Normative Data Tables Research Articles

Cross-Cultural Validation of the Malaysian Mood Scale and Tests of Between-Group Mood Differences.

Mood measures have been shown to have utility for monitoring risks to mental health and to predict performance among athletes. To facilitate use in a Malaysian context, we tested a Malay-language version of the 24-item Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS), referred to as the Malaysian Mood Scale (MASMS). Following a thorough translation-back-translation process, the 24-item MASMS was administered to 4923 Malay-speaking respondents (2706 males, 2217 females; 2559 athletes, 2364 non-athletes), ranging in age from 17 to 75 years (M = 28.2 years, SD = 9.4 years). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the six-factor MASMS measurement model (CFI = 0.950, TLI = 0.940, RMSEA = 0.056 [CI 0.055, 0.058]). Convergent and divergent validity of the MASMS were supported via relationships with depression, anxiety, and stress measures. Significant differences in mood scores were found between athletes and non-athletes, males and females, and younger and older participants. Tables of normative data and profile sheets for specific groups were generated. We propose that the MASMS is a valid measure that can be used to monitor mental health status among athletes and non-athletes and that facilitates future mood-related research in Malaysia.

Nasalance Scores for Normal Speakers of American English Obtained by the Nasometer II Using the MacKay-Kummer SNAP-R Test.

To establish nasalance score norms for adolescent and young adult native speakers of American English and also determine age-group and gender differences using the Simplified Nasometric Assessment Procedures (SNAP) Test-R and Nasometer II. Prospective study using a randomly selected sample of participants. Greater Cincinnati area and Miami University of Ohio. Participants had a history of normal speech and language development and no history of speech therapy. Participants in the adolescent group were recruited from schools in West Clermont and Hamilton County, whereas the young adults were recruited from Miami University of Ohio. The participants of both groups were residents of Cincinnati, Ohio or Oxford, Ohio and spoke midland American English dialect. Mean nasalance scores for the SNAP Test-R. Normative nasalance scores were obtained for the Syllable Repetition/Prolonged Sounds, Picture-Cued, and Paragraph subtests. Results showed statistically significant nasalance score differences between adolescents and young adults in the Syllable Repetition, Picture-Cued, and Paragraph subtests, and between males and females in the Syllable Repetition and the Sound-Prolonged subtests. A significant univariate effect was found for the syllables and sentences containing nasal consonants and high vowels compared to syllables and sentences containing oral consonants and low vowels. Across all the SNAP Test-R subtests, the females' nasalance scores were higher than the males. A significant univariate effect was also found across nasal syllables, and high vowels such that the females' nasalance scores were higher than the males. Tables of normative data are provided that may be useful for clinical purposes. Norms obtained demonstrated nasalance score differences according to age and gender, particularly in the Syllable Repetition/Prolonged Sound subtest. These differences were discussed in light of potential reasons for their existence and implications for understanding velopharyngeal function. In addition, nasalance scores are affected by the vowel type and place of articulation of the consonant. These facts should be considered when nasometry is used clinically and for research purposes.

Mood Profiling for Sustainable Mental Health among Athletes

Mood responses are a well-established mental health indicator. Gauging mental health status over time often involves periodic mood assessment using a standardized measure, a process referred to as mood profiling. Comparison of observed mood scores against relevant normative data is central to effective mood profiling. The primary purpose of our study was to improve existing norms for the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) using a large internet sample. The secondary purpose was to discuss how mood profiling can be used to promote sustainable mental health primarily among athletes but also with relevance to non-athletes. The BRUMS was completed via the In The Mood website by 15,692 participants. Significant differences between observed mean scores and existing normative data were evident for all six mood dimensions, prompting norm refinement. Specific group norms were generated to address sex differences in mood responses and differences by athlete/nonathlete status. The revised tables of normative data for the BRUMS should be used by researchers in future investigations of mood responses and by applied practitioners seeking to monitor mood responses as an indicator of mental health status. Applications of mood profiling with elite athletes are exemplified, along with recommendations for using mood profiling in the pursuit of sustainable mental health.

Influence of sex, age, and education on mood profile clusters.

