Taber Abrasion Research Articles

Double cross-linked transparent superhydrophilic coating capable of anti-fogging even after abrasion and boiling.

The commercial application of surfaces with superhydrophilic (SHPL) properties is well known as an efficient strategy to address problems such as anti-fogging, anti-frosting, and anti-biological contamination. However, current SHPL coatings are limited by their poor water and abrasion resistances. Thus, herein, to solve these problems active glass was employed as a substrate, and a stable and transparent SHPL solution was prepared via the spraying process. Aqueous polyacrylic resin (PAA), SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and sodium allyl sulfonate (SDS) were utilized as the four main components of the PAA-TEOS-SiO2 coating. The durability properties including anti-abrasion, resistance to water, and contact component loss were investigated via the Taber abrasion test, boiling water immersion test, and anti-fogging test, respectively. Furthermore, the structure, composition, and wettability of the coating before and after the friction and water immersion tests were compared via water contact angle (WCA) measurements. Furthermore, the effect of the type of resin on the properties of the coating was investigated. The surface morphology of the blended water-based polyacrylic acid (PAA) resin was uniform and flat and its adhesion to the substrate was the highest (4.21 MPa). Considering the durability and optical properties of the coating, the optimal blend was 3 wt% PAA resin, which exhibited a transmittance of 90%. When the content of TEOS, which enhanced the crosslinking in the coating, was increased to 2 wt%, the results showed that the SHPL coating maintained good anti-friction, boiling resistance, and anti-fogging properties under the conditions of 300 cycle Taber friction with 250 g load and soaking in hot water at 100 °C for 1 h. In particular, the excellent durability of strong acid and alkali resistance, heat resistance, and long-term aging resistance will facilitate the commercial viability and expand the application of SHPL coating in various research fields.

Biomimetic Robust All-Polymer Porous Coatings for Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling.

Passive daytime radiation cooling (PDRC) has gained considerable attention as an emerging and promising cooling technology. Polymer-based porous materials are one of the important candidates for PDRC application due to their easy processing, free of inorganic particle doping, and multifunctionality. However, the mechanical properties of these porous materials, which are critical in outdoor services, have been overlooked in previous studies. Herein, a nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) method combined with ambient pressure drying to prepare polyethylene-polysilicate all-polymer porous coatings is developed. The coatings possess a Cyphochilus beetle-like skeleton structure with optimal skeleton size, laminated anisotropy, and high volume fraction (64±1%). These structure features ensure a maximum skeleton density without optical crowding, thus enhancing light scattering and stress dispersion, and balancing optical and mechanical properties. The coatings exhibit significant mechanical robustness (only ≈70µm thickness reduction after 1000 Taber abrasion cycles at a 750g load without influencing optical performance), durability, optical properties (a solar reflectance of ≈95% and an average near-normal thermal emittance of ≈96%), and PDRC performance (realizing sub-ambient cooling of ≈3-6°C at midday with different weather conditions). The work provides a new solution to improve the practicability of polymer-based porous coatings in PDRC outdoor services and other fields.

Electron beam manufacturing 3D printed titanium with titanium nitride coating shows favorable overall performance when compared to selective laser sintering cobalt chrome in patient specific talus implants

Background: Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) Cobalt Chrome (CoCr) has been utilized extensively in medical implants. However, Electron Beam Manufacturing (EBM) 3D Printed Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium Extra Low Interstitial (Ti6Al4V ELI) is increasingly being utilized due to its higher strength to weight ratio, biocompatibility, resistance to corrosion, and capacity for osseointegration. More recently, Titanium Nitride (TiN) coatings have been applied to Ti6Al4V ELI to improve its long-term durability. While durability and tribology are a critical measure of an implant’s overall performance, no studies comparatively examine these properties in Ti6Al4V ELI TiN and CoCr talar implants. Methods: As a result, two independent laboratories were engaged to test these properties using: ASTM F1978-18 “Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Metallic Thermal Spray Coatings by Using the Taber Abraser”, and ISO 22622:2019 “Implants for surgery-Wear of total ankle-joint prostheses”. Results: Testing using method ASTM F1978-18, Ti6Al4V ELI TiN performed 34x more favorably than mirror polished CoCr. Using method ISO 22622:2019, Ti6Al4V ELI TiN and SLS performed similarly, showing only slight wear when tested against Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) over 5 million cycles. Conclusion: With density, durability, tribology and ingrowth potential as a combined measure of overall performance, results support Ti6Al4V ELI TiN being favorable to CoCr in certain talar implants.Clinical Relevance: In addition to offering superior abrasion performance and slightly better wear resistance, 3D printed Ti6Al4V ELI TiN coated implants offer physicians and patients a highly customizable implant with a lower strength to weight ratio than existing CoCr SLS implants.Level of Evidence: V.

