listening to neutral and relaxation audiotapes. Regardless of tape condition, patients exhibited a greater frequency and severity of panic-related symptorns. Relaxation failed to alter panic-related symptom ratings or anxiety ratings in patients and controls. Theta and alpha increments were observed during relaxation, but only in normal controls. High frequency beta activity was less evident in patients, regardless of tape condition. Results are discussed in relation to arousal and treatment issues in panic disorder.

Computer Mechanics. Accelerated Wear Testing on Mn-Zn Ferrite Using the Grit Size Effect.

This paper describes a technique for wear prediction. It has been empirically established that the wear rate of an abraded workpiece is directly related to the grit size of the abrasive. Using this relationship, the wear rate of material subjected to very mild abrasion can be predicted from the measured wear rates of the same material under more severe conditions. This technique has been successfully applied to estimate the wear of magnetic recording head materials in a video tape system. Our results demonstrate that the wear rate of the head can be accelerated by as much as four orders of magnitude using abrasive lapping tapes of large grit size. The results also indicate that the wear rate of the recording head material decreases significantly with the magnetic or abrasive tape wear which typically occurs during the first five to ten tape passes. Microscopic examination using scanning electron microscopy indicates that this reduction in wear rate is not due to clogging of the abrasive tape but rather to changes in abrasive particle shape. This means a recording head subjected to continuous sliding with fresh tape will wear considerably faster than a head which slides repeatedly against a loop of tape. Accordingly in reporting the wear rates of head materials, it is important to describe the corresponding tape condition or usage history explicitly.

Accelerated wear testing using the grit size effect

This paper describes a technique for wear prediction. It has been empirically established that the wear rate of an abraded workpiece is directly related to the grit size of the abrasive. Using this relationship, the wear rate of material subjected to very mild abrasion can be predicted from the measured wear rates of the same material under more severe conditions. This technique has been successfully applied to estimate the wear of magnetic recording head materials in a video tape system. Our results demonstrate that the wear rate of the head can be accelerated by as much as four orders of magnitude using abrasive lapping tapes of large grit size. The results also indicate that the wear rate of the recording head material decreases significantly with the magnetic or abrasive tape wear, which typically occurs during the first five to ten tape passes. Microscopic examination using scanning electron microscopy indicates that this reduction in wear rate is not due to clogging of the abrasive tape but rather to changes in abrasive particle shape. This means a recording head subjected to continuous sliding with fresh tape will wear considerably faster than a head which slides repeatedly against a loop of tape. Accordingly, in reporting the wear rates of head materials, it is important to describe the corresponding tape condition or usage history explicitly.

Teachers' impressions of children varying in pragmatic skills

Many behaviors and characteristics contribute to teachers' impressions of their students and affect teachers' judgments of such qualities as competence and likeability. Among these behaviors are pragmatic skills, the appropriate use of language in social contexts. One hundred fifty-three experienced school teachers listened to one of five audiotaped conversations between a girl and a school librarian, then rated the girl on several scales. In one tape the girl requested, took turns, responded when spoken to, and maintained the logic of the conversation appropriately. In the others she used pragmatic skills inappropriately. Tape condition had a significant effect on ratings of the girl's likeability. Teachers formed positive impressions of the girl when she used all pragmatic skills appropriately and when she failed to respond promptly when spoken to, and negative impressions of the girl in the other conditions. Implications of these results for teacher training and children's pragmatic and social skills training are discussed.

DELAYED RETENTION OF ORALLY PRESENTED TEXT WITH PICTORIAL SUPPORT

Summary. University students were presented with either a tape‐slides presentation on an African tribe, the tape only, or the slides only, and took a retention test two days later. In comparison with the slides condition, the tape‐slides condition retained significantly more information presented by text and pictures but significantly less information presented by pictures‐only. There were no differences between the tape‐slides condition and the tape condition in retention of unillustrated text content, irrespective of its relationship to what was shown in the picture, but illustrated text content was better retained in the tape‐slides condition.

Articulation judgments: some perceptual considerations.

Five experienced articulation judges scored the tape-recorded responses of four children with articulatorily deviant /r/s under two response arrangement conditions. The tape conditions contrasted intact list scoring with a dubbed arrangement to investigate perceptual bias. The “intact” tape condition presented allophones of the target phoneme which varied from item to item, as the responses were originally obtained; the “dubbed” tape condition rearranged these responses so that responses to similar stimuli occurred successively. The /r/ phoneme data indicated significant interactions among the tape conditions, allophone error-type, and severity of error. Implications for reliability training and sampling are discussed.

The interaction of sentence characteristics and mode of presentation in recall.

The present study was designed to demonstrate that the recall of sentences in a conventional experiment is different from recall in even the most minimally conversational conditions when sentences include certain structures characteristic of ordinary speech. Sentences were constructed which included modal verbs, and the words "even" and "only" (called here underdetermined elements), alone and in combination with negation and question transformations. In a control experiment sentences included these transformations but lacked underdetermined elements. Twenty subjects heard such modal sentences on a tape recording. Twenty other subjects heard the same sentences in a conversational setting in which the sentences were said by an experimental accomplice and the subject replied briefly after hearing each one. Recall of the modal sentences was different in the two conditions. In the tape condition there was a decrement with increasing grammatical complexity but not in the conversation condition. The difference between the conditions can be attributed to the underdetermined elements. The addition of these elements to a sentence causes a decrement in the tape condition but not in the conversation condition. The addition of ordinary transformations to modal sentences affects recall in the two conditions the same way. Hence even in modal sentences, the differential effect can be attributed specifically to underdetermined elements but not to ordinary transformations. Recall of the ordinary transformed sentences in the control experiment was the same in both conditions. Hence the effects found in the main experiment are not specific for modal sentences.

The role of underdeterminacy and reference in the sentence recall of young children.

Children of five and eight years of age were asked to repeat sentences. The sentences were (1) underdetermined sentences containing modal verbs, (2) referential sentences in which the subject referred to an object presented simultaneously with the sentence, and (3) control sentences containing neither. Sentences were presented in a conversation condition approximating an ordinary conversation and on a tape recording. In eight-year-olds, but not five-year-olds, the adult meaning system was observed. Modal sentences were recalled better than control sentences in the conversation condition, but not in the tape condition. At both ages referentiality of the sentence subject improved its recall without regard to condition.

Model similarity and observer learning.

During Phase I 5 groups of 9 Ss each were instructed to say words at a signal to obtain a baseline of animal responses. 4 of the groups then said words intermittently with a taped model during Phase II. Two groups were exposed to a “normal” model and two groups were exposed to a “retardate” model. Half of the Ss under each taped condition received vicarious reinforcement, i.e., hearing “good” from an E when the model gave a critical response. Half under each tape condition received no vicarious reinforcement. The fifth group, a control group, heard no tapes and received no reinforcement. Model-observer similarity emerged as a significant factor. Reinforcement facilitated learning under both model conditions. The control group showed no increment in critical responses across trials.