In the area of mood profiling, six distinct profiles are reported in the literature, termed the iceberg, inverse iceberg, inverse Everest, shark fin, surface, and submerged profiles. We investigated if the prevalence of the six mood profiles varied by sex, age, and education among a large heterogeneous sample. The Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) was completed via the In The Mood website by 15,692 participants. A seeded k-means cluster analysis was used to confirm the six profiles, and discriminant function analysis was used to validate cluster classifications. Significant variations in the prevalence of mood profiles by sex, age, and education status were confirmed. For example, females more frequently reported negative mood profiles than males, and older and more highly educated participants had a higher prevalence of the iceberg profile than their younger and lesser educated counterparts. Findings suggest that refinement of the existing tables of normative data for the BRUMS should be considered.

Use of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5 (SCAT5) in professional hockey, part 1: cross-cultural normative data

ObjectivesThis paper provides comprehensive normative data stratified by language preference and age on the components of the National Hockey League (NHL) Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5 (SCAT5) in a multilingual...

The importance of clinical normative data for conceptualizing neuropsychological deficits in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Objective To create clinical normative data tables for Norwegian patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, to examine whether clinical normative data from Norway differs from similar normative data from Canada and the U.S., and to illustrate the usefulness of such data. Method A nationally representative sample of 335 patients from psychiatric hospitals in Bergen, Norway was included. Inclusion criteria were 18–39 years of age, Norwegian as first language, and symptoms of schizophrenia, psychosis, or hallucinations. Comorbid substance abuse was recorded in 134 (40.0%). All completed the Norwegian version of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Results The average scores of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were approximately one to two standard deviations below the mean for healthy adults. There were no significant differences in scores between patients with or without comorbid substance abuse. Men had higher scores than women. Clinical normative reference value look-up tables were created. Conclusions Clinical normative values were very similar to values from Canada and the U.S. Clinical normative data, as a supplement to standard healthy normative data, can be used to describe patients’ cognitive performance in terms of expectation for their peer group which can be useful for multidisciplinary treatment planning.

Physical Performance Measures of Flexibility, Hip Strength, Lower Limb Power, and Trunk Endurance in Healthy Navy Cadets: Normative Data and Differences Between Sex and Limb Dominance.

Lopes, TJA, Simic, M, Alves, DdS, Bunn, PdS, Rodrigues, AI, Terra, BdS, Lima, MdS, Ribeiro, FM, Vilão, P, and Pappas, E. Physical performance measures of flexibility, hip strength, lower limb power, and trunk endurance in healthy navy cadets: Normative data and differences between sex and limb dominance. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 458-464, 2021-The objectives were to provide normative data on commonly used physical performance tests that may be associated with musculoskeletal injuries in Navy cadets and assess for sex and limb dominance differences. A large cohort of Navy cadets were assessed for physical performance tests of flexibility (ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and sit and reach), isometric hip strength, lower limb power (single-leg hop), and trunk endurance (plank and side plank tests). Besides providing normative data tables, sex and limb dominance differences were assessed by a 2-way mixed analysis of variance. A total of 545 Brazilian Navy cadets (394 men) representing 79% of the cadets in the Academy participated. Normative reference values were reported as mean ± SD, 95% confidence interval and percentiles. For tests of muscle strength, power, and endurance, men performed better than women (p < 0.001). For flexibility tests, women achieved greater distances than men for the sit and reach test (p < 0.001), but no difference for ankle dorsiflexion (p = 0.51). Overall, there were no clinically relevant differences between limbs. In conclusion, normative data for commonly used physical performance tests were provided. Although no clinically relevant side-to-side differences were found, men presented higher values for lower limb strength and power, as well as trunk endurance than women, whereas women demonstrated increased flexibility. Valuable normative data are provided to professionals who work with young, active populations from the injury prevention or rehabilitation perspective because the current study may help professionals to identify athletes or cadets whose performance is outside the normative values and may be at risk for injury.

Assessing Auditory Processing Abilities in Typically Developing School-Aged Children.