Mechanically robust superamphiphobic ceramic coatings with releasable nanoparticle-capsules

Superamphiphobic surfaces that can keep surface clean even in severe oil pollution environments are attractive for many practical applications. Existing surfaces could achieve good environmental durability, but rarely anyone has demonstrated that coatings with mechanical robustness and superamphiphobicity were fabricated by simple fabrication processes. In this work, a new design of component phase separation on nanoparticle-capsules is proposed to generate durable superamphiphobic coatings by spray-coating the suspension of fluorinated nanoparticle powders and ceramic binders. During the process of film formation, the micro/nano composite structures appear on the surface by the stacking of agglomerates and nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the particles in the suspension can be reunited to produce plentiful particle-agglomerates in longitudinal direction driven by the difference of surface tension. And the agglomerates acted as particle-capsules are able to release the embedded fluorinated silica nanoparticles to the surface to regenerate superamphiphobicity instantaneously during physical wear. Moreover, the coatings are durable against physical abrasion of 500 Taber abrasion cycles under a load of 250 g, maintaining super-repellency to oils under comprehensive harsh conditions such as oil immersion, oil mist impact, and sand water stirring. This strategy is supposed to offer a new insight to development durable superamphiphobic coatings that can endure harsh operation environments for mechanical abrasion and chemical erosion.

Tough and Strong Waterborne Polyurethane Network Combined with Sub‐Nanoscaled Calcium Phosphate Oligomers for Protective Coating

AbstractThe optimal design of high wear‐resistance and durability of coatings using organic–inorganic interpenetrating networks has been a long‐term goal of researchers. Although some progress has been made in the modification of waterborne polyurethanes (WPU), there are still significant challenges in fabricating more durable polyurethane‐based protective coatings from the perspective of structural design at a molecular level. Here, a sub‐nanoscaled (<1 nm) inorganic calcium phosphate oligomer (CPO) is used to carry out organic–inorganic hybrid cross‐linking in a WPU network and precisely regulate the structure of the macromolecular network at the molecular level. The herein‐produced CPO‐WPU hybrid coating shows excellent wear resistance and water resistance. Taber abrasion tests demonstrate that the CPO‐WPU coating can be capable of 15 500 turns at a load of 750 g, 2.2 times that of pure WPU coating, and the water‐resistance of CPO‐WPU coating is significantly improved compared with WPU coating due to its well‐integrated organic–inorganic network. Overall, the CPO‐WPU coating material significantly improves the mechanical strength, wear‐resistance, and water‐resistance, compared with the original WPU coating and other modified polyurethane. This hybrid coating can provide a potential application in paper‐making, textiles, and furniture due to its unique organic–inorganic network, low cost, and green process.

Mechanism and Influence Factors of Abrasion Resistance of High-Flow Grade SEBS/PP Blended Thermoplastic Elastomer.

Hydrogenated styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SEBS)/polypropylene (PP) blended thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) is suitable for preparing the automotive interiors because of its excellent elasticity, softness, weather resistance, low odor, low VOC and other environmental-friendly properties. The skin of the automobile instrument panel is an appearance part, which requires excellent friction loss resistance of surface. In this paper, the high-flow SEBS/PP blended thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) suitable for the preparation of injection molding skins for automobile instrument panel was studied. By comparing the Taber abrasion and cross-scratch properties, the effects of SEBS’s molecular weight, styrene content in the molecule, molecular structure and types of lubricating agents on the friction loss properties of the material were investigated. The results show that under the same SEBS molecular structure, the higher the molecular weight within a certain range, the better the wear resistance of high-flow SEBS/PP type TPE, but the ultra-high molecular weight exhibits lower wear resistance than high molecular weight; The high-flow SEBS/PP blended TPE prepared by medium styrene content SEBS has better abrasion resistance; TPE prepared by star SEBS is better than linear SEBS; Adding silane-based lubricating agents is beneficial to improve the friction loss resistance of the material, especially combined use of high and low molecular weight silicone.