Large discrepancies exist in the literature regarding definition, diagnostic criteria, and appropriate assessment for auditory processing disorder (APD). Therefore, a battery of tests with normative data is needed. The purpose of this study is to collect normative data on a variety of tests for APD on children aged 7-12 yr, and to examine effects of outside factors on test performance. Children aged 7-12 yr with normal hearing, speech and language abilities, cognition, and attention were recruited for participation in this normative data collection. One hundred and forty-seven children were recruited using flyers and word of mouth. Of the participants recruited, 137 children qualified for the study. Participants attended schools located in areas that varied in terms of socioeconomic status, and resided in six different states. Audiological testing included a hearing screening (15 dB HL from 250 to 8000 Hz), word recognition testing, tympanometry, ipsilateral and contralateral reflexes, and transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions. The language, nonverbal IQ, phonological processing, and attention skills of each participant were screened using the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-4 Screener, Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing, and Integrated Visual and Auditory-Continuous Performance Test, respectively. The behavioral APD battery included the following tests: Dichotic Digits Test, Frequency Pattern Test, Duration Pattern Test, Random Gap Detection Test, Compressed and Reverberated Words Test, Auditory Figure Ground (signal-to-noise ratio of +8 and +0), and Listening in Spatialized Noise-Sentences Test. Mean scores and standard deviations of each test were calculated, and analysis of variance tests were used to determine effects of factors such as gender, handedness, and birth history on each test. Normative data tables for the test battery were created for the following age groups: 7- and 8-yr-olds (n = 49), 9- and 10-yr-olds (n = 40), and 11- and 12-yr-olds (n = 48). No significant effects were seen for gender or handedness on any of the measures. The data collected in this study are appropriate for use in clinical diagnosis of APD. Use of a low-linguistically loaded core battery with the addition of more language-based tests, when language abilities are known, can provide a well-rounded picture of a child's auditory processing abilities. Screening for language, phonological processing, attention, and cognitive level can provide more information regarding a diagnosis of APD, determine appropriateness of the test battery for the individual child, and may assist with making recommendations or referrals. It is important to use a multidisciplinary approach in the diagnosis and treatment of APD due to the high likelihood of comorbidity with other language, learning, or attention deficits. Although children with other diagnoses may be tested for APD, it is important to establish previously made diagnoses before testing to aid in appropriate test selection and recommendations.

A Normative Study of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT2) in Children and Adolescents

Recent clinical practice parameters encourage systematic use of concussion surveillance/management tools that evaluate participating athletes at baseline and after concussion. Office-based tools (Sports Concussion Assessment Tool; SCAT2) require accurate baseline assessment to maximize utility but no normative data exist for children on the SCAT2, limiting identification of “normal” or “impaired” score ranges. The purpose of this study was to develop child and adolescent baseline norms for the SCAT2 to provide reference values for different age groups. A community-based approach was implemented to compile baseline performance data on the SCAT2 in 761 children aged 9 to 18 to create age- and sex-graded norms. Findings indicate a significant age effect on SCAT2 performance such that older adolescents and teenagers produced higher (better) total scores than younger children (ages 9 to 11) driven by age differences on individual components measuring cognition (SAC), postural stability (BESS), and symptom report. Females endorsed greater numbers of symptoms at baseline than males. Normative data tables are presented. Findings support the SCAT2 as a useful clinical tool for assessing baseline functioning in teenagers, but suggest clinical utility may be limited in children under age 11. Follow-up studies after incident concussion are needed to confirm this assumption.

Estudo Normativo do Token Test versão reduzida: dados preliminares para uma população de idosos brasileiros