Influence of Ageing on Abrasion Volume Loss, Density, and Structural Components of Subfossil Oak

Subfossil oak wood has spent centuries or millennia in the aquatic medium (rivers, lakes, bogs, etc.) and, due to water anoxic conditions, its decomposition is very slow. As a result of its long residing in specific conditions, its chemical composition, appearance, as well as mechanical and tribological properties have changed. Because of its aesthetic and mechanical properties, subfossil wood is very attractive and often used to produce valuable objects. The main objective of this study was to test how abrasion wear resistance of subfossil oak is affected by ageing. The effects of ageing on wood density and on the structure of lignin and cellulose were tested, as well as the loss of volume during abrasion in correlation with these changes. A study was conducted on samples of recent (regular) pedunculate oak wood and on six subfossil pedunculate oak samples in the age range of 890 and nearly 6000 years. Abrasion wear resistance was expressed through the loss of volume recorded using the Taber abraser. The smallest abrasion volume loss was measured for the recent oak specimens. Linear regression analyses showed that there was a very strong negative linear relationship between the age of subfossil oak and its abrasion volume loss. There was also a strong, but positive and significant linear correlation between subfossil oak age and density. Ageing also affected the structural composition of wood. Results obtained by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy indicated a reduction of the relative crystalline fraction of subfossil wood in recent oak. The degradation of lignin in subfossil oak samples progressed more slowly over time than cellulose degradation. There was a negative correlation between age and the ratio of cellulose and lignin degradation; however, that relationship was found statistically insignificant. Similar results were obtained for the relationship between abrasion wear resistance and changes in the structural composition of the studied samples of subfossil oak wood.

Poboljšanje mehaničkog ponašanja i trošenja ojačane legure aluminijuma sa česticama pepela životinjskog porekla

The research work investigated the mechanical and wear behaviours of aluminium alloys reinforced with cow horn ash (CHA) which is cost-effective and environmentally-friendly materials at different weight percentages (0 wt. % to 15 wt. %) at 3 wt. % interval. The cow horn ash was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The matrix and the composites morphology were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the distribution of cow horn ash particles within the matrix. The wear behaviour of the alloy and composites produced at various reinforcements were carried out using a Taber abrasion wear-testing machine. The XRF showed the compositions of CHA to contain carbon (95.70 %), silicon (2.60 %), calcium (1.00%) and others. Mechanical properties investigated increase with increase in 3 wt. % to 15 wt. % of CHA. The morphologies revealed uniform distribution of CHA within the matrix resulted to the improvement in both mechanical and wear properties. The wear resistance of the composites increases with increase in the applied load and decreases with increases in the weight percentage of CHA and this can be used in the automobile and engineering industries for the productions of brake shoes, electrical insulators and others.

Fabrication of mechanochemically robust superhydrophobic coating based on MPVDF/epoxy resins composites

Inspired by natural surfaces, artificial superhydrophobic coating has attracted extensive research interests. However, the application of such surface coatings for anti-fouling purposes in out-door equipment has been limited due to the lack of mechanical robustness, chemical resistance. The fabrication of superhydrophobic water-repellent coatings after mechanical damages or chemical corrosion remains a challenge. This paper described a kind of flexible superhydrophobic modified PVDF (MPVDF)/epoxy resins composites coating (SMECC) with good water repellency, strong mechanical and chemical robustness. Based on the excellent properties of MPVDF and epoxy resin, the SMECC showed strong mechanical robustness under cyclic tape stripping and taber abrasion. The obtained coating can continuous exposure to UV light or high corrosive medium (hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions) for several days while maintaining super-hydrophobicity (WCA > 158°, WSA < 1°), and has adaptability on different substrates. In addition, the mechanical flexibility of our coating ensures high speed drip resistance anti-moisture stabilities. These developed coatings have a wide range of robustness and scalability, making them promising candidates for a variety of harsh applications environments and even under-water conditions.