INTRODUCAO: A preservacao das habilidades de compreensao da fala nos idosos esta correlacionada com a preservacao das funcoes cognitivas. Essa habilidade e caracteristica fundamental para a comunicacao e sua avaliacao possibilita a identificacao de deficits cognitivos mais especificos, alem de facilitar o desenvolvimento de estrategias de intervencao mais precoces e eficientes. OBJETIVO: Disponibilizar normas contemporâneas para a utilizacao de um instrumento de avaliacao da compreensao verbal, o Token Test, para idosos brasileiros saudaveis. METODO: Uma amostra com 120 idosos (76 mulheres), com medias de 71,1 anos para idade e de 6,9 anos de educacao formal para escolaridade, foi avaliada utilizando o Miniexame do Estado Mental, para identificacao da existencia de comprometimento cognitivo, e o Token Test, para avaliacao da compreensao da fala. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas correlacoes significativas (p < 0,01) entre o escore do Token Test e a educacao formal e a idade, os quais corresponderam respectivamente a 5% e 21% da variância compartilhada. Tais variaveis foram consideradas nas tabelas normativas. CONCLUSAO:Nossos dados indicam que as normas disponibilizadas aqui sao suficientemente representativas. Este trabalho abre caminho para estudos futuros de comparacao entre o desempenho no Token Test de idosos saudaveis e daqueles em processos de declinio cognitivo.

Normalisation du Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) chez les Québécois francophones âgés de 65 ans et plus et résidant dans la communauté

ABSTRACTThis study was aimed at providing normative data for the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The norms were built from a sample (n = 2409) of community-dwelling French speaking residents from Québec aged 65 and older. The analyses indicated that socio-demographic variables such as education level, age, and gender of individuals influenced significantly the scores of older adults on the MMSE. More precisely, MMSE scores increased with education level and decreased with age. Moreover, women had significantly higher scores than men. On this basis, distinct tables of normative data were produced for women and men. In each table, the MMSE scores corresponding to percentiles 5, 10, 15 and 50 were identified according to four age categories and three education levels. Overall, the use of the present normative data by clinicians will improve their accuracy in detecting cognitive impairment in older adults from Québec.

Isokinetic neck strength norms for schoolboy rugby forwards

Objective. To generate isokinetic neck strength norms for schoolboy rugby forwards. Design. Two hundred and eight schoolboys (17.21 – 1.03 years, mean – standard error of the mean (SEM), chosen from a population of under-19 first and second XV rugby players, participated in this study. The subjects were assessed anthropometrically and isokinetically according to a set protocol. The isokinetic assessment of neck strength was performed with the use of a specially designed stabilising chair and halo. The subjects performed a single maximal exertion set, consisting of 3 repetitions, through each of the cervical spinal movements in the sagittal and frontal planes. The data were analysed statistically according to positional categories (front-, second-, and back-row forwards), and were used to generate Stanine tables of normative data concerning the force characteristics of the cervical spine. Results. The front-row forwards produced the largest amounts of force during the measurement of peak torque flexion (PTF = 30.00 – 1.39 Nm) and peak torque extension (PTE = 55.26 – 1.42 Nm). Conversely, the second-row forwards performed the best during the measurement of lateral flexion peak torque to the right (PTR = 53.71 – 1.51 Nm) and lateral flexion peak torque to the left (PTL = 52.92 – 1.63 Nm) in the frontal plane. The front-row forwards were the most powerful in all the neck movements measured (power generated at 0.2 seconds during flexion (PowF) = 101.54 – 6.43 W, power generated at 0.2 s during extension (PowE) = 167.31 – 8.03 W, power generated at 0.2 s during lateral flexion to the right (PowR) = 211.92 – 7.44 W, and power generated at 0.2 s during lateral flexion to the left (PowL) = 194.81 – 7.73 W). However, further analysis of the data revealed that few statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.05) existed between the positional categories for the measured variables of peak torque, power generated at 0.2 of a second, peak torque to body mass ratio and cervical range of motion. Conclusion. It appears that the various positional categories have not undergone the expected neck strength adaptations to meet the unique requirements of each position. The generation of neck strength normative data allows for the effective and quantified comparison of neck strength variables, enabling more effective injury prevention and rehabilitation. South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 19-26