Synergetic Design of Transparent Topcoats on ITO-Coated Plastic Substrate to Boost Surface Erosion Performance

Transparent conductive films (TCFs) have received much research attention in the area of aeronautical canopies. However, bad wear, corrosion resistance and weak erosion performance of TCFs dramatically limit their scalable application in the next-generation aeronautical and optoelectronic devices. To address these drawbacks, three types of optically transparent coatings, including acrylic, silicone and polyurethane (PU) coatings were developed and comparatively investigated ex situ in terms of Taber abrasion, nanoindentation and sand erosion tests to improve the wear-resistance and sand erosion abilities of ITO-coated PMMA substrates. To elucidate the sand erosion failure of the coatings, the nanoindentation technique was employed for quantitative assessment of the shape recovery abilities under probe indentation. Results show that the PU topcoats can greatly enhance the sand erosion properties, which were superior to those of acrylic and silicone topcoats. This result can be attributed to the good toughness and self-healing properties of PU topcoats. Additionally, high hardness and good Taber abrasion properties of the ITO films and silicone topcoats did not have an obvious or affirmatory effect on the sand erosion abilities, based on their brittleness and irreparable properties under sand erosion.

TiB2 embedded borosilicate coatings with improved wear resistance

ABSTRACT State-of-the-art abrasion resistance of glass ceramic coatings (GCCs) is set by dense, low closed porosity, defect- and micro-stress-free microstructure since GCCs have low fracture toughness. Titanium diboride (TiB2) is a ceramic material with relatively high strength and durability as characterized by the high melting point, hardness, and wear resistance. In this study, the effect of mill additive TiB2 hard ceramic particles (HCP) on GCCs was investigated. The precursor glass ceramic system of SiO2–Na2O–B2O3–CaO–Fe2O3 was selected. The wear resistance of the GCCs was tested simultaneously by Taber Abraser and by a tribometer. B2O3, which is formed by the oxidation of TiB2, fills the pores and the microcracks on the surface, thus reducing the stress areas and increasing the wear resistance. Increasing the TiB2 HCP addition yielded a decrease in mass loss of about 81%, wear rate of about 82% and increase in the coefficient of friction of 15%.

Wear characteristics of exfoliated MoS2/polyamide-6,6 composite

Effect of exfoliation of MoS2 on the wear characteristics of the MoS2/PA-6,6 composite is investigated. Exfoliation of MoS2 is identified using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Wear loss of composites is done using Taber abrasion tester with CS-17 abrasive wheel and atomic force microscope is used to characterize the worn surface. It is observed that wear loss of MoS2/PA-6,6 composite is strongly affected by content and exfoliation of MoS2. Wear loss of composites is decreased by the addition of MoS2 irrespective of exfoliation and it is improved with increasing filler content. Exfoliated MoS2/PA-6,6 composites show improved wear characteristic, that is, reduced wear loss, compared to the pristine MoS2/PA-6,6 composite. Addition of MoS2 induces less plastic deformation of the worn surface of composites, and it is more distinct for exfoliated MoS2.

Magnetic Field-Induced Orientation of Modified Boron Nitride Nanosheets in Epoxy Resin with Improved Flame and Wear Resistance.

In this work, self-lubricating boron nitride nanosheets (BNNs) were decorated with flame-retardant zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4), followed by stearic acid modification to obtain magnetic and hydrophobic properties. Under the external magnetic field, the obtained ZnFe2O4-BNNs can be well ordered into one-dimensional orientation in the epoxy resin (EP) matrix-enabling improved flame retardant properties. Compared to a randomly oriented ZnFe2O4-BNN equivalent, the well-orientated ZnFe2O4-BNNs (at 10% mass fraction) reduce the peak heat release rate and CO production by 47 and 51%, respectively. Furthermore, the ZnFe2O4-BNN/EP composite monoliths demonstrate excellent durability, displaying continued superhydrophobicity under Taber abrasion, high external pressure, knife scratch, long-term exposure to acids/bases, and harsh UV irradiation. In addition, the result shows that the well-oriented ZnFe2O4-BNN/EP composite demonstrates better tribological performance and the friction coefficient is reduced by 76.9%.

Improved abrasion resistance of silica-based CVD thin films on polycarbonate substrates for automotive applications

A silica-based thin film was synthesized on polycarbonate substrates topped with acrylic primer. The synthesis was performed by chemical vapor deposition under a remote-type atmospheric pressure plasma. The source gas used was TrMS/O2, and the carrier gas used was either He or Ar. The abrasion resistance and adhesion strength were improved by changing the carrier gas from He to Ar. After a standard Taber abrasion test, the minimum change in haze value was approximately 1.3% for a sample synthesized under Ar (below the 2.0% requirement for vehicle window glass). The adhesion strength between the thin film and the substrate probably improved because of the etching effect of the primer by the Ar plasma during the deposition. The results confirmed that atmospheric remote technology can synthesize silica-based films and demonstrated that the technology is applicable to manufacturing vehicle window glass replacements.

Development of a polyurea-based composition with an extended life span

Objectives. Improvement of the technology for obtaining polymer-sprayed coatings based on polycarbodiimides (polyureas) with high chemical, hydrolytic, and abrasive resistance and improved physical and mechanical properties, as well as obtainment of polyurea compositions with a lifetime of at least 5 min without loss performance characteristics (i.e., “hand-applied” polyureas) suitable for repair of coatings already in use.Methods. The reaction rate between isocyanate and amino groups is almost a hundred times higher than that between isocyanate and hydroxyl groups, necessitating the use of special highperformance and high-pressure installations equipped with self-cleaning mixing chambers and heating of components. The following are determined from the obtained materials: strength, elongation at break according to the standard method, Taber abrasion, and Shore hardness.Results. Three methods of slowing down the reaction are investigated: 1) the synthesis of prepolymers with the content of NCO groups from 10.5% to 18%; 2) the addition of a plasticizer into the prepolymer in the amount of 1–10 mass parts; and 3) the introduction of polyesters into the composition and radiation of the so-called “hybrid” systems. When using 14% polyesters with a molecular weight of 2000 Da, only “hybrid” systems make it possible to obtain compositions with a lifetime of more than 5 min. At the same time, the tensile strength decreases by 20%, and the abrasion increases by 40%; however, such “hybrid” systems have a higher adhesion force and are cheaper than pure polyureas, allowing them to be used as “repair” systems.Conclusions. The developed composition and technology of applying “hybrid” systems allow for the repair of existing coatings without using specialized devices. “Manual” polyurea is easy to use and does not require special training.

The action of fillers in the enhancement of the tribological performance of epoxy composite coatings

The addition of reinforced material (polymer and mineral fillers) to epoxy resin matrices results in the improvement of the overall performance of the composite, allowing the application of these materials as tribo-materials in industrial applications. Enhancement of the tribological properties (low friction coefficient, increased wear resistance and non-stick properties) of epoxy coatings is done by embedding fillers with various particle sizes and with different filler volume fractions. The aim of this work is to determine the factors influencing the wear-reducing mechanisms of the fillers. This was done by wear tests carried out on a pin-on-disc apparatus and on a Taber Abraser device. A significant decrease in the wear rate was recorded with the formulations containing polymer fillers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene (PE) and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), due to their self-lubricating nature. The particle size of silica (SiO2) fillers was found to play a significant role, coarse particles reducing the wear rate due to the bond at the resin/filler interface. It was shown that not all fillers helped improving the wear resistance; the SiO2 fillers with lower particle size had a negative effect on the wear resistance of the epoxy coating, by causing discontinuities in the material. The worn surfaces were analyzed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM), to help better understand the wear mechanisms involved.