Isokinetic neck strength norms for schoolboy rugby forwards

Objective. To generate isokinetic neck strength norms for schoolboy rugby forwards. Design. Two hundred and eight schoolboys (17.21 – 1.03 years, mean – standard error of the mean (SEM), chosen from a population of under-19 first and second XV rugby players, participated in this study. The subjects were assessed anthropometrically and isokinetically according to a set protocol. The isokinetic assessment of neck strength was performed with the use of a specially designed stabilising chair and halo. The subjects performed a single maximal exertion set, consisting of 3 repetitions, through each of the cervical spinal movements in the sagittal and frontal planes. The data were analysed statistically according to positional categories (front-, second-, and back-row forwards), and were used to generate Stanine tables of normative data concerning the force characteristics of the cervical spine. Results. The front-row forwards produced the largest amounts of force during the measurement of peak torque flexion (PTF = 30.00 – 1.39 Nm) and peak torque extension (PTE = 55.26 – 1.42 Nm). Conversely, the second-row forwards performed the best during the measurement of lateral flexion peak torque to the right (PTR = 53.71 – 1.51 Nm) and lateral flexion peak torque to the left (PTL = 52.92 – 1.63 Nm) in the frontal plane. The front-row forwards were the most powerful in all the neck movements measured (power generated at 0.2 seconds during flexion (PowF) = 101.54 – 6.43 W, power generated at 0.2 s during extension (PowE) = 167.31 – 8.03 W, power generated at 0.2 s during lateral flexion to the right (PowR) = 211.92 – 7.44 W, and power generated at 0.2 s during lateral flexion to the left (PowL) = 194.81 – 7.73 W). However, further analysis of the data revealed that few statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.05) existed between the positional categories for the measured variables of peak torque, power generated at 0.2 of a second, peak torque to body mass ratio and cervical range of motion. Conclusion. It appears that the various positional categories have not undergone the expected neck strength adaptations to meet the unique requirements of each position. The generation of neck strength normative data allows for the effective and quantified comparison of neck strength variables, enabling more effective injury prevention and rehabilitation. South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 19-26

Psychological predictors of injury among elite athletes

Objectives: To establish injury rates among a population of elite athletes, to provide normative data for psychological variables hypothesised to be predictive of sport injuries, and to establish relations between...

The verbal fluency task in the Greek population: normative data, and clustering and switching strategies.

We assessed 300 healthy adults in Greece on measures of semantic and phonemic verbal fluency in order to develop norms for the Greek population. We also evaluated the strategies that the participants used spontaneously in order to maximize word production, namely clustering and switching techniques. Our tasks comprised three semantic and three phonemic categories. Consistent with previous investigations of English-speaking samples, we found a contribution of demographic variables to word fluency. Specifically, level of education contributed to total word production, number of switches, and number of repetitive responses on both semantic and phonemic tasks, and the average cluster size only on the phonemic task. Age contributed to total word production and cluster size on the semantic task, and to number of switches on both semantic and phonemic tasks. Sex contributed only to total word production on the semantic task. In our sample, clustering and switching strategies were related to total word production on both tasks, suggesting that these strategies were used effectively. We present tables of normative data stratified by age and level of education. We have also included detailed guidelines for scoring clusters relevant to the Greek population.

GENDER SPECEFIC NORMATIVE DATA FOR HIP BONE MASS IN YOUNG CHILDREN

There is a paucity of normative data for hip bone mass in children. Of the normative data that have been reported, chronological age is commonly used to categorize hip bone mass; however, chronological age does not necessarily coincide with the sketetal age of a growing child. Thus, we investigated which growth factor (age, height, weight) best predicted hip bone mass and developed gender specific normative data tables based on this predictor variable. We assessed 212 apparently healthy, Caucasian pre-pubescent children (118 boys, 94 girls) between the ages of 5 and 10 (7.4 ± 1.1 yrs; 124.9 ± 8.4 cm; 26.8 ± 7.1 kg). Bone mineral content (g;BMC) of the left proximal femur was measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (Hologic QDR-4500/A). Data are presented for the femoral neck (FN) and total hip (TH). In unpaired t-tests, height and weight were significantly greater in boys than girls (p < .01 and p < .05, respectively). In univariate analysis of covariance, controlling for age, height, and weight, boys had greater FN and TH BMC than girls (FN = 1.9 ± Ag vs 1.6 ± .3g and TH = 12.2 ± 2.7g vs. 10.8 ± 2.3g), p < .001 and p < .01, respectively). Femoral neck BMC correlated significantly with age (boys: r = .559, girls r = .528), height (boys: r = .679, girls r = .701), and weight (boys: r = .450, girls: r = .589). Total hip BMC correlated significantly with age (boys: r = .606, girls: r = .686), height (boys: r = .679, girls: r = .798), and weight (boys: r = .517, girls: r = .663). In stepwise multiple regression, entering age, height and weight as predictor variables, height was the best preditor of FN BMC (boys: r2 = .462, girls r2 = .492) and TH BMC (boys: r2 = .616, girls: r2 = .636). In conclusion, height best predicted skeletal maturity. Thus, in pre-pubescent children we have developed gender-specific normative data tables for the hip, categorized by height for Caucasian children between 5–10 years of age. Supported by NIH ROI AR45655-01, Division of NIAMS.

Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in 6-year-old school children: a normative study

Great potential has recently been demonstrated for the application of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) in screening the hearing of school-aged children. The present study aimed to describe the range of TEOAE values obtained from a large cohort of 6-year-old children in school settings. Results indicated significant sex and ear asymmetry effects on signal-to-noise ratio, response, whole wave reproducibility, band reproducibility and noise levels. A prior history of ear infections was also shown to influence response level, whole wave reproducibility and band reproducibility. The sex, ear and history specific normative data tables derived may contribute to future improvements in the accuracy of hearing screening for 6-year-old school children.

Hopkins Verbal Learning Test – Revised: Normative Data and Analysis of Inter-Form and Test-Retest Reliability

The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) is a brief verbal learning and memory test with six alternate forms. The HVLT is ideal in situations calling for repeated neuropsychological examinations, but it lacks a delayed recall trial which is essential for the assessment of abnormal forgetting. We present a revised version of the HVLT which includes a delayed recall trial, and therefore delays the yes/no recognition trial. The equivalence of test forms was examined in two separate studies using between-groups and within-subjects research designs. In both studies, the six forms of the revised HVLT (HVLT-R) were found to be equivalent with respect to the recall trials, but there were some modest differences in recognition. Recommendations for the use of the HVLT-R in serial neuropsychological examinations are provided, as well as normative data tables from a sample of 541 subjects, spanning ages 17 to 88 years.

Heat pain thresholds: normative data and repeatability

Measurement of thresholds for heat-induced pain was performed on 106 normal subjects, at thenar eminence and foot dorsum, using the reaction time-inclusive method of limits. Tests were repeated 2 weeks following the first test for most of the subjects. After determination that there were no outlying data points and that there was no systematic relationship between magnitude and variability of test scores, data from between 72 and 76 subjects were used to define normal upper and lower ranges by age, as well as repeatability coefficients. This was done through ANOVA-based procedures that extend standard repeatability assessment methods. Normative data tables are presented, with measures of repeatability for the various sites and modalities. For the conventional test range, reaching 55°C, measurement of heat pain thresholds can define both hyper- and hypoalgesia. Application of repeatability coefficients allows for intra-individual inter-session comparison in longitudinal studies.

Thermal testing: normative data and repeatability for various test algorithms

Measurement of thresholds for warm and cold sensation was performed on 106 normal subjects, at thenar eminence and foot dorsum. Three test algorithms were used, the reaction-time-inclusive method of limits, and reaction-time-exclusive methods of levels and staircase. Tests were repeated 2 weeks following the first for most of the subjects, and after elimination of 5 outlying subject data points, and determination of no systematic relationship between magnitude and variability of test scores, data from between 72 and 76 subjects were used to derive repeatability coefficients, by ANOVA-based procedures which extend standard repeatability assessment methods. Normative data tables are presented, with measures of repeatability for the various algorithms and modalities. Method of limits tests exhibited inter-session bias, and large repeatability coefficients, compared with methods of levels and staircase, which exhibited no bias and had better (lower) repeatability coefficients. All three methods had similar test durations. We conclude that on the basis of these data, the reaction-time-exclusive methods of levels and staircase have a definite advantage over the method of limits.