Abrasion resistant glass-ceramic coatings reinforced with WC-nanoparticles

The glass ceramic coatings reinforced with nano-WC hard ceramic particles used in the study were designed to remove stress points in the vitreous matrix. Coatings were applied to cast iron surfaces by the wet spraying method and fired at 770 °C for 12 min. The abrasion resistance of the samples was evaluated with a Taber abrasion device with H18 wheels and the changes in SEM, color, gloss, mass loss, and surface roughness values were analyzed before and after the abrasion test of the samples. The results showed that, the addition of 2.5 wt% nano-WC (W25) created the lowest mass loss and the lowest change in the surface properties. The lowest amount and the size in the pores were also observed in the W25 sample. It was observed that agglomeration occurred with the increase of nano-WC ratio in the samples and the abrasion resistance decreased.

Synthesis and characterization of UV-curable cellulose acetate butyrate-based oligomers and their cotton fabric coatings

In order to improve the thermal stability and flexibility, cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) was modified with toluene diisocyanate–hydroxyethyl methacrylate (TDI–HEMA) adduct in various molar ratios. The obtained oligomer was characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies. Gloss, cross-hatch, contact angle, and Taber abrasion tests were all used to investigate the film forming performance of the modified CAB oligomers on glass plates. The UV-cured free films of the synthesized oligomers were examined in terms of the mechanical tests. By using the synthesized CAB oligomers, coating formulations were prepared and applied onto cotton fabrics in order to make the cotton fabrics more durable in outdoor environments. The existence of the coating layer on the fabric surfaces was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The coated UV-cured fabrics were evaluated separately in terms of abrasion, thermal conductivity, and air and water vapor permeability properties. Results proved that the oligomer (50%-CAB) in which 50% of the hydroxyl groups of CAB were reacted with TDI–HEMA adduct showed the best mechanical properties with the highest tensile strength and modulus values. Considering the coated fabrics, the least deformation against abrasion, the highest air/water vapor permeability, and the best thermal conductivity were all recorded in 50%-CAB coated sample.

Evaluation of Mechanical, Microstructures and Wear Behaviours of Aluminium Alloy Reinforced with Mussel Shell Powder for Automobile Applications

This paper aims to investigate the mechanical (tensile, hardness, impact, elongation), microstructure and wear behaviours of aluminium alloy reinforced with mussel shell powder (MSP) at different weight percentages (0 wt. % to 15 wt. %) at 3 wt. % interval. The mussel shell powder was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The matrix and the composites’ morphology were studied using a scanning electron microscope attached with energy dispersive spectroscopy for the distribution of mussel shell powder particles within the matrix. The wear behaviour of the alloy and composites produced at various reinforcements were carried out using a Taber abrasion wear-testing machine. The XRF showed the compositions of MSP to contain calcium oxide (95.70 %), silica (0.83 %) and others. Mechanical properties showed that tensile values increase with increases in MSP, hardness value increases from 6 wt. % to 15 wt. % of MSP. The impact energy decreased from 42.6 J at 3 wt. % to 22.6 J at 15 wt. %; the percentage elongation also decreased from 37.4 % at 3 wt. % to 20.5 % at 15 wt. % MSP, respectively. The bending stress results increase with increases in the percentage of reinforcement. The morphologies revealed that uniform distribution of MSP within the matrix resulted to improvement in mechanical properties. The wear resistance of the composites increases with increase in the applied load and decreases with increases in the weight percentage of MSP and can be used in the production of brake pads and insulators in the automobile industry.

Taber abrasive wear resistance of organic offshore wind power coatings at varying normal forces

Thirteen organic coatings with three base polymers (epoxy, polysiloxane, polyurethane) were tested in a load-controlled Taber abrasion tester at different normal force levels (2.5 to 25 N). Abrasive wear functions, as well as two partial abrasive wear resistance coefficients, were estimated. Results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations indicated that both plastic deformation mechanisms and fracture mechanisms caused material removal during the abrasive wear of the materials. The predominant and rate-controlling mechanism depended on normal force and polymer type. Abrasive wear in terms of coating layer thickness loss, as well as the probability of fracture/cracking-based material removal mechanisms, increased with increasing normal force. The ranking of abrasive wear resistance was as follows: epoxy > polysiloxane > polyurethane. The relationship between abrasive wear and normal force followed a power law with power exponents between 0.45 and 1.4. The power exponents were found to depend on the polymer types. The type of polymer was very important for low normal forces, whereas the importance of polymer variation vanished for the higher normal forces.